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Revolutionary War UnitBig Idea #1: Colony

ColonyDefinition: An area that is controlled by or belongs to a country and is usually far away from it.

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Challenge Take Apart:

Anticolonialization

Examples of Colonies: 1.

2.

3.

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Remembering the Proclamation of 1763

1. Vocabulary:a. Colony: an area that is controlled by or belongs to a country and

is usually far away from it.

b. Enforcement: to make sure that people do what is required by a law or a rule.

c. Prohibit: to say that (something) is not allowed

Being the king/queen of a colony would be great because…

Being the king/queen of a colony would be a pain because…

2. Group Write: Write a short paragraph about something that isn’t allowed in your school. How do you feel about the rule? How is the rule enforced? How do different students react to the rule?

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Remembering the Proclamation of 1763

Adapted from an article by Jesse Greenspan

In 1763, America was not a country. It was a colony of England. One feature of colonies is that they only exist to make the Mother Country (the country that owns the colonies) happy. This meant that in America, England owned the land, and ran the government. England was using its colonies to get

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Reading #1


richer and more powerful, and didn’t really care if the colonists were happy with the laws they passed.

Everyone who lived in America lived under English law, and had to do what they English government told them to do. England is a monarchy, which means they have a king who is the boss. England also has a Parliament, which is a lot like Congress in America. Parliament has elected representatives that pass laws for the King to approve. The colonies did not have any representative on Parliament, and had no say in the laws that the English government passed. This meant that England passed laws that benefitted the people in England, and really didn’t have any reason to make the colonists happy.

On October 7, 1763, King George III issued a proclamation that did not allow the colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. He passed this law because he hoped the Native Americans who fought against him during the French and Indian War and Pontiac’s Rebellion would calm down and stop fighting.

England’s victory in the French and Indian War gave it control over all of eastern North America. Most native tribes had sided with the French during the conflict, and they soon found themselves unhappy with British rule. In May 1763, just a few months after the end of the war, a group of separate Native American tribes, led by Ottawa chief Pontiac, went to war against the English. His warriors attacked a dozen British forts and raided numerous frontier settlements. Hundreds died in the process. In response, the British handed out smallpox-infected blankets to Pontiac’s followers. Tensions between Native Americans and colonists were so high that a gang of colonists known as the Paxton Boys massacred 20 defenseless Native Americans who had nothing to do with the war.

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In an attempt to ease this tension from occurring, King George III issued a royal proclamation on October 7, 1763, which banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, at least “for the present, and until our further pleasure be known.” Those colonists already there were ordered to move back across the mountains. The proclamation furthermore prohibited individuals from buying Native American land. Instead, only the English government could now make such purchases. “We shall avoid many future quarrels with the savages by this…measure,” said General Thomas Gage, who commanded all British forces in North America.

At first, the British made an effort to enforce the proclamation, stopping settlers as they headed west and removing others. On one occasion, English soldiers even burned the huts of some nearby colonists and forced them back across the boundary. However, most of the time, the enforcement was so weak that it did very little to stop the colonists from moving west. The colonists quickly learned that they could ignore the proclamation without fear of punishment.

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The colonists had just fought two wars for the right to move into the Ohio River Valley, and were very angry that the government was telling them they couldn’t move there. As the East coast was becoming more crowded, the Colonists desperately wanted to move west into the territory they just won. Some wanted only enough land for themselves and their families, whereas others wanted to use the land to make a profit down the road. George

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Washington, for one, wrote in 1767 that he wanted to illegally buy as much Native American land as possible. The Proclamation of 1763 will soon be revoked, Washington explained, because—“this I say between ourselves”—it was only meant “as a temporary [law] to quiet the minds of the Indians.”

In fact, the boundary was moved a year later to give the colonists more land. However, the new land didn’t make the colonists any happier with the Proclamation of 1763. The law remained a big problem eleven years later, when the Declaration of Independence criticized King George III for “raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.”

The Proclamation of 1763 is important because it was the first law that highlighted how the desires and interests of England no longer matched the desires and interests of the colonists. The Colonists had just fought two wars to gain the Ohio River Valley, and they wanted to move there so they could start to use the resources of this land for their own families and communities. The English only wanted peace with the Native Americans so they wouldn’t have to pay for any more wars. The Proclamation of 1763 was a major reminder for the colonists that the needs of the mother country do not match the needs of the colonists, and how under colonialism, the colonies only exist to make the mother country wealthy and powerful. This realization would start a series of events that would lead the colonists to fight a war for their independence that would end England’s colonial rule in America.

3. Think, Pair, Share:1. By yourself, make a Cause/Effect Brain Frame in the

space below about the causes and effects of the Proclamation of 1763.

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2. Compare your frame with a partner. Look at how your frames are alike and different.

3. Present your frame to the class.

4. Main IdeaWhat is the main idea of this reading? (What is it trying to say about colonies?)

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The main idea of the reading is that colonies

Based on this idea, what do you predict will happen next? How will the Colonists respond to the Proclamation of 1763?

