Study Material of 13/8/2020For Class Nursery to XII

Class NurserySubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Practice Book Pg: 30 Do in the bookMath Practice Book Pg: 52 (39) Do in the book

Bengali ছবি� দে�খে� �র্ণ দেলাও WorksheetHindi Write ‘ठ’ Write 6 lines in copy

Class KG ISubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Reading Book – Pg 21 – phonic

Drill Read the spelling

Math Reading Book – Pg: 147 Do in the bookG.K. Reading Book – Pg 93 (Places of

worship) Listen & repeat

Art/ Craft Pg 10 Do in the book Class KG II

Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish(Term I) Pg: 56 Do in the bookMath(Term I) Pg: 88 Write in the book

Bengali সাবি�ত্য কুসু Pg: 20 ঈ – কার (ী�) দে�াখে� শব্দ

Read & listen

Hindi ‘ऐ’ की मात्रा से 5 शब्द ऐब, ऐसा, ऐरावत, ऐनक, सैनिनक – Write in copy

Class ISubject Topic Summary Execution

G.KSemester One book-

Chapter 21- IN THE MARKET.

Children as you all know that market is a place where we get different types of things.

I'm the market we buy different kinds of things.

Children today we will learn the names of different places where we go to get the things we want.

Page. No- 27.Where will you go to do the following? Match properly.

1. To buy medicine- CHEMIST.

2. To get money- ATM.

3. To get haircut- SALOON.

4. To buy meat- BUTCHER.

5. To buy vegetables- GREENGROCER.

6. To buy a pen- STATIONERY.

7. To buy flowers- FLORIST.

8. To buy cakes- BAKERY.

** Children kindly write the answers in your book**

EVS Chapter 10

Page 151Tick the correct option:-1.You should not play on the road.2. You should walk in a line.3. If you are careless, you might get hurt.

4. Never lean out of a moving bus.5. Always ask your parents while going out to play.

Hindi सप्ताह के नाम

Continuation 4.गुरुवार 5.शुक्रवार 6.शनिनवार 7.रनिववार

Class II Subject Topic Summary ExecutionEVS CH 10

The World of Animals

Refer to pg 151 and 152 Read the chapter

Hindi chapter5 नन्ही चि नि!या

यह कहानी एक छोटी सी, प्यारी सी, नन्ही सी चि नि!या फुदकूकी है।रोज सुबहफुदक फुदक कर बगी े में ीं- ीं करती थी। कभी इस पे!पर तो कभी उसपे! पर जा बैठी थीतो गेंदा उसे देखते ही कहता आओ मेरी फुदकू दो - ार घ!ी आराम कर लो उछल कूद कर के थक गई होगी तो वह रुकती नहीं थी वह अपने दोस्तों से मिमलने के चिलए आगे बढ़ती जाती थी।निफर एक दिदन निकसी ने उसकी आवाज नहीं सुनी तो सब एक दूसरे से पूछने लगे निक उसको क्या हो गया है ?तब हवा ने बताया निक उसको ठंड लग गई है वह बीमार है।सभी दुखी हुए और बगी े के पे!-पौधों ने फल ,फूल तथा शुभकामनाए ंभेजी यह देख ब!ा खुश हुई औरनिफर सेवह हकने लगी।इस कहानी से हमें यह पता लता है निक जीवन में प्यार बांटने से ही प्यार मिमलता है तथा प्यार बढ़ता हैमनुष्य अपनी मीठीवाणीतथा अचे्छ व्यवहार से ही सबका निMय बन सकता है।

Class III Subject Topic Summary Execution Science

Ch – Cleanliness, Health and Hygiene

Looking After Our Body

Food, exercise and rest help to keep our body healthy.

Exercise

We should do exercise regularly. Exercise gives us a healthy body and a healthy mind. Playing games, swimming, cycling or play a sport is a good form of exercise. When we do exercise our breathing becomes faster and we take in more air. Exercise moves the blood faster in our body and the blood delivers more oxygen and nutrients to the whole body. Thus, exercise increases our energy level. It also keeps our heart healthy and we feel happy after exercising. Doing yoga regularly is a good way of making our body and mind healthy. We do different asanas(body poses) and pranayama( breathing exercise) while doing exercise.

Rest and sleep

We get tired after we work and play. We must rest when we feel tired. We must sleep for eight hours every night. When we are well rested, we feel relaxed and we can do our work much better. We must have our dinner early. Eating dinner late or watching television till late

Give one-word answer (pg no.-110)

1.Tiny living things capable of causing diseases – germs

2. Foods that are unhealthy for our body –

junk food

3. Body poses in Yoga – asanas

4. Breathing exercise in Yoga – Pranayama

5. Doing activities that refresh and relax our mind – Recreation

Book’s exercise(pg.no-114)

B. Fill in the blanks:

3. Junk food has more sugar, salt and fat then what our body needs.

4. Foods such as pulses, eggs and meat help us grow.

5. Exercise increases our energy level.

Question and answer:

1.Write three ways to clean our body.

at night can disturb our sleep. We must go to bed early and also wake up early in the morning.

Recreation

Recreation means doing activities that refresh and relax our mind. All those activities that people choose to do to refresh their minds and bodies and make their free time more interesting and enjoyable is recreation. Recreational activities also help us to learn new things. Hobbies such as collecting stamps or coins, drawing, singing, dancing are examples of recreational activities.

Ans. Three ways to clean our body are –

a)We should brush our teeth twice every day and should follow the correct ways of brushing teeth.

b) We should bathe everyday with soap to remove the sweat and dirts from our skin and hair.

c) We should wear fresh clothes, underclothes and socks every day.

MENTAL MATHS

Activity - 14 (1) Fill in the blanks using multiplication tables:

(a) 24 ÷ _____ = 4 (b) _____ ÷ 5 = 8 (c) 72 ÷ 8 = _____ (d) 70 ÷ _____ = 7

Solution:

(a) 24 ÷ 6 = 4 (b) 40 ÷ 5 = 8 (c) 72 ÷ 8 = 9 (d) 70 ÷ 10 = 7

(2) Write the multiplication facts of the following division fact:

(a) 54 ÷ 6 = 9 (b) 110 ÷ 10 = 11 (c) 90 ÷ 5 = 18

Solution:

(a) 6×9 = 54 = 9×6 (b) 10×11 = 110 = 11×10 (c) 5×18 = 90 = 18×5

(3) Divide and complete the different columns:

Dividend Divisor Quotient Multiplication fact(a) 15 ÷ 5 15 5 3 5 × 3 = 15(b) 48 ÷ 8 48 8 6 8 × 6 = 48(c) 32 ÷ 4 32 4 8 4 × 8 = 32(d) 54 ÷ 6 54 6 9 6 × 9 = 54

G.K CHP-17

SIMILIES

A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two things. Similes differ from metaphors by highlighting the similarities between two things using words such as "like", "as", or "than", while metaphors create an implicit comparison (i.e. saying something "is" something else). This distinction is evident in the etymology of the words: simile derives from the Latin

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. As proud as a peacock.

2. As stupid as a donkey.

3. As wise as an owl.

word simile ("similar, like"), while metaphor derives from the Greek word metaphor in ("to transfer").

4. As brave as a lion.

5. As tricky as a monkey.

6. As blind as a bat.

7. As big as an elephant.

8. As cunning as a fox.

9. As slow as a snail.

10. As gentle as a lamb.

Eng literature

Ch 5 message in a bottle

Refer to pg 52

We put inverted commas [ “ “ ] to mark the exact words spoken by a person.

We put open invert commas at the begging of a sentence and we put closed invert commas at the end of the sentence.

Write in the school copy.

WORKING WITH WORDS

1.] Put inverted commas in the following.

A] What does it say? Cried Meena, excitedly.

Ans. ‘” What does it say” cried Meena excitedly.

B] You are not foolish at all! said old Manu.

Ans. “ You are not foolish at all” said Old Manu.

[Homework] pg 52

Do qs 1 [c , d , e, ]

Do qs 2 [ a, b , c ]

Eng language

Comprehension

The word comprehension means the ability to understand what you listen or what you read.

An unknown and unseen passage is given for you to read and understand and from that passage small questions are given and you have to find out their answers from the given passage.

