Liceo de ApodacaCentro Educativo

Ciclo Escolar 2012-2013

Name: Ana Sofía Elizondo ZambranoList number: 6

Grade: 9° Group: “B”Teacher: Antonio Medina

TECHNOLOGY “How to create a mural”

23/May/2013

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IndexCover………………………………………………………………1Index………………………………………………………………2Definition………………………………………………………….3Function…………………………………………………………...3Techniques………………………………………………………..4Famous muralists…………………………………………….......6Reference sources………………………………………………7Personal conclusion………………………………………........8Images…………………………………………………………….8

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DefinitionA mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other large permanent surface. A particularly distinguishing characteristic of mural painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture.Some wall paintings are painted on large canvases, which are then attached to the wall. Whether these works can be accurately called "murals" is a subject of some controversy in the art world, but the technique has been in common use since the late 19th century.

FunctionClassically, a mural is applied directly to a prepared surface such as a fresco. Fresco like that used in the Sistine Chapel is a wet plaster to which paints are added. As the paints dry, they fade slightly, but also lock into the plaster, making them longer lasting and less likely to flake or peel. Usually, a team of artists works together under the supervision of a master artist, who keeps the plans for the overall design and directs individual team members as they work on specific projects.Murals are often associated with political expression, thanks to the work of artists in the United States and Mexico in the 1930s and 1940s. In the United States, an earlier tradition of political murals at the turn of the century had given way to more neutral themes, but the New Deal and the Works Progress Administration rekindled the political focus. In both nations, murals focused on workers, the lives of the lower classes, harvesting food, preparing meals, and other errata of daily life, a marked departure from the highly religious paintings and frescoes of the Middle Ages. It was also a shift from the glamorous promotional public art of the 19th

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century, which encouraged viewers to “Move to Sunny California!” or enjoy various commercial products.Many modern muralists continue the tradition of political expression in their work, and produce large scale commentaries on social issues which also beautify the places they are installed in. Other mural artists focus on producing beautiful pieces of artwork which enhance environments like board rooms and other corporate spaces, along with environments like public buildings and schools.

TechniquesHistorical mural techniques In the history of mural several methods have been used:A fresco painting, from the Italian word affresco which derives from the adjective fresco ("fresh"), describes a method in which the paint is applied on plaster on walls or ceilings. The buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh, lime mortar or plaster. The pigment is then absorbed by the wet plaster; after a number of hours, the plaster dries and reacts with the air: it is this chemical reaction which fixes the pigment particles in the plaster. After this the painting stays for a long time up to centuries in fresh and brilliant colors.Fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster (secco is "dry" in Italian). The pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall.Mezzo-fresco is painted on nearly-dry plaster was defined by the sixteenth-century author Ignazio Pozzo as "firm enough not to take a thumb-print" so that the pigment only penetrates slightly into the plaster. By the end of the sixteenth century this had largely displaced the buon fresco method, and was used by painters such as Gianbattista Tiepolo or Michelangelo. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work.Material 

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In Greco-Roman times, mostly encaustic colors ground in a molten beeswax or resin binder and applied in a hot state was used.Tempera painting is one of the oldest known methods in mural painting. In tempera, the pigments are bound in an aluminous medium such as egg yolk or egg white diluted in water.In 16th-century Europe, oil painting on canvas arose as an easier method for mural painting. The advantage was that the artwork could be completed in the artist’s studio and later transported to its destination and there attached to the wall or ceiling. Oil paint can be said to be the least satisfactory medium for murals because of its lack of brilliance in color. Also the pigments are yellowed by the binder or are more easily affected by atmospheric conditions. The canvas itself is more subject to rapid deterioration than a plaster ground. Modern mural techniques Different muralists tend to become experts in their preferred medium and application, whether that is oil paints, emulsion or acrylic paints applied by brush, roller or airbrush/aerosols. Clients will often ask for a particular style and the artist may adjust to the appropriate technique.A consultation usually leads to a detailed design and layout of the proposed mural with a price quote that the client approves before the muralist starts on the work. The area to be painted can be gridded to match the design allowing the image to be scaled accurately step by step. In some cases the design is projected straight onto the wall and traced with pencil before painting begins. Some muralists will paint directly without any prior sketching, preferring the spontaneous technique.Once completed the mural can be given coats of varnish or protective acrylic glaze to protect the work from UV rays and surface damage.As an alternative to a hand-painted or airbrushed mural, digitally printed murals can also be applied to surfaces. Already existing murals can be photographed and then be reproduced in near-to-original quality.

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The disadvantages of pre-fabricated murals and decals are that they are often mass-produced and lack the allure and exclusivity of an original artwork. They are often not fitted to the individual wall sizes of the client and their personal ideas or wishes can’t be added to the mural as it progresses. The Frescography technique, a digital manufacturing method (CAM) invented by Rainer Maria Latzke addresses some of the personalization and size restrictions.Digital techniques are commonly used in advertisements. A

"walls cape" is a large advertisement on or attached to the outside wall of a building. Walls capes can be painted directly on the wall as a mural, or printed on vinyl and securely attached to the wall in the manner of a billboard. Although not

strictly classed as murals, large scale printed media are often referred to as such. Advertising murals were traditionally painted onto buildings and shops by sign-writers, later as large scale poster billboards.

Famous muralists Edwin Abbey Carlos Almaraz Dorothy Annan Judy Baca ABOVE Banksy Arnold Belkin Thomas Hart Benton John T. Biggers Henry Bird Edwin Howland Blashfield Blek le Rat

Steve Bogdanoff Giotto di Bondone Gabriel Bracho Paul Cadmus Eleanor Coen Dean Cornwell John Steuart Curry

Robert Dafford Santiago Martinez

Delgado Faile

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Shepard Fairey Piero della Francesca Os Gemeos Louis Grell Satish Gujral Manav Gupta Richard Haas Keith Haring Albert Henry Krehbiel Rainer Maria Latzke Tom Lea Sofia Maldonado John Anton Mallin Andrea Mantegna Reginald Marsh

Knox Martin Peter Max Michelangelo Claude Monet Roberto Montenegro Frank Nuderscher Violet Oakley Juan O'Gorman Pablo O'Higgins José Clemente Orozco Rufus Porter

Aarón Piña Mora Archie Rand Raphael Freydoon Rassouli Diego Rivera Graham Rust Sadequain

John Singer Sargent Eugene Savage Conrad Schmitt Clément Serveau David Alfaro Siqueiros Frank Stella Rufino Tamayo Titian Alton Tobey Allen Tupper True Kent Twitchell Leonardo da Vinci John Augustus Walker Henry Oliver Walker Lucia Wiley Ezra Winter Robert Wyland Isaiah Zagar

Reference sourcesWikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuralWisegeek: http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-history-of-mural-painting.htm

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Personal conclusionI think the mural painting is something very beautiful if you do it right no like graffiti. But sometimes the graffiti is beautiful too.

Images

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