The Colonists will

5. Making Connections. Think, Pair, Share.

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Read the editorial about Puerto Rico on the next page. 1. Below, make a Compare/Contrast Frame, showing how Puerto

Rico in 2017 is both alike and different from the American colonies in 1763.

2. Join up with a partner. Compare your frames. Make any changes you want to make before you present it to the class. In your pair, come up with one question that you have about either Puerto Rico or the American Colonies.

3. Have one person present your frame and your question to the class.

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Free Puerto Rico!!!

A Puerto Rican flag was draped outside a communitygallery in Caguas, Ruerto Rico, on June 7.

By Stephen Kinzer JUNE 23, 2016, BOSTON GLOBE

‘DO NOT MAKE peace until we get Porto Rico,” Theodore Roosevelt wrote in 1898 to Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, his closest friend and political partner. Lodge’s answer was reassuring: “Porto Rico is not forgotten and we mean to have it.”

A few weeks after that exchange, American troops landed in Puerto Rico, seized it, and proclaimed it part of the United States. The colonial experiment has not gone well. By most standards — health, education, per capita income, rates of violent crime — Puerto Rico compares poorly to even the most backward US states. Now it is broke.

Puerto Rico’s governor has restricted withdrawals from the government development bank and placed the highway authority in a “state of emergency” so creditors cannot seize its assets. Hundreds of businesses

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have closed. Schools lack electricity. Hospitals have reduced their services. The Zika virus is spreading and, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, may afflict one-fourth of the population by the end of this year. Planeloads of Puerto Ricans are leaving each week, including many teachers and other professionals. The remaining population is older, poorer, and more in need of services the government cannot provide.

Puerto Rico occupies a unique position in the world. It is property of the United States and its residents are US citizens, but they have no voting representative in Congress and may not cast ballots in presidential elections. As a result, Puerto Ricans must obey laws they play no role in shaping, follow the rulings of judges they have no role in appointing, and accept a range of US policies without being able to influence them. The island is called a “commonwealth,” an “unincorporated territory,” or a “free associated state,” but those are semantic tricks invented to disguise the fact that Puerto Rico is one of the world’s last colonies.

In 1901 the Supreme Court ruled that Puerto Ricans are not entitled to the rights of other Americans. “The Constitution does not apply to foreign countries,” it found. “There may be territories subject to the jurisdiction of the United States which are not of the United States.” That principle still guides Washington’s relationship to Puerto Rico. Caught in seemingly eternal limbo — neither a state nor an independent country — the island is doomed to be ignored until trouble erupts. Even if fiscal and social catastrophe can be temporarily avoided, the central question remains.

Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony when America took it over in 1898. The United States had defeated Spain on the battlefield in Cuba, and America argued that because we defeated Spain, we had a right to own all of her colonies, including Puerto Rico, the last remaining Spanish colony in the Western Hemisphere.

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Sugar companies took over much of the island’s land, depriving many small farmers of their income. In the 1950s, embarrassed by terrible conditions in Puerto Rico, Congress enacted a series of measures aimed at making it a “showcase” for American beneficence and a “shining star” in the Caribbean. That created a short boom, followed by a long decline that led to poverty and a culture of dependence. Puerto Ricans pay no federal income tax, and more than one-third of them receive food stamps.

Today, 54 percent of Puerto Ricans are opposed to the island’s current political status. They disagree on whether statehood or independence would be a better alternative. Congress, however, is highly unlikely to accept Puerto Rico as the 51st state. That makes sense. When asked their nationality, Puerto Ricans usually reply “Puerto Rican,” not “American.” Most do not speak English. They send their own team to the Olympic Games and are passionate in guarding their native heritage.

Puerto Rico has a population of 3.5 million, larger than that of 20 American states. The current political arrangement has failed to serve the needs of either Puerto Ricans or mainland Americans. Since Congress is not prepared to admit Puerto Rico to the union, it should consider laying the groundwork for decolonization and eventual independence.

This crisis is a disaster for the island and an unwelcome distraction in Washington. It will prove a blessing in disguise, however, if it leads us finally to address the root cause of Puerto Rico’s trouble: its status as America’s colony.

Stephen Kinzer is a senior fellow at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University. Follow him on Twitter @stephenkinzer.

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6. Make a Protest Sign.

A quote from the “Free Puerto Rico” article…“Today, 54 percent of Puerto Ricans are opposed to the island’s current political status. They disagree on whether statehood or independence would be a better alternative.”

Come up with a snappy slogan for a protest sign that expresses what you want to happen for Puerto Rico.

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Now change your slogan slightly so that it would make sense on this 1763 protest sign. (I know, my clip art skills are amazing.)

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San Juan Mayor: “It May Be Easy To Disregard

Puerto Rico Because We’re A US Colony”

By Carolina Moreno, Huffington Post

SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico ― A month after Hurricane Maria ravaged Puerto Rico,

many of the 3.4 million citizens on the island are desperate for aid as they

struggle daily to find basic necessities like food, drinking water, medicine

and consistent forms of communication.

The island’s capital, San Juan, has fared better than the other 77

municipalities. But just outside the metropolitan areas, impoverished

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communities in towns like Canóvanas and Loíza are still impatiently waiting

for FEMA or any government aid to arrive four weeks after the storm.