READ THE PASSAGE ON PAGE 99 AND WRITE DOWN THE ANSWERS IN THE BOOK.

Refer to pg 99

CONVERSATION

Chapter-2.

AT HOME.

HOME is a place where we live with our family We have also learnt about the importance of houses in our life. Houses protect us from heat, rain, cold, wind and wild animals.

So children in our home we have different rooms.

The place where we sleep is the BEDROOM.

The place where we eat our food is the DINING ROOM.

T he place where food is cooked is called the KITCHEN.

The place where guests come and sit is the LIVING ROOM.

The place where we go to clean ourselves is the WASHROOM/ TOILET.

SO children there are different types of houses also. There are kachha houses there are pacca houses. In different regions we have different types of houses.

So children in the next class i will send a video about the different types of houses.

Page. No- 11.

LISTENING:-

A. Rani is talking to her friend, Meera about her visit to her grandmother's house. Tick( ) the correct answers:-✅

1. Rani's grandmother's house is

Ans: (c) Beautiful.

2. The garden has

Ans: (c) Fruit trees.

3. The room where Rani and her brother played is

Ans: (d) On the first floor.

4. Rani sleeps in

Ans: (d) Her grandmother's room.

5. Grandmother's room is

Ans:(c) Warm and cozy.

6. Rani's favourite corner has

Ans: (a) An armchair.

7. Rani and her brother

Ans: (a) Enjoy the trip.

**KINDLY WRITE THE ANSWERS IN THE BOOK.

Class IVSubject Topic Summary Execution English literature

How Perseus killed Medusa

On a lonely island, in the middle of the ocean, there lived there terrible sisters known as the Gorgons. They were half woman and half dragons. They had beautiful faces but their bodies were hideous. Instead of skin they had scales; their hands were as hard as metal; in place of hair they had snakes with open mouths and hissing tongues. But worse than that was the power of their fierce eyes: who ever looked a Gorgon in the face was immediately turn to stone! Of the three monsters the most horrible was Medusa and the adventure the king had planned was cutting off Medusa's head. The king thought to himself, “Merely looking at the Gorgon would turn Perseus to stone; and Perseus could not cut of her head without looking at her. but in doing so he would be at once turn to stone.” The king sent for the boy and when he came, the king praised Perseus highly for his courage and strength. Perseus felt flattered and said “Indeed your Majesty, there is no task from which I would shrink in fear.”

Extra questions for basic knowledge:1. What are Gorgons and where they lived?Ans: On a lonely island, in the middle of the ocean their lived three terrible sisters known as the Gorgons. They were actually monsters.

2. Describe their physical features.And: The Gorgons were half woman and half dragons. They had beautiful faces but their bodies were hideous. Instead of skin they had scales, their hands were as hard as metal; in place of hair they had snakes with open mouth and hissing tongues.

3. What was the worse power that the Gorgons had?Ans: The worse power of the Gorgons was the power of their fierce eyes, whoever looked a Gorgon in the face was immediately turn to stone.

4. Who was the most horrible among the Gorgons sister?Ans: Among the three monsters the most horrible was Medusa

English language

Verbs: Past participles and perfect tenses.

Future perfect tense:The future perfect is a verb form or construction used to describe an event that is expected or planned to happen before a time of reference in the future, such as will have finished in the English sentence "I will have finished by tomorrow."

Change the tenses of the underlined verbs to future perfect: ( ex D, page 38) [solved exercise]1. We shall have finished our music class by 11:00 a.m.2. You will have reached Mumbai by tomorrow.3. He will have written to you before your trip to Africa.4. Will theyhave completed the work by tomorrow?5. By then, the Earth will have became too hot for us to live on.6. This lake shall have dried up in summer.7. The people will have elected him President.8. The television programmeshall have gotten over by midnight.9. John will have seen his doctor by next Friday.10. Rita shall have reached School by 8:00 a.m.

G k Famous scientist

Write the names of these famous scientists in the blanks:6. This Swedish scientist discovered dynamite. He donated all of his wealth for a prestigious prize- Alfred Nobel7. This American scientist invented more than 1000 things including electric fan- Thomas Alva Edison

8. This scientist is called “the father of inventions”- Thomas Alva Edison.9. This scientist was also a famous political leader in USA- Benjamin Franklin.

Science Ch –Digestive and Excretory System

As we know that our body has many organs and each organ has their individual function. A group of different organs that work together to do one or more tasks is called an organ system. E.g. The nose, windpipe and a pair of lungs make the respiratory system. The Digestive SystemThe nutrients stored in the food we eat cannot be used by our body as they are. So, they have to be broken down into simpler form. Human beings take in food through the mouth. They bite and chew their food using their teeth. The digestive system breaks down the food further into simpler forms to release nutrients that are used by the body. The process of breaking down of food into a simpler form is known as digestion and the organ system that helps in digestion is called the digestive system. The organs that help in our digestion are mouth, food pipe, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver and large intestine. Mouth and food pipeDigestion process starts in the mouth. The teeth help to break down and chew the food. The chewed food then mixes with liquid called saliva present in our mouth. It makes the food softer and easier to swallow. The tongue helps in the proper mixing of saliva with the food. Saliva also begins to break down the carbohydrates present in the food into soluble sugar. Through the food pipe (oesophagus) the food passes from the mouth to the stomach. The muscles of food pipe contract and relax to create a wave that pushes the food down the pipe. StomachThe stomach is a hollow, muscular bag like structure. The strong muscles of the stomach move the food with a great force (churn) into even smaller pieces. The digestive juices in the stomach help to break down the food into a simpler form. Small intestineFrom the stomach the food passes into the small intestine. It is a hollow tube like structure that produces digestive juices. Digestion is completed in the small intestine and the nutrients from the food are absorbed in the blood.

Book’s exercise(page no. –33

A. Tick the correct answer:1.This is not a part of the digestive system –nose2. The liquid produced in the mouth is called – saliva. 3. Which of the following organs absorb water from the undigested food –large intestine.

B.Fill in the blanks:1. From the food pipe the food enters the stomach. 2. Digested food is absorbed by blood vessels in the small intestine. C. Give one-word answers:1. The breaking down of food into a simpler form – Digestion2. The liquid that mixes with the food in the mouth – saliva.

Question and answer1. Define Digestion. Ans. The process of breaking down of food into a simpler form is known as digestion.

CONVER SATION

Ch-2. FRIENDS NEXT DOOR.

So children from the title of this chapter "FRIENDS NEXT DOOR” we can understand that here they are talking about people who live next to our house/flat or people who

ACTIVITY- WRITES ABOUT ANY MEMORABLE INCIDENT THAT YOU HAD WITH YOUR NEIGHBOURS.

live near our house are called "OUR NEIGHBOURS".

Our neighbors are like our friends. They help us when we are in trouble. Many of you children play with your neighbors. They are your friends.

So children we should always remember that we should always behave nicely with them.

When they give us something we should say "THANK YOU", when we hurt them we should say "SORRY". When we meet them we should greet them warmly.

MEN

TAL

MAT

HS

Activ

ity -

25

(1) Tick ( √) the equivalent fractions:

(a) 23, 812 (b)

23, 3648 (c)

840, 15 (d)

35, 15

20 (e) 6

10, 915 (f)

912, 2736

Solution:

(a) 23, 812 (c)

840, 15 (e)

610, 915 (f)

912, 2736

(2) Fill in the blanks using cross multiplication method:

(a) 4

15= ❑

45 (b) 38=21

❑ (c) 3642

=❑7 (d)

4496

=11❑

Solution:

(a) 415

=1245 (b)

38=21

56 (c) 3642

=67 (d)

4496

=1124

(4) Arrange the following in ascending order:

Ascending Order

(a) 612, 912, 412, 712 (a)

412, 612, 712, 912

(b) 12, 18, 13, 15 (b)

18, 15, 13, 12

(c) 65, 3

5, 4

5, 25 (c)

25, 35, 45, 65

(d) 39, 3

12, 36, 315 (d)

315, 312, 39, 36

Class VSUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTION

MAT

HEM

ATIC

S

Ch: 7

Deci

mal

sA. Conversion of Decimal Numbers into Common Fractions:To change a decimal number into a common fraction, we remove the decimal point from the given fraction and the number thus obtained becomes the numerator of the common fraction. The denominator is formed by putting 1 and the number of zeros at the right of 1 equal to the number of digits at the right of the decimal point in the given decimal number.

