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MARKING SCHEME

312/2GEOGRAPHYPaper 2JUNE 2015

KASSU-JET JOINT EXAMINATIONKenya Certificate of Secondary Education

312/2Paper 2

GEOGRAPHY

1. (a) Name two indigenous softwood tree species found in Kenya. (2 marks)

- African pencil/cedar/juniper- Podo

(b) State three factors that favour the development of softwood forests in Canada.(3

marks)- Cool/cold climate suitable coniferous forest.- High rainfall/1,000 to 2,000mm.- Thin permafrost soil spares the land for the forest.- Rugged and steep landscape is suitable for growth of coniferous

forest/discourage agriculture.- High local and international demand for softwood products.- Availability of land due to low population density.

2. Use the map of Kenya below to answer question (a).

KASSU JOINT EXAM @ 2015

P

R

(a) Name the minerals mined in the areas marked P and R. (2 marks)

P - FlousparR - Titanium

(b) State three benefits of Gold mining to the economy of South Africa. (3 marks)

- Provides raw materials for industries.- Create employment opportunities- Earns foreign exchange.- Led to industrial development- Has led to urbanization.- Development of social amenities.- Development of transport facilities.

3. (a) State three factors which led to the growth of Eldoret town. (3 marks)

- Extensive land for expansion of the town.- Strategically located along the Nairobi Kampala road/railway line.- It serves a rich Agricultural hinterland.- The cool climate is ideal for settlement.- Large population provided labour/market.- Undulating/rolling/gentle landscape for construction and agriculture.- Availability of H.E.P.- Investment by local entrepreneurs e.g. athletes.- Establishment of social amenities e.g. schools/hospitals

(b) State three functions of Central Business District in a town. (3 marks)


- It is business/trade centre.- Offers entertainement.- Commercial/banking/insurance centre.- Communication centre.- Administrative centre.- Social and cultural function.

4. (a) State two negative effects of tourism in Kenya. (2 marks)

- Importation of luxury items.- Pollution through careless littering of parks.- Ecological disturbance through over use of certain parks/interference of

animals behavior.- Soil erosion through trampling of soils by the tour vehicles.- Social evils/crime/drug use and abuse.- Erosion of culture.- Increased poaching of wild animals- Neglect of other sectors of the economy.

(b) Sate three social-economic factors that attract tourists in Switzerland.(3

marks)- Political stability/peaceful atmosphere/neutrality.- Ability to communicate in different languages.- Culture and tradition like dances and dresses.- High standard of Hospitality and accommodation hotels/resorts.- Effective banking system- Well developed transport network- Low package tours- An effective marketing promotion.- International headquarters of organizations (meetings)

5. Describe long lining as a method of fishing. (4 marks)

- Long lines with 500 to 5,000 baited hooks attached to a boat/liner.- The net is cast into water and spread over long distance on the sea bed.- The lines are suspended in water by floats at each end.- The net is dragged along sea bed.- Once sufficient fish has been caught the lines are hauled into the boat.- Fish caught are unhooked.- Hooks are baited once again and then cast back into the water.

SECTION B


Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section.

6. The table below shows the prices of sugar in Kenya shillings per ton in some countries in Africa. Use it to answer question (a).

Year Kenya South Africa Tanzania Zambia2010 95,400 61,927 68,702 84,4472011 111,713 67,462 66,985 93,7982012 110,878 65,173 90,649 86,832

(a) (i) Draw a divided rectangle 16cm long to represent the prices of sugar in the year 2012.

110,873 + 65,172 + 90,649 + 86,832 = 353,531

Length of the bars110873353531

× 16 = 5.01cm = 5cm

65172353531

×16 = 2.94cm = 3cm

90649353531

×16 = 4.10cm = 4cm

86832353832

× 16 = 3.92cm = 4cm

(ii) State two advantages of using compound bar graphs to present data.(2

marks) - It gives a clear visual impression


- It allows for comparison- Easy to draw/construct- Easy to read/interpret- Can be used to represent a wide range of data.