San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz Soto, 54, says she has visited towns like

Loíza and Comerío outside of her municipality and witnessed bleak scenes,

and has called the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s response to

the hurricane inefficient and bureaucratic. She’s also criticized President

Donald Trump’s leadership during the current crisis in Puerto Rico.

During a sit-down interview on Sunday, Cruz Soto told HuffPost she

has “theories” about why federal aid has been slow to arrive to towns no

more than than 30 minutes from the capital. She also painted a picture of

the stark conditions Puerto Ricans are facing in the metropolitan area and

beyond.

“I have learned in this disaster of a situation many things,” Cruz Soto said.

“One is that we will no longer be able to hide our poverty and our inequality

with palm trees and piña coladas; and two, that the dialogue, the discourse

and what you’re seeing have to go hand in hand.”

“Before you could go somewhere and all these green trees and palms trees

would be literally hiding away the more disadvantaged areas of San Juan and

of Puerto Rico,” she said. “They are raw there [now] for us to see.”

In San Juan, like on the rest of the island, most residents lead their lives

under the sweltering Caribbean heat with no electricity to run air

conditioning or fans. Many gather inside some of the small number of

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businesses with generators but head home as soon as the midnight curfew

kicks in. Cell service is spotty at best, but phones are only useful if you’re

able to find a place to charge them.

At least 84 percent of the metropolitan area has running water, according to

the Puerto Rico government website. But that doesn’t mean much for those

living in high-rise buildings.

“Because San Juan is a lot of buildings, people have not seen the

devastation,” Cruz Soto said. “Those buildings have become human cages,

especially for the elderly and the sick. You don’t have food, you don’t have

water, you don’t have electricity, so the water does not pump up to the 14th

and 15th floor.”

The mayor said her administration has cleaned more than 66 million pounds

of debris, vegetative material and domestic waste since Sept. 19. But there

is a lot more left to do, particularly since the city’s priority continues to be

the well-being of its residents, she said.

“You think when the hurricane is gone and you go outside [that] you’ll be

able to start rebuilding but you can’t,” Cruz Soto explained. “You have to

make sure you save lives first and then start cleaning the debris.”

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On the outskirts of San Juan

Cruz Soto said she and her team have canvassed 37 communities outside of

San Juan and 12 municipalities have gone to her directly for help.

“The mayors have come to us and they say ‘Mira Yulín, we have no food, no

water, no one has gone to see us,’” she said. “What am I supposed to do?

Just say, ‘Oh, go on your merry way because what I have is for San Juan’?

Whatever San Juan gets, we make sure to service our people but we make

sure that we have enough to share with other people.”

HuffPost visited a community in Canóvanas, approximately 19 miles from

San Juan, during which multiple people came up to reporters asking if we

were FEMA. While describing the scene to Cruz Soto, she interjected: “What

does that tell you? Where is FEMA, right?”

Many officials, including the Puerto Rican governor, have justified FEMA’s

slow response on the island since Maria hit by pointing to logistical issues,

including road damage and port closures.

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“That is the most ludicrous, ridiculous, offensive explanation,” Cruz Soto said

of the explanation. “The most powerful country in the world cannot get

supplies to [an island that is] 100 miles by 35 miles wide? They don’t want to

get the supplies there. That’s a different story. How have I been able to get

to these towns? I take my trucks, if there’s a tree in the way we get it out

and move it out of the way, we push on.”

An absent federal government

When asked why the federal government would not want to get the supplies

to these areas, Cruz Soto says she can think of no other explanation for why

the response has been so lacking.

“It’s unthinkable that they cannot, so it must mean that they do not want

to,” she said.

Though she does have at least one theory as to why the federal

government’s response has been so halting on the island.

“It may be easy to try to disregard us,” Cruz Soto said. “It may be easy

because we’re a U.S. territory and a colony of the United States. But we are

people dammit and I don’t care what the political status is.”

Cruz Soto compared the federal response in Puerto Rico to the one after the

2010 earthquake in Haiti, where she says the world saw “how the U.S. did

everything they could.”

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She also said that there are more than 300 people from the U.S. mainland ―

including organizations like the AFL-CIO, the Teamsters and the UFCW, who

are working to bring aid to people — which she described as the “true spirit

of the United States.”

“But why would you systematically deny food and water and medication to a

group of people?,” Cruz Soto continued. “It’s close to genocide. And I know

it’s a strong word but it is close to genocide.”

Why would you systematically deny food and water and medication to a

group of people? It’s close to genocide.

“Rather than dying from a horrendous act of nature, we’re dying from the

horrendous inaction of men and women ― of one particular man — because

I’ve seen the FEMA people who are out on the field,” she said. “Their hearts

go out. They want to do more.”

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In response, Cruz Soto said she’s asked the United Nations to stand by

Puerto Rico. “It is a human rights violation to deny people to access to

drinking water,” she said. “And dammit we’re dying. This is not a hyperbole;

you saw it. This is not getting better as the days go by.”

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