B. Conversion of Common Fraction into Decimal:(1) To change common fraction into a decimal, first we change the given common fraction into an equivalent common fraction whose denominator is 10 or 100 or 1000 etc. After that we change it into a decimal.(2) To change a common fraction into decimal by division method:Steps:(i) We divide the number by denominator.(ii) When we have finished the division and a non-zero reminder is left, we insert a decimal point in the quotient and put a zero on the right of the decimal point in the dividend and the reminder, we divide again.(iii) We continue the division process just like whole numbers till we get a zero reminder.

Exercise – 47(1) Convert the following decimals into Common Fractions in the lowest terms:(a) 0.8 (e) 1.02 (g) 15.004 (i) 88.88(j) 90.805 (k) 600.75

Solution:

(a) 0.8 = 8

10=4

5

(e) 1.02 = 1 2100

=1 150

(g) 15.004 = 15 41000

=15 1250

(i) 88.88 = 88 88100

=88 2225

(j) 90.805 = 90 8051000

=90 161200

(k) 600.75 = 600 75100

=600 34

(2) Convert the following common fractions into decimal numbers:

(c) 78 (e)

7125 (h) 16

940 (j)

111250 (k) 39

735

Solution:

(c) 8 70 0.875 -64 60 -56 40 -40 ×

∴ 78 = 0.875

(e) 125 700 0.056 -625 750 -750 ×

∴ 7125 = 0.056

(h) 40 649 16.225 -40 249 -240 90 -80 100 -80 200 -200

× ∴16 940

=64940

=¿16.225

(j) 250 1110 0.444 -1000 1100 -1000 1000 -1000 ×

∴ 111250 = 0.444

(k) 35 1372 39.2 -105 322 -315 70 -70 ×

∴ 397

35 = 137235 =

39.2Home WorkExercise – 47(1) Convert the following decimals into Common Fractions in the lowest terms:(d) 0.125 (l) 95.48

(2) Convert the following common fractions into decimal numbers:

(d) 1516 (l) 18

324

English language

Kinds of sentences and clauses

Adverb Clauses:A clause which does the work of an adverb is an adverb clause. We can have adverb clauses of reason or cause, purpose, condition, concession, result and comparison.Example: 1. The ring was found where the thief had hidden the stolen jewellery.

‘Where the thief had hidden the stolen jewellery' is an Adverb phrase, tells you about the place that where did the thief had hidden the stolen jewellery.

2. We reached the theatre after the play had started.

‘After the play had started' is an Adverb phrase, tells you about the time that when they reached the theatre.

Solved exercises:Pick out the adverb Clauses from the following sentences:

1.Whenhis father Philip ll of Macedon was murdered, Alexander became the king.

2. He ran as fast as he could.

3. The pirates buried their treasure where nobody would be able to find it.

4. The musicians started playing after the bride enters the room.

5. A friend, who helps you when you are in need, is a true friend.

6. The people had gathered in the marketplace as they had nowhere else to go.

7. You must explain the poem to me because it is very difficult.

8. If you want to get well, you must take this medicine as soon as possible.

9. The storm was so severe that the roofs of many houses were blown away.

10. When he comes, tell him that I could not wait for him any longer.

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution English language

Verb: The past tense

Past continuous tense:The past continuous tense is used to refer to an action that was going on for a period of time in the past.Its form is was/were+the present participle of the main verb.

The negative is formed with was/were + not + the present participle of the main verb

The integrative is formed with was/ were (+the subject) + the present participle of the main verb.Uses of the past continuous tense:

To describe an action that had started sometime in the past and was going on for a duration at that time.

To Mark out an action of relatively longer duration in the past

To show a long lasting action when narrating a story.

Exercise B1. He was making dinner when

we reached.2. It was raining heavily last

night.3. He was standing outside

waiting for us to finish our test.

4. The careless person was driving at full speed before the police caught him.

5. I could not pick up the phone because I I was eating when you called.

Homework: 6,7, 8

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution English Language

Verb : Tenses and Time

Uses of various tenses: Past and present tenses

Kinds Function3. Present continuous

An ongoing action at the exact time of speaking or the general present.

An action that is certain to take place in the near future.

4. Past continuous

An action that started in the past and went on for a while.

An action that was going on at the point being talked about

Continuing action while narrating a story

5. Present perfect

An action completed in the immediate past

A complete action with no known time of completion

An action that started in the past and is still

Exercise D1. She is leaving for Colombo next

week.2. I told you not to open the

cabinet, but you still did.3. It is surprising that you have not

met Mr. Jones yet.4. They said that they are coming to

meet us this evening.5. We decided to leave earlier but

changed our mind later.6. She has been walking about all

night in her room and has still not rested.

7. I was thinking about you when you called.

8. We have worked here for so long.

9. I have been thinking of moving to my hometown.

10. Good news! We are going to Nalanda next month.

Homework: 11-15

continuing6. Past perfect

An action completed before another when both took place in the past

A past action in reported speech

7. Present perfect continuous

An action that begun in the past and is still going on

8. Past perfect continuous

An action that was going on for a period of time in the past and is related to another action that happened in the past

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution Biology Chapter-

12: Nutrition

Today we will continue discussion about nutrients

Q3.iii) Protein: consists of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Sulphur and phosphorous

may be present sometime. Amino acids are the simple smallest unit of proteins. It is essential for growth and repair of body cells.iv) Vitamins: water soluble vitamins:

Thiamine (vitamin B1)

Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important to nerve function

Found in all nutritious foods in moderate amounts: pork, whole-grain or enriched breads and cereals, legumes, nuts and seeds

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important for normal vision and skin health

Milk and milk products; leafy green vegetables; whole-grain, enriched breads and cereals

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

Part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism; helps make red blood cells

Meat, fish, poultry, vegetables, fruits

Cobalamin (vitamin B12)

Part of an enzyme needed for making new cells; important to nerve function

Meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, milk and milk products; not found in plant foods

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Antioxidant; part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism; important for immune system health; aids in iron absorption

Found only in fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, vegetables in the cabbage family, cantaloupe, strawberries, peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, lettuce, papayas, mangoes, kiwifruit

Fat-soluble vitaminsNutrient Function SourcesVitamin A Needed for vision, healthy

skin and mucous membranes, bone and tooth growth, immune system health

Vitamin A from animal sources (retinol): fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liverBeta-carotene (from plant sources): Leafy, dark green vegetables; dark orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (carrots, winter squash, sweet potatoes,

pumpkin)Vitamin D Needed for proper absorption

of calcium; stored in bonesEgg yolks, liver, fatty fish, fortified milk, fortified margarine. When exposed to sunlight, the skin can make vitamin D.

Vitamin E Antioxidant; protects cell walls

Polyunsaturated plant oils (soybean, corn, cottonseed, safflower); leafy green vegetables; wheat germ; whole-grain products; liver; egg yolks; nuts and seeds

Vitamin K Needed for proper blood clotting

Leafy green vegetables such as kale, collard greens, and spinach.

v)Minerals:Mineral Function SourcesSodium Needed for proper fluid balance,

nerve transmission, and muscle contraction

Table salt, soy sauce; large amounts in processed foods; small amounts in milk, breads, vegetables, and unprocessed meats

Chloride Needed for proper fluid balance, stomach acid

Table salt, soy sauce; large amounts in processed foods; small amounts in milk, meats, breads, and vegetables

Potassium Needed for proper fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction

Meats, milk, fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes

Calcium Important for healthy bones and teeth; helps muscles relax and contract; important in nerve functioning, blood clotting, blood pressure regulation, immune system health

Milk and milk products; canned fish with bones (salmon, sardines); fortified tofu and fortified soy beverage; greens (broccoli, mustard greens); legumes

Phosphorus Important for healthy bones and teeth; found in every cell; part of the system that maintains acid-base balance

Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, processed foods (including soda pop)

Magnesium Found in bones; needed for making protein, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, immune system health