(b) State three physical conditions that favour large scale sugarcane farming in Western Kenya. (3

marks)

- Well drained soils- Deep soils- Black cotton soils/clay soils/alluvial soils.- High rainfall/1200 - 1500 mm- Well distributed rainfall throughout the year.- High temperatures/200C - 280C- Long periods of sunlight- Undulating/gently sloping landscape.

(c) Describe the stages involved in sugar production from harvesting to marketing.(7

marks) - The sugarcane is cut at the base using a sharp panga.- The husks and the top green part are removed.- The cane is loaded onto lorries/tractors and transported to the factory.- The sugarcane is weighed.- The sugarcane is washed with sprayed water.- The sugarcanes are mechanically cut using rotating knives (shredders) into

smaller pieces.- The pieces are crashed between the rollers to obtain raw juice.- The juice is boiled with lime and allowed to crystallize to form raw/brown

sugar.- The crystals are separated from molasses.- Brown sugar is further refined to give brown and white sugar.- The sugar is dried, graded, weighed and packed ready for sale.

(d) Explain three problems facing sugarcane farming in Kenya. (6 marks)

- Pests such as termites and white grub attack the plants and lowers the yields leading to low income for the farmers.

- Diseases such as ratoon stunting, mosaic, smut attack the plants and lowers the yields leading to low income for the farmers.

- Accidental fires/fires set by arsonists destroy the cane resulting in heavy losses to the farmers.

- Flooding of the local market by cheap imported sugar leads to unfair competition thus causing delayed payments to the farmers.

- Delays in harvesting of sugarcane reduces the quality of/tonnage of the cane reducing the farmers earnings.


- Closure of some factories such as (Ramisi and Miwani) has deprived farmers of their source of income/annual closure of factories for

servicing of machines disrupts the farmers calendar of activities.- Poor feeder roads in some areas leads to delayed delivery of the cane to the

factory lowering the quality and subsequently the profit to the farmers.

- Prolonged droughts in some areas destroys the crop leading to heavy losses to the farmers.

- High cost of farm inputs reduces the farmers profit margins which demoralize them.

- Mismanagement of factories and co-operatives leads to delayed payments thus discouraging the farmers.

7. (a) State two advantages of written communication. (2 marks)

- Effective in disseminating information.- For marketing/advertisement.- For entertainment.- To educate citizens on government policies.- For certification/reference.- Can be used as official document.

(b) Use the outline map of East Africa provided to answer questions (i) and (ii).


(i) Name the towns marked W and X. (2 marks)

W - NanyukiX - Kasese

(ii) Name the railway lines marked Y and Z. (2 marks)

Y - Konza - MagadiZ - Kisumu - Butere

(c) (i) State two ways in which Kenya would benefit from the construction of the Standard gauge railway. (2

marks)

- Employment- Faster mode of transport.- Efficient transport.- Increase trade between East African countries.


Z W

Mombasa

Dar es Salaam

Y

X

- Handle bulky goods with ease.- Development of towns/port

(ii) Explain three factors that hinder development of River transport in Africa. (6

marks)

- Seasonality of many rivers i.e. fluctuating river regime.- Presence of rapids and waterfalls along the course of the river.- Many rivers are either too short, shallow and too swift/narrow.- Siltation at the river mouths hinders port development.- Most rivers pass through unproductive areas hence its

uneconomical to develop river transport.- Presence of floating vegetation and dense vegetation along the

river banks making it impossible to navigate through.- Differences in political ideologies of countries through which rivers

pass which calls for negotiations.

(d) The map below shows the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway. Use it to answer question (i) and (ii).


River Hudson

River St. Lawrence

Lake Huron

(i) Name the canals marked J and K. (2 marks)

E - Trent canalF - New York State Barge canal

(ii) Name the towns marked M, N and P. (3 marks)

M - DuluthN - DetriotP - Buffalo

(iii) Explain three measures that were taken to solve the challenges that faced navigation along the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway.

