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Challenge AGRAMMAR NOTEBOOK

SEMESTER 1

ANSWER KEY

GRAMMAR -SEMESTER 1 WEEK 1

Grammar No. 31 The First Declension

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative terr-a Land, the (a) land Subject

Singular Genitive terr-ae Of the (a) land; land’s Possessive

Singular Dative terr-ae To or for the (a) land Indirect object

Singular Accusative terr-am The (a) land Direct object

Singular Ablative terr-ā By, with, from the (a) land

Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative terr-ae Lands, the lands Subject

Plural Genitive terr-ārum Of the lands; lands’ Possessive

Plural Dative terr-īs To or for the lands Indirect object

Plural Accusative terr-ās Lands, the lands Direct object

Plural Ablative terr- īs By, with, from the lands Object of the Preposition

Gender:

32: A) All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)

33: B) All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.

Additional Rules in Reading:

All nouns whose genitive ends in -ae are in the first declension.

PRACTICE for Week 1

Grammar Rule # 32Put the form, meaning, use in the following chart for terra, terra (land)

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative terr-a Land, the (a) land Subject

Singular Genitive terr-ae Of the (a) land; land’s Possessive

Singular Dative terr-ae To or for the (a) land Indirect object

Singular Accusative terr-am The (a) land Direct object

Singular Ablative terr-ā By, with, from the (a) land


Plural Nominative terr-ae Lands, the lands Subject

Plural Genitive terr-ārum Of the lands, lands’ Possessive

Plural Dative terr-īs To or for the lands Indirect object

Plural Accusative terr-ās Lands, the lands Direct object

Plural Ablative terr- īs By, with, from the lands Object of the Preposition

Copy the grammar rules for gender of the 1st Declension

# 32 A All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)

#33 All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.

Review rule found in reading: All nouns whose genitive ends in -ae are in the first declension.

Additional Practice for Week 1

Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on page 7 using the following charts:

porta, portae – gate

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative port-a gate, the (a) gate Subject

Singular Genitive port -ae Of the (a) gate; gate’s Possessive

Singular Dative port -ae To or for the (a) gate Indirect object

Singular Accusative port -am The (a) gate Direct object

Singular Ablative port -ā By, with, from the (a) gate Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative port -ae gates, the gates Subject

Plural Genitive port -ārum Of the gates; gates’ Possessive

Plural Dative port -īs To or for the gates Indirect object

Plural Accusative port -ās gates, the gates Direct object

Plural Ablative port - īs By, with, from the gates Object of the Preposition

Marīa, Marīae – Mary

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Marī-a Mary Subject

Singular Genitive Marī -ae Of Mary; Mary’s Possessive

Singular Dative Marī -ae To or for Mary Indirect object

Singular Accusative Marī -am Mary Direct object

Singular Ablative Marī -ā By, with, from Mary Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative Marī -ae Marys Subject

Plural Genitive Marī -ārum Of Marysl Marys’ Possessive

Plural Dative Marī -īs To or for Marys Indirect object

Plural Accusative Marī -ās Marys Direct object

Plural Ablative Marī - īs By, with, from Marys Object of the Preposition

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nauta, nautae – sailor

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative naut-a sailor, the (a) sailor Subject

Singular Genitive naut -ae Of the (a) sailor, sailor’s Possessive

Singular Dative naut -ae To or for the (a) sailor Indirect object

Singular Accusative naut -am The (a) sailor Direct object

Singular Ablative naut -ā By, with, from the (a) sailor Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative naut -ae sailors, the sailors Subject

Plural Genitive naut -ārum Of the sailors, sailors’ Possessive

Plural Dative naut -īs To or for the sailors Indirect object

Plural Accusative naut -ās sailors, the sailors Direct object

Plural Ablative naut - īs By, with, from the sailors Object of the Preposition

victōria, victōriae – victory

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative victōri-a victory, the (a) victory Subject

Singular Genitive victōri -ae Of the (a) victory; victory’s Possessive

Singular Dative victōri -ae To or for the (a) victory Indirect object

Singular Accusative victōri -am The (a) victory Direct object

Singular Ablative victōri -ā By, with, from the (a) victory Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative victōri -ae victories, the victories Subject

Plural Genitive victōri -ārum Of the victories; victories’ Possessive

Plural Dative victōri -īs To or for the victories Indirect object

Plural Accusative victōri -ās victories, the victories Direct object

Plural Ablative victōri - īs By, with, from the victories Object of the Preposition

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glōria, glōriae – fame, glory

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative glōri-a fame, the (a) fameglory, the (a) glory

Subject

Singular Genitive glōri -ae Of the (a) fame; fame’sOf the (a) glory; glory’s

Possessive

Singular Dative glōri -ae To or for the (a) fameTo or for the (a) glory

Indirect object

Singular Accusative glōri -am fame, the (a) fameglory, The (a) glory

Direct object

Singular Ablative glōri -ā By, with, from the (a) fameBy, with, from the (a) glory


Plural Nominative glōri -ae fame(s), the fame(s)glories, the glories

Subject

Plural Genitive glōri -ārum Of the fame(s); fames’Of the glories; glories’