Nuts and seeds; legumes; leafy, green vegetables; seafood; chocolate; artichokes; "hard" drinking water

Sulfur Found in protein molecules Occurs in foods as part of protein: meats, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts

Trace minerals (micro minerals)The body needs trace minerals in very small amounts. Note that iron is considered to be a trace mineral, although the amount needed is somewhat more than for other micro minerals.Trace mineralsMineral Function SourcesIron Part of a molecule (hemoglobin) found

in red blood cells that carries oxygen in the body; needed for energy metabolism

Organ meats; red meats; fish; poultry; shellfish egg yolks; legumes; dried fruits; dark, leafy greens; iron-enriched breads and cereals; and fortified cereals

Zinc Part of many enzymes; needed for making protein and genetic material; has a function in wound healing, normal fetal development,

Meats, fish, poultry, leavened whole grains, vegetables

Iodine Found in thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth, development, and metabolism

Seafood, foods grown in iodine-rich soil, iodized salt, bread, dairy products

Copper Part of many enzymes; needed for iron metabolism

Legumes, nuts and seeds, whole grains, organ meats, drinking water

Fluoride Involved in formation of bones and teeth; helps prevent tooth decay

Drinking water (either fluoridated or naturally containing fluoride), fish, and most teas

Other trace nutrients known to be essential in tiny amounts include nickel, silicon, vanadium, and cobalt.

vi)Water: Water is not the nutrients, but proper digestion of nutrients and excretion of waste materials ,it is essential.

EVS Chapter 3 – How Ecosystems Work

Ecological Succession

“Ecological succession is a series of changes that occur in an ecological community over time.”

Ecological succession is the steady and gradual change in a species of a given area with respect to the changing environment. The ultimate aim of this process is to reach equilibrium in the ecosystem.

Types of Ecological Succession

There are the following types of ecological succession:

1. Primary Succession

Primary succession is the succession that starts in lifeless areas such as the regions devoid of soil or the areas where the soil is unable to sustain life.

When the planet was first formed there was no soil on earth. The earth was only made up of rocks. These rocks were broken down by microorganisms and eroded to form soil. The soil then becomes the foundation of plant life. These plants help in the survival of different animals and progress from primary succession to the climax community.

If this primary ecosystem is destroyed, secondary succession takes place.

2. Secondary Succession

Secondary succession occurs when the primary ecosystem gets destroyed. For eg., a climax community gets destroyed by fire. It gets recolonized after the destruction. This is known as secondary ecological succession. Small plants emerge first, followed by larger plants. The tall trees block the sunlight and change the

Pg-40Short Answer Question

7. How Biotic components of ecosystem are dependent on abiotic components ?

Abiotic factors are the non living factors of the environment and Biotic factors are the living factors of the environment . Both depends on one another. Sunlight, air, soil, rock, minerals, water, etc. are all abiotic factors. Sunlight is an abiotic factor and the first source of energy, biotic factors depend on sunlight for their food. For example, The producers make food through the energy they get from the sun.Air also interacts with plants, helping them grow by providing a source of carbon (CO2) and other nutrients.

8. Define carnivorous organisms?

A carnivore is an organism that mostly eats meat, or the flesh of animals. Sometimes carnivores are called predators. Organisms that carnivores hunt are called prey. Lions and tigers, are examples of carnivores .

9. What do you understand by nitrogen fixation?

Nitrogen fixation is a process by which molecular nitrogen in the air is converted into ammonia (NH. 3) or related nitrogenous compounds in soil.

10. What sort of organisms fix nitrogen?

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

11. Give an example of nitrogen fixing bacteria .

structure of the organisms below the canopy.

What are the main causes of ecological succession?

The main causes of ecological succession include the biotic and climatic factors that can destroy the populations of an area. Wind, fire, soil erosion and natural disasters include the climatic factors.

Importance of ecological succession

Ecological succession is important for the growth and development of an ecosystem. It initiates colonization of new areas and recolonization of the areas that had been destroyed due to certain biotic and climatic factors. Thus, the organisms can adapt to the changes and learn to survive in a changing environment.

If we consider an area where life starts from scratch by the process of succession, it is known as primary succession. However, if life starts at a place after the area has lost all the life forms existing there, the process is called secondary succession.

It is obvious that primary succession is a rather slow process as life has to start from nothing whereas secondary succession is faster because it starts at a place which had already supported life before. Moreover, the first species that comes into existence during primary succession is known as pioneer species.

Rhizobium , Azotobacter

12. What is nitrification and dentrification ?

The part of nitrogen cycle where ammonium is converted into nitrate is called nitrification.Denitrification is the level where reduction of nitrate is made into nitrogen gas. The process involves Nitrifying bacteria like Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas.

13. What is ammonification ?

Ammonification is the process by which the organically bound nitrogen of microbial, plant, and animal biomass is recycled after their death. Ammonification is carried out by a diverse array of microorganisms that perform ecological decay services, and its product is ammonia or ammonium ion.

14. What is primary and secondary succession?

Primary Succession can be defined as the process of growth in an area that was previously uninhabited, barren, unoccupied and there was no initial vegetation.

Secondary Succession can be defined as the growth of the community in such area which was previously occupied, inhabited and that has primary vegetation but got disturbed or damaged due to some external or internal factors.

EVS Chapter 3 – How Ecosystems Work

15. Differentiate between primary and secondary succession ?

BASIS FOR COMPARISON

PRIMARY SUCCESSION SECONDARY SUCCESSION

Meaning It is the kind of ecological succession, which occurs or start from the barren, uninhabited and unoccupied areas, such as the newly formed pond, rock, dunes, etc.

Such kind of succession, which occurs in the area where there was the existence of life previously but got abandoned due to natural disturbances, such as flood, tsunami, earthquake, etc.

Where it It occurs in a lifeless or barren It happens in an area, which has

occurs area. been recently got deprive of life and was previously inhabited.

Time taken for the completion of the process

1000 years or more. 50-200 years.

Soil There is the absence of soil at the starting of the process, and the condition is not suitable for sustaining life.

The soil is present, along with some organisms.

Humus The absence of humus, as there is no soil.

Secondary Succession shows its existence in the presence of humus.

Seral Community

There are numerous intermediary seral community.

There are few intermediary seral community as compared to primary succession.

Pioneer Community

It is present and comes from outside.

It gets develops from the migrants and previous occupants.

Favorable environment

In the beginning, the environment is unfavorable.

The environment is favorable, since the beginning.

Reproductive structure

Absent of any previous community.

Present of the previous community use to live in that area.

History India in the 6th Century B.C : Rise of Jainism and Buddhism

CAUSES WHICH FAVOURED THE RISE OF JAINISM AND BUDDHISM: The causes that led to the formation of Buddhism and Jainism:- 1. Ritualistic Vedic religion: Hindu religion had been too ritualistic and complicated .2. Killing of Animals to perform sacrifices. Animals were sacrificed. This was a threat to the agriculture and animal husbandry.3. Supremacy of Priestly class: The Brahmins began to dominate the common people.4. The Caste system: The cast system had become rigid and caused social inequalities .5. Different Vedic Language: Scripts were written in Sanskrit. Common people could not understand it.6. Efforts of religious reforms:- The simple life and teaching of Vardhamana Mahavira and Gautama Buddha attracted people to be liberated from oppression of Brahmanical order.7. Costly rituals:- The ancient Vedic religion was very simple . However later on it became not only highly complex, but also costly to observe.8. Faith in Magic and Charms:- The early Vedic religion lost its purity and simplicity .But many progressive thinkers were not to believe it.