(6 marks)- Construction of canals to avoid waterfalls and rapids.- Deepening/dredging of the canals and channels to accommodate

larger ships.- Blasting of the rocky islands.- Use of ice breakers during winter when water is frozen.- Locks were constructed along the seaway to regulate the flow of

water as well as the movement of vessels.- Installation of radars and for lights on ships.

8. (a) Differentiate between manufacturing industries from tertiary industries.(2

marks)


Atlantic Ocean

M

N P

JK

Chicago

Quebec

New York

U.S.A

CANADA

- Manufacturing industries change raw material into semi-processed/ finished products while tertiary industries provide services to the

consumer.

(b) (i) Name two non-food agricultural industries in Kenya. (2 marks)

- Textile processing.- Leather processing.- Tobacco processing.- Pyrethrum processing.- Sisal fibre making.- Paper processong

(ii) State three measures that are being taken by the government of Kenya to promote Jua-Kali industries. (3 marks)

- Tax incentives/reduced duty on imported machinery and raw materials.

- Transport network.- Protection from competition.- Provision of site.- Provision of power/H.E.P.- Provision of capital.- Training.- Marketing- Encourage formation of co-operative societies.

(iii) Describe the characteristics of the cottage industries in India.(5

marks) - Carried out by individuals/families.- Are rural based.- Work done manually/use of simple machines.- Work in small workshops.- Marketed by middle men.- Products are for both domestic and export market.

(c) (i) State three benefits of decentralizing industries in Kenya. (3 marks)

- It would encourage regional equality in development.- Transport and communication.- Social amenities.- It would create employment in the rural areas.- It would reduce rural-urban migration.- It would allow greater exploitation of local resources.


- It would reduce risks during calamities.- Would reduce strain on social amenities in urban centres.- Reduce pollution in the main urban centres.

(ii) Other than iron and steel, name two other industries located in Ruhr region of Germany. (2 marks)

- Engineering.- Chemical industries/petrol chemical/fertilizer.- Textile industries- Oil refining- Electronics- Food processing- Cutlery and surgical instruments.

(iii) Explain four factors which influenced the location of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany. (8

marks)

- The region is centrally located in Europe. This offers easy access of all parts of Europe.

- The region is served by navigable rivers like River Rhine and canals which provided cheap transport for raw materials and

finished products.- Availability of raw materials it is economical to set up iron and steel

industries near the source near the source of raw materials because they are bulky. The Ruhr region has coal iron ore and limestone.

- Existence of traditional industries which led to the development of the necessary skill.

- Presence of rich companies/Krupp family which are ready to provide capital for the development of industries.

- The region has abundant sources of power such as coal, oil H.E.P which is necessary in iron and steel industries

- The dense and affluent population in central and western Europe provide ready market for iron and steel.

9. (a) (i) What is sex ratio? (1 mark)

- This is the number of males per 100 females.


(ii) Apart from population census, give two other primary sources of population data. (2

marks)

- Registration of births/deaths/Marriages/migration.- Tallying tapes.- Sample surveys.

(iii) State three significance of population census to a country. (3 marks)

- Provide a basis for national planning and policy making.- Help in planning for job markets, education etc.- Help in planning for food production and distribution.- Reveals the dependency ratio and age-sex composition.- Reveal the occupation of the people thus help in planning for

employment and estimating tax levels.- Reveal the trends on fertility and mortality rates hence work out

population growth rates.- Help in planning for urban growth and provision for infrastructural

facilities.- Help in provision of administrative services and determining of

administrative boundaries.

(b) Explain four factors that have led to high population density in the Kenya highlands. (8

marks)

- Cool conditions/temp 10 - 200c favour growth of cash crops hence attracting dense settlement.

- High and reliable rainfall well distributed throughout the year suitable for agriculture thus attracting dense settlement.

- Availability of well drained volcanic soils which favour agricultural production so has attracted dense settlement.