QUESTION 1: There were many factors responsible for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism in the 6th century B.C. Explain.ANSWER 1 :- Several causes can be attributed to the rise of Protest movements in religion, especially Jainism and Buddhism.a) Ritualistic Vedic Religion:-Early religion of the Aryans was very simple both to understand and practice. But gradually it became complex. It was the reason that people in the sixth century B.C looked elsewhere for solace.b) Killing of Animals to perform sacrifices:- The people felt hurt and sore at the introduction of animal sacrifice in such Yajnas. Agriculture had become main occupation. The farmers needed oxen and bullocks for farming. Cows were considered valuable animals. Therefore they hated animal sacrifices which were supposed to pleased to Gods.c) Supremacy of the priestly class:- In the beginning , The Rig Vedic society was divided into four Varnas based on occupations followed by different sections of the society. Only the learned among

9. Unethical life of the priests: The priests demanded privileges and respect from the ruler to the common man .But the common people could not tolerate their attitude and turned against them.

them were known as Brahmanas. But later on the Varnas became hereditary.The Brahmins considered themselves to be supreme and they began to dominate and claim certain privileges. The common people turned against the priests.d) The Caste system:- The Caste system had become rigid. The high caste people hated the low caste people. People could no longer tolerate such social inequalities.e) Different Vedic language:- The language used during sacrifices was Sanskrit. The common people did not understand it. They demanded a religion where vernaculars could be used for prayers.f) Efforts of religious reformers:- The principles of inequality, caste discrimination, rituals and sacrifices were beyond the tolerance of a common men. They were attracted towards simple teaching of Mahavira and Buddha.g) Costly rituals:- The ancient Vedic religion was very simple. However later on it became not only highly complex but also costly to observe. Too much importance was now given to sacrifices which were costly to perform. Therefore a wave of protest rose against such religious practices.h) Faith in Magic and Charms:- The early Vedic religion lost its purity and simplicity and people began to believe in charms, spell and magic. But many progressive thinkers were not to believe in such practice blindly. They gradually lost faith in such a religion.i) Unethical life of the Priest :- The priests enjoyed special privileges but they had become spiritually degenerated. As a result, the people began to look down upon them.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William Shakespeare)Topic: Act II, Scene 9, Lines 34 to 62(Portia: …….. And of opposite natures.)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions & Answerso To the above, Portia reminds the Prince

that every suitor has to observe the same three things.

o The Prince of Arragon first of all examines the inscription on the leaden casket and rejects it at once. He then examines the inscription on the golden casket and says that what many men desire to possess may not be desired by him because he is not prepared to rank with the common people.

(1) (Act II, Sc 9, L 41-48)O, that estates, degrees, and offices, Were not deriv'd corruptly! and that clear honour

Were purchas'd by the merit of the wearer!How many then should cover that stand bare!How many be commanded that command!How much low peasantry would then be glean'dFrom the true seed of honour! and how much honourPick'd from the chaff and ruin of the times,To be new varnish'd!

(i) After the Prince of Morocco, who arrives to try his luck at choosing the correct casket? What promises does he make to

o He then turns to the silver casket and examines the inscription which says, “Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves”. This inscription appeals to him because he does not like to get anything without deserving to possess it. He then starts on moralizing over the corruptions in the world, how the most undeserving people hold position, power and wealth etc and how again the most deserving persons have to work as subordinates. Anyhow, he decides to choose the silver casket.

o The Prince of Arragon opens the silver casket only to find in it the portrait of a blinking idiot presenting a scroll.

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED:

(Act II, Sc 9, L 38-49)For who shall go about

To cozen fortune, and be honourableWithout the stamp of merit! Let none presumeTo wear an undeserved dignity:O, that estates, degrees, and offices,Were not deriv'd corruptly! and that clear honourWere purchas'd by the merit of the wearer!

How many then should cover that stand bare!How many be commanded that command!How much low peasantry would then be glean'dFrom the true seed of honour! and how much honourPick'd from the chaff and ruin of the times,To be new varnish'd!

Portia?

After the Prince of Morocco, the Prince of Arragon arrives to try his luck at choosing the correct casket. Before he decides on one casket, he promises Portia that he will abide by her father’s rules. First, if he fails to choose the casket containing her portrait, he will never reveal to anyone which casket he chose, second, he promises never to court another woman, and lastly, he will leave Belmont immediately.(ii) Why does the Prince of Arragon reject the lead and gold caskets?

Reviewing the inscriptions, he rejects the lead casket immediately because he thinks that it is not beautiful enough to give and risk all his possessions. He also rejects the gold casket because “What many men desire” may place him on the same level with the barbarous multitudes.(iii) What inscription does the silver casket bear and what does the Prince decide?

The silver casket bears the inscription, “who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves.” Prince Arragon reviews his worth and decides that he will assume desert, that is, he feels that he rightfully deserves Portia. When he opens the silver casket he finds within the portrait of a blinking idiot – a picture of a fool’s head.(iv) Explain the following lines:

“O, that estates, degrees, and offices,

Were not deriv'd corruptly! and that clear honour

Were purchas'd by the merit of the wearer!How many then should cover that stand bare!”

Commenting on the promise the Prince says that if the wealth, position and status were not grabbed through corrupt and immoral means but could be obtained houourably on the basis of merit and ability, then many persons who stand bare headed before unworthy superiors would get their due and right to cover their heads.

Context:These lines are taken from Act II, Scene 9 of The Merchant of Venice written by William Shakespeare. These lines are spoken by the Prince of Arragon when he is scrutinizing the various caskets in order to choose the right one. On reading the inscription on the Silver Casket which says reads “who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves”, his mind ponders on the great injustice prevailing in the world and expresses a desire for justice in the passage quoted here.

Explanation :The inscription on the Silver Casket reads “who chooseth me shall get as much as he

(v) What light does this scene throw in the Prince of Morocco’s choice of the three caskets?

What is the nature of the Prince of Arragon?

The Prince of Morocco’s choice is straightforward and simple. He chooses the gold casket. It seems to be the most obvious, most desirable choice.

In contrast, the Prince of Arragon’s choice is done with more prudence. The Prince is a proud man. He seems older than Morocco and almost bloodless, compared to Morocco’s fiery charismatic bearing. At any rate, the Prince of Arragon is arrogant, a temperament befitting a Spanish grandee of noble blood, a familiar and conventional figure on the Elizabethan stage.

--------------------------

deserves”. When the Prince of Arragon selects the Silver Casket, he believes that he himself possessessufficient merit to deserve the hand of Portia. His argument is that no man has a right to be deemed as honourable if he has not the true hall-mark of intrinsic worth or merit. In this world there are many who do not possess any real worth and yet occupy high positions of authority. They have done so because they have resorted to foul means. He wishes that such high positions could not be attained by foul means and merit should be the criterion for such rewards. If that were really to happen, many of those who at present enjoy position of prosperity would be forced into subordinate positions. A legitimate differentiation between mean and worthless people on the one hand and noble and honourable persons on the other would be made, and many who are disregarded and ignored at present would be exalted to a high degree. The Prince of Arragon is a man of royal descent. Therefore, based on his above analysis, he is so sure of his intrinsic merit that he does not hesitate to choose the Silver Casket.

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution English Language

Notice- writing

Format for Notice:

Heading: ( must be appropriate to the event)Date:Time:Venue: ( Hall/ auditorium +location)Name of the event:For whom?: ( Details of target audience, invitees etc)

1. The debating society in your school is organizing an inter-school debate competition. Write a notice for the school notice board, giving information pertaining to the event.

QUIVER OF WORDSInter-school Debate10th August, 20209 a.m. to 12 noon

Joshua Hall, St Mary's convent All pupils of classes VI to IX are eligible to participate.

Geography

EnergyResource

s

HYDEL POWERRunning water is an important source of energy. Hydel or hydroelectric power plants are set up to generate power from the force of the falling water that rotates turbines to create electrical energy that is transmitted through cables and wires. A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversion to electricity takes place. Distribution:THE BHAKRA-NANGAL PROJECT: One of India's leading multi-purpose

Q1. How the hydel power produced?A1. Hydel or hydroelectric power plants are set up to generate power from the force of the falling water that rotates turbines to create electrical energy that is transmitted through cables and wires. A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversion to electricity takes place.

N.B. Any one description may be come

projects that generates hydro electric power is the Bhakra Nangal Project on the River Sutlej, a tributary of the Indus.

It was developed in 1963 to convert large tracts of barrenl and in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh into fertile agricultural land, control floods andgenerate hydel power, all at a cost of Rs 236 crores.

The project comprises the construction of twodams at Bhakra and Nangal to hold up the water and create a sufficient head. The work was taken up jointly by the central government and the state governments of the above mentioned states.

The Bhakra dam is considered to be one of the highest gravity dams in the world--518 m long and226 m high, it diverts the water of the Sutlej into the Govind Sagar reservoir. Two hydel power stations have been set up at the Bhakra dam, generating over 1300 MW of electricity.

The dam and barrage at Nangal is 29 m high andtwo hydel power stations have been set up at Ganguwal and Kotla with an installed capacity of1500 MW of power.

Nearly almost all of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and even Delhi NCR receive hydel power from the Bhakra-Nangal multi-purpose project.

THE HIRAKUD PROJECT: The multi-purpose objectives of the Hirakud

Projection the River Mahanadi in Odisha were also irrigation, navigation, generation of hydel power and flood control.

At a length of 4,801 m the Hirakud taps the waters of the Mahanadi in its hilly tracts in the plateau region. It is considered the longest dam in the world.

Three dams constructed across the river, one at Hirakud, another at Tikiapara and other at Naraj, generate hydro-electricity.

It installed power generation capacity is 500 mega watt.

from the Bhakra-Nangal Project and the Hirakud Project.

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Geograp

hyGEOGRAPHY AS

A DISCIPLI

NE

PRINCIPLES OF URBAN PLANNINGSome of the broad principles of urban planning are as follows:

Urban Decentralization: Most of the larger cities of the world are overcrowded. New suburban towns should be developed so that there is scope for decentralization of residential and industrial areas and pressure on the central partof the city is reduced.

Garden Suburbs and Garden Cities:

Answer the following questions:

Q1. What are the principles that take place for urban planning?Or Q2. Mention the process of urban planning.

Q3. Briefly discuss the comparison about town planning in India during British rule

Gardens and green belts are developed to provide the cities a clean and healthy environment.

New Towns: This principle suggests the formation of new planned town outside the municipal limits of the city. New Delhi had been planned outside the Old Delhi.

Expanded Towns: These towns attract people from neighboring cities and, ease out the burden of population.

Urban Renewal: Urban renewal helped in planning and improvement of land use pattern in the old existing cities through the development of master plan for 10 or20 years.

Slum Clearance: Under this principle, slums are removed and slum dwellers are provided alternative residential accommodation in new planned colonies free of cost or at highly concessional rates. Wherever such slum clearance is not possible, basic civic amenities like drinking water, electricity, garbage disposal, sewerage, roads, etc. are provided to improve the environmental conditions of the slums.

TOWN PLANNING IN INDIAIndia has a very old tradition of town planning. This is amply proved by the remains of Mahenjodaro, Harappa and Lothal which belong to the Indus valley civilization. Cities like Ayodhya, Hastinapur, Mathura, Vaishall, Patliputra, Sanchi, Madurai, Kanchipuram, Kaushambi, etc. were builtduring its vedic period. Mughals took great interest in architect and town planning. Cities like Agra, Fatehpursikri, Srinagar, shahjahanabad (Delhi), Jaipur, Moradabad, Hyderabad, Bareiley, Rampur, Shahjahanpur, Aligarh, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Tughlakabad, Panipat, Aurangabad, Adilabad, Ahmednagar, etc. were the planned and built during the Mughal period. The Britishers focussed attention on administrative and military towns. Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Ambala, Jalandhar, Kanpur, Allahabad etc. flourished well in during the British period.After independence, many planned cities like Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar, Gandhinagar, Itanagar, Dispur, Bokaro, Kandla, Paradeep, Haldia have been built usinglatest techniques in city planning.

COUNTRY (RURAL) PLANNINGMost of the rural settlements have irregular shape and have grown haphazardly due to geo-

and after independence.A3. India has a very old tradition of town planning. This is amply proved by the remains of Mahenjodaro, Harappa and Lothal which belong to the Indus valley civilization.

Britishers focussed attention on administrative and military towns. Mumbai,Kolkata, Lucknow, Ambala, Jalandhar, Kanpur, Allahabad etc. flourished well in during theBritish period.After independence, many planned cities like Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar, Gandhinagar, Itanagar, Dispur, Bokaro, Kandla, Paradeep, Haldia have been built using latest techniques in city planning.

historic and socio-cultural reasons. However, attempts have been made to develop planned rural settlements. Rural settlements are planned to give each family a reasonably good income, a better standard of living and to make the rural life more enjoyable. Examples of planned settlements are found in the sparsely populated parts and the catchment of rivers on which multi-purpose projects have been constructed and rehabilitation of people has been planned. The planned rural settlements have the following advantages:a) There are adequate roads, electricity and

drinking water.b) People get reasonably good income and live

a comfortable life.c) There is judicious utilization of land.

Geography

GEOGRAPHY AS

A DISCIPLI

NE

CARTOGRAPHY AND MAPPINGWe make use of globes, maps, diagrams, models, etc., for an organized study in practical geography. Our earth is spherical in shape and globe is the true representation of the earth. Globe is such a man-made model which has the closest approximation to the Earth. Therefore, it helps us in making intensive and extensive study of the earth. Location of places can easily be determined on the globe with the help of latitudes and longitudes. But globe has its own limitations for making a study of small areas. At the most, we can see half of globe at a time. Hence, it is not useful for study of the world as a whole or for making comparison of places located at far off distances. Besides, it is not easy to carry globe from place to place. Keeping in view these difficulties, geographers mainly use maps.

DEFINITION OF MAPAccording to F.J. Monk house, "Map is a representation on a plane surface, of features of part of the earth's surface drawn to some specific scale" In other words, map represents the features of the whole earth or a part of it on a plane surface drawn onsome scale. THERE ARE VARIOUS MEANS OF MAPPING THE EARTH:

1. Freehand sketches anddiagrams;2. Aerial survey by survey instruments;3. By photographs (ground or aerial photographs) and4. Satellite and radar charts.

With the development of high speed computers and Global Positioning System (GPS), digital mapping has emerged as an important tool for mapping.

IMPORTANCE OF MAPSA map is a storehouse of information. It clearly depicts natural and human elements and helps us in understanding these elements. Maps have been used in the civilized world since ancient times. Their utility has further increased in the present-day world. At present, maps are being used for studying nearly 25 subjects. But maps have a special place in geography. We are supposed to get information about different parts of the world in geography. The best way to collect information is to travel throughout the world and see things for ourselves. This is extremely difficult, rather it is impossible. So a geographer makes use of maps for his study of the subject. A map presents an organized description of various elements found on the earth. We can know about the location, natural conditions, climate, vegetation and human life of a particular area from maps. It is true that 99 per cent geography can be depicted on maps. According to Dr. H.R. Mill, "In' geography, we may take as an axiom, that which can’t be mapped, can’t be described.Maps are the main tools of a geographer and, without maps; the geographer is like a warrior without arms. Maps are extremely useful for defense purpose also. History tells us that victory of any army largely depends on its ability to read and use maps. Hitler used to Say, "Give me a detailed map of a country and I shall conquer it" Maps are used in a large variety

of fields varying from tourism to advertisement.In the present day world, maps are prepared with the help of computers and satellites.

CARTOGRAPHYMap is the basic tool of a geographer and cartography is the art and science of making maps. For preparing a map one has to collect data on the basis of original ground survey of a part or whole of the earth or another celestial body and present it on selected scale. Making of charts, globes and relief models is also included in cartography. Keeping in view the above elements of cartography different scholars have defined cartography in their own way. Some outstanding definitions are reproduced as under:Cartography is the art and science of making maps, charts, globes and relief models."-Raisz EwinCartography is a technique fundamentally concerned with reducing the spatial characteristics of a large area-a portion or all of the Earth, or another celestial body-and putting t in a form that makes it observable." – Robinson Arthur, Sale Randall and Morrison JoelCartography is "in its widest sense, the whole series of map making, on an actual survey of the ground to printing the map; in a more limited sense, the drawing of a map."-Monk house, F.J.Cartography is "the making of maps and charts. In a wider sense, the term covers the process of map-making, from field survey or compilation to printed form." - Buchanan, R.O.Cartography is "the science of constructing maps and charts. It includes the making of original surveys, the selection of suitable map projections and decisions on colours, layer tinting and other visual representations." -Smith Jackie.NATURE OF CARTOGRAPHYIt is clear from the above definitions that cartography is an art and science of map making and map is a carefully designed instrument for recording calculating, displaying, analyzing and in general, understanding the inter-relation of things in their spatial relationship. Thus a cartographer should have a sound knowledge of geography. Besides, he should have good background of drawing, fine arts, engineering, mathematics, surveying, etc. According to Ervin Raisz, "A cartographer is 50 per cent geographer, 30 per cent artist, 10 per cent mathematician and 10 per cent everything else."