- Availability of adequate water supply due to numerous rivers supplying water for domestic, industrial and irrigation in some parts also

attract dense settlement.- The numerous plantation and horticultural farms has attracted many

people from the neighbouring areas in search of employment hence leading to high population densities.

- The presence of developed transport network facilitate quick movement and accessibility hence a lot of economic activities take place

leading dense population densities.


(c) The pyramid below represents the population structure of Sweden.(5

marks)

Describe the characteristics of population represented by the pyramid.(5

marks)

- Number of males and females is almost equal.- Low population growth rate.- Low/decline in birth rate.- Has low mortality rate.- Has high life expectancy.- Low dependency ratio.

(d) Explain three cause of urban-rural migration. (6 marks)

- Decentralization of industries/Job transfers from their places of work if some industries are set up in the rural centres.

- Stressful urban life due to high number of people and increase in pollution.


- High crime rate and insecurity make life difficult for many hence move back to the villages which is much safer.

- Shortage of housing and congestion may force some urban dwellers to find more spacious houses and pleasant living conditions in rural areas.

- Retirement where one stops working in town and opt to go back to the village.

- Unemployment in the urban centres.

10. (a) (i) Distinguish between visible and invisible exports. (2 marks)

- Visible exports are tangible goods sold to other countries while invisible exports are intangible goods and services that earn

foreign exchange without transfer of goods from one country to another.

(ii) Name two seaports that handle exports in East Africa. (2 marks)

- Mombasa- Dar-es-salaam.- Lamu- Tanga

(b) Explain three measures Kenya can take to reduce her unfavourable balance of trade. (6

marks) - Encourage the Juakali/cottage industries to produce locally manufactured goods for export.

- Restricting the importation of luxury items through high taxation.- Provide incentives for industries to manufacture goods for exports.- Establishing of import substitution industries to manufacture goods

initially imported and cut down on imports.- Protecting local industries from unfair foreign competition from imported

goods through quotas and taxation.- Development of alternative energy sources to reduce oil importation.- Encouraging production of high quality manufactured goods for export in

order to earn higher income.- Diversifying the agricultural exports to enable the country have a variety of

exports.- Open up new markets to reduce overdependence on traditional trading

partners.- Encouraging local assembling of machinery since importation of parts is

cheaper.

(c) Explain three reasons for low volume of trade between the countries in African(6

marks)


- Political instability discourage trade- Most countries produce similar goods mainly agricultural or minerals thus

low demand.- Poor transport and communication links hinder movement of goods.- The flow of trade still follows colonial patterns.- Industrialized countries have better trade partners as they provide

essential manufactured goods while African countries produce mainly agricultural produce.

- Different political ideologies discourage trade.

(d) (i) State three benefits of ECOWAS to the member states. (3 marks)

- The volume of trade has been boosted as a result of expanded market.

- More transport facilities e.g. roads have been constructed to link member states.

- Removal of trade barriers has extended market for the finished products.

- The transfer of technology or capital within the bloc is enhanced.- Cooperation in other fields such as education health is enhanced.- The reduction in hostilities between member states has enhanced

peace resulting in rapid economic development

(ii) Explain three ways in which the future of international trade in Kenya can be improved. (6

marks)

- Kenya is exploring new markets in the far East countries to avoid over-reliance on the European market.

- Kenya has signed trade agreements with various countries in Africa and in America which will help improve trade.

- Kenya’s trade with African countries is likely to improve through the membership in trade blocs such as COMESA.

- Some Kenyan entrepreneurs are setting up branches of their industries in the neighbouring countries in order to expand

trading activities.- Kenya is undertaking partial processing of some of the agricultural

products before export in order to add value and thus increase earnings.

- Kenya should diversify her export products to attract a wider market for her goods.


- Kenya should aggressively advertise her products to attract more buyers.

- Kenya should improve her international transport and communication link for efficient transactions.

- The implementation of vision 2030 will lead to increased production of industrial goods for export.


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