*******Answer the following questions:Q1. Define map.Q2. Write about the importance of the maps.Q3. Define Cartography.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare)Topic: Act I, Scene 2, Lines285 to 319(Ariel: …. My lord, it shall be done.)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions & Answers(ii)Ariel and Prospero:(Contd..)

o Prospero asks Ariel to perform another task on hearing which Ariel grumbles. Prospero reminds him of his confinement by the witch Sycorax (whom he had served before) in a cloven pine, and of his subsequent release by Prospero. Prospero demands that for such act of kindness, Ariel should show more gratitude.

o Ariel promises to fully obey Prospero and Prospero promises him freedom after the expiry of two days.

(1) PROSPERO: But as ’tis,(Line 312-319)

We cannot miss him: he does make our fire,

Fetch in our wood, and serves in officesThat profit us. What ho! Slave, Caliban!Thou earth, thou, speak!

CALIBAN: [within]There's wood enough within.

PROSPERO: Come forth, I say! There's other business for thee.Come, thou tortoise! When?[Re-enter Ariel like a water-nymph]Fine apparition! My quaint Ariel,Hark in thine ear.

ARIEL: My lord, it shall be done.

o Prospero then wakes up Miranda and goes to see Caliban (Caliban is creature of the earth and Ariel is a creature of air and fire).

(i) Where does Prospero want to go with Miranda? Why does Prospero think that they cannot live without Caliban?

Prospero wants to go with Miranda to see Caliban, who is his slave, but who never speaks politely to them. Prospero thinks that Caliban’s services are very necessary to them because Caliban lights the fire for them and brings fuel-wood for them and also does other jobs too in their service and for their benefit.(ii) What does Caliban speak to himself after listening to his master’s voice? Why does Prospero call him a slow-moving creature?

After listening to his master’s voice, Caliban says that he has already gathered enough fuel wood which is lying aside and what his master wants now. Caliban, ignoring his master’s voice, makes delay in coming and so Prospero calls him a slow moving creature.(iii) In what shape does Ariel enter again? What does Prospero say to Caliban while rebuking him for not coming out?

Ariel enters in the shape of a water-nymph. When, inspite of being called by Prospero again and again, Caliban makes delay in coming out, Prospero bursts into anger and calls him evil-minded and malicious servant and says that he was surely born of the union of his wicked mother with the devil himself.(iv) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above abstract:(a) Miss him; (b) Fine apparition;

(a) Miss him : Do without him (b) Fine apparition : Admiring as a fine spirit

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Mathematics

Matrices Transpose of Matrix: The transposeof a matrix A is the matrix obtained from A by interchanging its rows and columns and it is denoted by ATor A'. The order of the transpose of an mxn matrix is nxm. e.g; If A=¿Then A' or AT=¿Note that A is 2x3 matrix but A' is 3x2 matrix. Symmetric Matrix:A square matrix A=(aij ) is said to be symmetric if aij =a jifor all i and j that is if A=AT .

e.g; ( 1 6 −56 2 4

−5 4 3 ) ,(a h gh b fg f c)

are symmetric matrices of order 3.

Skew-symmetric Matrices:A square matrix A=(aij ) is said to be symmetric if aij =- a ji for all i and j that is ifAT= - A.

Example: If A=¿Show that A+ AT is a symmetric matrix, where ATdenotes the transpose of matrix A. Solution: Here A= ¿Therefore, A T=¿Let P= A+ AT

Then P=¿Therefore PT =¿Hence P= A+ AT is a symmetric matrix.

Example: If A=(−245 )∧B=¿

Verify that (AB)’=B'A'.Solution:

AB=(−245 )׿

e.g; (0 −1 −21 0 −32 3 0 ) ,(0 −a −b

a 0 −cb c 0 )

are skew-symmetric matrices of order 3.Theorem:If A is a square matrix, then A can be expressed uniquely as a sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix.

= (−2 −6 124 12 −245 15 −30)

LHS=(AB)’(−2 4 5−6 12 1512 −24 −30)

B' =( 13

−6) , A '=¿

B'A'= (−2 4 5−6 12 1512 −24 −30)

LHS=RHS [Proved]History Topic -

FOUNDATION OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY

SUB-TOPIC- The First General Election

THE FIRST GENERAL ELECTION, 1952: After independence in 1947, A special committee was formed for framing constitution .Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the head of this Committee. The Constitution came into force on 26th January, 1950. India then became Sovereign Democratic Republic. We observe 26th January as Republic Day.Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime minister of Independent India. First General Election was held in 1951-52, following the new Constitution.Sukumar Sen was the First Chief Election Commissioner of Independent India.RESULTS OF THE FIRST GENERAL ELECTION: In the first election, congress performed very well. Apart from Congress, the Communist party of India and its allies became the next largest party.The performance of rightist parties such as Jan Sangh, Hindu Mahasabha and Ramrajya Parishad were not very good.IMPACT OF ELECTION:-Inspire of achieving absolute power in central and state , the Congress leaders respected opposition parties and their constructive criticism. They respected democratic norms in the country. Freedom of press and trade union was accepted. The democratic development was an important contribution of Jawaharlal Nehru.

1. Question:- Write about first General Election:- In 1951-52, the first general election took place following new constitution . The day is also celebrated as India’s first democratic leap as it was first General election of India.*Indian National Congress had won the elections with 364 seats out of 489 seats. * About 14 National parties, 53 regional parties and many independent candidates contested for the election.* The parties contested for 489 Lok Sabha and 3283 state assembly seats.* 98 Lok Sabha and 669 Assembly seats were reserved for schedule casts and tribes.* Indian National Congress won the elections with 364 seats as people voted for party led by Jawaharlal Nehru.* Sukumar Sen was the first Election Commissioner of Independence India.2. Question:- The First General Election in India was a landmark event in the history of Independent India. Explain.

OR

Mention the result and impact of First General Election in Independent India.Answer:- In the firsttt election , Congress fared very well. The Indian National Congress won a landslide victory, winning 364 and 489 seats and 45% of total votes polled. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime minister in India.Congress made alliances with smaller parties and independent candidates and formed governments in some of the seats.Apart from Congress, The Communist party of India and its allies became the

nexttt largest party,winning 23 Loksabha and 147 Assembly seats.The performance of the rightist party was not very good. Jan Sangh , Hindu Mahasabha, Ramrajya Parishad won only in 10 Lok Sabha seats.Apart from this, former royal and big land lords did well in the election.IMPACT OF THE ELECTION: The Congress leaders respected opposition leaders and encouraged the development of democratic ideas in the country. Opposition leaders made constructive criticism of the Government policies . They participated in Lok Sabha debates. Freedom of press to express their views was accepted by the Government. The political parties and Trade Unions played a vital role in the country. The leaders like Dr. Shyama prasad Mukherjee, Ram manohar Lohia , J.B.Kripalani, Bhupesh Gupta, A.K. Gopalan, Minoo Masani, and other important leaders exercised a lot of influence on the activities of Central Government. This democratic environment and its development was an important contribution of Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime minister of India.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Organs of Government:-THE EXECUTIVE

Characteristics of the Civil Service1. Permanency:The civil service is a permanent government establishment and employees enjoy security of tenure. The civil service remains intact while government changes periodically.2. Neutrality:Civil servants are required to be politically neutral so that they can serve faithfully, any government in power, no matter the controlling party. The Law requires them to resign their appointment where they are interested in partisan politics.3. Impartiality:This implies that civil servants should discharge their official duties fairly to all the people they are serving, without religious, class, gender, ethnic or any other sectional biases.4. Anonymity:Civil servants may neither disclose government official secretarial nor speak to the press on government matters, except they are authorized by the minister supervising the ministry. They cannot be held responsible for their official actions. The minister and director-general are politically accountable for the success or failure of their ministry.5. Expertise:The civil service consists of highly qualified and professionally experienced experts in various fields. The formulation and implementation of government policies and programmes depend largely on these specialists, while political office holders may not themselves be specialists in the areas they supervise.6. Bureaucracy:The civil service is characterized by very strict adherence to established rules and regulations; this sometimes causes delays in the implementation of government policies and programmes.7. Merit System:Recruitment and promotion in the civil service is often based on merit. Only qualified and competent candidates are recruited by the civil service commission. Promotion is also

carried out in accordance with the established rules and regulations.Parliamentary System in IndiaThe democratic system of government can be divided into the parliamentary and the presidential system based on the relationship between the executive and the legislature. In a parliamentary system, executive is a part of legislature, which implements the law and plays an active role in framing it as well.In a parliamentary system, the head of the state may be a monarch or a president, but both of these positions are ceremonial. The head of the government, who is generally called as the Prime Minister, is the real head. Thus, all the real executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister.The parliamentary government is also called as the Cabinet government due to concentration of executive powers in the cabinet. Articles 74 and 75 deals with the parliamentary system at the centre and Article 163 and article 164 deals with the Parliamentary system at the states.Elements and Features of Parliamentary System are :-1. Nominal and Real Head: The head of the state holds a ceremonial position and is the nominal executive. For example, the President.2. In India, the head of government is the Prime Minister who is the real executive. Article 75 of the Indian constitution provides for a Prime Minister to be appointed by the president. According to Article 74, the Prime Minister headed council of ministers would aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions.3. Executive is a Part of Legislature: The Executive forms a part of the legislature. In India, the person should be a member of parliament to become a member of the executive. However, the constitution provides that a person can be appointed as a minister for a period of not more than six consecutive months if he is not a member of the parliament, after which the person ceases to be a minister.4. Majority Party Rule: The party which wins majority seats in the elections of the Lower House forms the government. In India, the President invites the leader of the majority party in Lok Sabha to form the government. The President appoints the leader as the Prime Minister and the other ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. The President may invite a coalition of parties to form the government, in case, no party has got majority.5. Collective Responsibility: The council of ministers are collectively responsible to the parliament. The lower house of parliament has an ability to dismiss a government by getting the no confidence motion passed in the house. In India, the government survives till the time it enjoys support of the majority of members in the Lok Sabha. Thus, Lok Sabha is empowered to introduce no-confidence motion against the government.6. Prime Minister as the Centre of Power: In India, the Prime Minister is the real executive. He is the head of the government, the council of ministers and the ruling government. Thus, he has to play a significant and important role in the working of the government.7. A Parliamentary Opposition: No government in the parliament can get hundred percent majority. The opposition plays an important role in checking the arbitrary use of authority by the political executive.8. Independent Civil Service: The civil servants advice and implement decisions of the government. Civil servants hold permanent appointments based on merit-based selection process. They ensure continuity of employment even when the government changes. The civil service also ensures efficiency in execution of duties and responsibilities.9. Bicameral Legislature: Most of the countries following parliamentary system, including India, have bicameral legislature. The members of the Lower House of all these countries are elected by the people. The Lower House can be dissolved, in case, the term of the government is over or there is no scope of government formation due to lack of majority in house. In India, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha on recommendation of the Prime Minister.10. Secrecy: The members of the executive in this system have to follow the principle of secrecy in matters such as proceedings, executive meetings, policymaking etc. In India, the ministers take oath of secrecy before entering their office.Advantages of Parliamentary System

The parliamentary system has the following advantages over the presidential system:1. Represents Diverse Group: The parliamentary form of government provides opportunity to various ethnically, racially, linguistically and ideologically diverse groups to share their views in framing of laws and policymaking. Countries, such as India, which have high level of diversity enables accommodation by providing political space to various diverse sections of the society.2. Better Co-Ordination Between Legislature and Executive: The executive is a part of the legislature. As the government enjoys the support of majority of members in the lower house, the tendency of disputes and conflicts decreases. It makes easy for the government to pass the legislation in the parliament and implement them.3. Prevents Authoritarianism: In a parliamentary system, the tendency of authoritarianism decreases as the power is vested in the council of minister rather than a single individual. The parliament can remove the government through no-confidence motion.4. Responsible Government: The parliament can check the activities of the executive as the latter is responsible to the former. In a presidential system, the president is not responsible to the legislature. The members of the parliament can ask question, move resolutions, and discuss matters of public importance to pressurize the government. Such provisions are not available in Presidential system.5. Availability of Alternate Government: The lower house of the parliament can introduce and pass a no-confidence motion. In such a situation, the head of the state invites the leader of the opposition party to form the government. In the United Kingdom, the opposition forms a shadow cabinet for the cabinet of the government, so that they can become ready for the role.

*****Answer the following questions:-

1. What are the characteristics of the civil service?

2. What are the elements and features of Parliamentary system?

Homework: - learn.Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare)Topic: Essay Questions(EQ-9)

Question No. 9:Sketch the character of Gonzalo.

Answer:Of all the minor characters in the play, it is Gonzalo who is endowed with the greatest life and colour. Shakespeare takes evident care in individualizing this ‘honest old counselor.’ In a court which is full of corruption and intrigue, Gonzalo is the only man who retains a goodness and honesty of character, thus strengthening the bonds of life. His comments provide a commentary on the various incidents.

The dominant feature of his character is his large hearted charity. He is the preserver of Prospero’s life. When the enemies of Prospero sought to destroy him by casting him and his daughter adrift on a perilous sea, this noble Neapolitan provided them food and fresh water, “rich garments, linens, stuffs and necessaries which have since steadied much” and, above all, with volumes that Prospero prized above his dukedom. No wonder that Miranda’s heart goes out in gratitude to the courtier and she is filled with a longing “Would I might but ever see that man.” The same charity is shown in his efforts to cheer up the king when he is almost driven to madness by the supposed loss of his son. Again, the same action is taken to prevent him “from what this ecstasy may now provoke him to”, when the king is driven to desperation by the vanishing banquet. The same charity of disposition and tolerance make him put up with the stingy satires of the men of sin, Antonio and Sebastian.

Being a man with a sound heart, Gonzalo shows cheerfulness in the midst of calamity. During the tempest when all the mariners of the ship are thrown in to confusion, Gonzalo retains a calm and sanity. He cracks jokes with the surly boatswain and finds comfort from the thought that the sea-dog has no drowning mark upon him. When the ship is split he still clings to the hope that he would ‘fain die a dry death’. On his landing in Prospero’s island, the first words

that cross his lips are “Beseech you, Sir, be merry.” When the king is sad at the loss of his son, he takes infinite care to minister to him by indulging in a kind of merry fooling with Antonio and Sebastian. Thus, throughout all misfortunes, his conduct is marked by fortitude and calm cheerfulness and the source of this cheerfulness, it may be noted, is the complete absence of any guilt in him.

He is a typical courtier - faithful and loyal to the king and in peace with all his fellows. He loves the king with all the warmth of his heart. He ministers the king when he is depressed by the supposed loss of his son. When Sebastian heaps abuses on the king in his distress, Gonzalo rebukes him for his cruelty. His loyalty to the king is supposed by the conspirators, Antonio and Sebastian, to be a source of danger to them and their conspiracy. This is why they would first of all get rid of “this ancient morsel, this Sir Prudence.” It is significant that his first thought of being awakened by Ariel is for the king and not for himself.

To sum up, Gonzalo is always calm and very witty and is always at his best with his pleasing talkativeness. He remains calm at all hours. He is warm, human and sympathetic and has shown kindness to Prospero. For his wise counsel, old age and generous heart, he is respected by all. His loyalty to the King is without any parallel. From the beginning to the end he stands faithfully by the side of his master. He is very talkative and this nature of his sometimes irritates the king. His talkativeness and thoughtfulness make him talk about an imaginary commonwealth. His description of the ideal commonwealth, though being somewhat ironical, is aimed at lessening the seriousness of the play after the shipwreck. His talkativeness is not a serious defect of character but only a minor and amusing fault. He is a humorous character. His exchanges with Sebastian and Antonio are somewhat amusing.

The character of Gonzalo stands for one of the ideas or themes of the play. The idea is of happiness in adversity. He does not lose heart at any stage. He remains cheerful under all circumstances. He tries to keep others also cheerful.