Possessive

Plural Dative glōri -īs To or for the fame(s0To or for the glories

Indirect object

Plural Accusative glōri -ās fame (s), the fame(s)glories, the glories

Direct object

Plural Ablative glōri - īs By, with, from the fame(s)By, with, from the glories


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Grammar Semester 1 Week 2

Accent:

No. 9 A) In words of two syllables, the accent is on the first.

vía; béllum

No. 10 B) In words of more than two syllables, if the second last syllable is long, it is accented; otherwise the accent is on the third last syllable.

vid ē runt (accent on long e); ágmĭne

Quantity of Syllables:

No. 11 A) A syllable is short if it contains a vowel that is short by nature or that is followed by another vowel or diphthong. reg ĕ re; glor ĭ a

No. 12 B) A syllable is long if it contains a vowel that is long by nature or a vowel that is followed by two consonants other than a mute (c, g, p, b, t, d) or f followed by a liquid (r, l).

studēre; regēndus

NOUNS

No. 14Nouns have gender, number, case and declension

No. 25 The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular

1 2 3 4 5 -ae - ī -is -ū -eī vi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eī

Gender:

32: A) All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)

33: B) All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.


Grammar No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative serv-us The slave Subject

Singular Genitive serv-ī Of the slave, the slave's Possessive

Singular Dative serv-ō To or for the slave Indirect object

Singular Accusative serv-um The slave Direct object

Singular Ablative serv-ō By, with, from the slave

Plural Nominative serv-ī The slaves Subject

Plural Genitive serv-ōrum Of the slaves, the slaves' Possessive

Plural Dative serv-īs To or for the slaves Indirect object

Plural Accusative serv-ōs the slaves Direct object

Plural Ablative serv-īs By, with, from the slaves Object of the Preposition

No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine

Additional Rules found in the Reading:

1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case.

2. A finite verb agrees with its subject in number (and person).

3. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case.

4. The verb usually stands last in the sentence.

5. Adverbs usually stand immediately before the word they modify.

6. The possessive case and many English -of phrases are translated by the genitive.

7. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -ī belong to the second declension.

PRACTICE WEEK 2

Grammar Rules No. 9 – 12 - Accent and Syllables - Read these grammar rules each day and practice saying the words out loud.

Copy Rules #14 and # 25 on Nouns

# 14 Nouns have gender, number, case and declension

#25 The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular

1 2 3 4 5-ae - ī -is -ū -eīvi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eī

Review rules of 1st Declension Gender

# 32 A. All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)

# 33 B. All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.

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Grammar No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension

Put the form and meaning in the following chart for servus, servī (slave)











Copy Grammar Rule # 35 for Gender : Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine

Review: Additional Rules found in the Reading:

1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case.

2. A finite verb agrees with its subject in number (and person).

3. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case.

4. The verb usually stands last in the sentence.

5. Adverbs usually stand immediately before the word they modify.

6. The possessive case and many English -of phrases are translated by the genitive.

7. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -ī belong to the second declension.


Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary using the following charts:

prōvincia, ae - province (1st declension)Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative prōvinci-a province, the (a) province Subject

Singular Genitive prōvinci -ae Of the (a) province, province’s

Possessive

Singular Dative prōvinci -ae To or for the (a) province Indirect object

Singular Accusative prōvinci -am The (a) province Direct object

Singular Ablative prōvinci -ā By, with, from the (a) province


Plural Nominative prōvinci -ae provinces, the provinces Subject

Plural Genitive prōvinci -ārum Of the provinces, provinces’ Possessive

Plural Dative prōvinci -īs To or for the provinces Indirect object

Plural Accusative prōvinci -ās provinces, the provinces Direct object

Plural Ablative prōvinci -īs By, with, from the provinces Object of the Preposition

Nouns of 2nd Declension (masculine)

fīlius, fīliī - son

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative fīli-us son, the (a) son Subject

Singular Genitive fīli -ī Of the son, the son's Possessive

Singular Dative fīli -ō To or for the son Indirect object

Singular Accusative fīli -um son, the (a) son Direct object

Singular Ablative fīli -ō By, with, from the son Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative fīli -ī sons, the sons Subject

Plural Genitive fīli -ōrum Of the sons, the sons' Possessive

Plural Dative fīli -īs To or for the sons Indirect object

Plural Accusative fīli -ōs sons, the sons Direct object

Plural Ablative fīli -īs By, with, from the sons Object of the Preposition

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Deus, Deī – God

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative De-us God, the God Subject

Singular Genitive De -ī Of God; God’s Possessive

Singular Dative De-ō To or for God Indirect object

Singular Accusative De-um God, the God Direct object

Singular Ablative De-ō By, with, from God Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative de -ī gods, the gods Subject

Plural Genitive de -ōrum Of the gods, the gods' Possessive

Plural Dative de-īs To or for the gods Indirect object

Plural Accusative de-ōs gods, the gods Direct object

Plural Ablative de-īs By, with, from the gods Object of the Preposition

Note: Christian God would not have any plural forms

amīcus, amīcī - friend

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative amīc-us friend, the (a) friend Subject

Singular Genitive amīc -ī Of the friend, the friend's Possessive

Singular Dative amīc -ō To or for the friend Indirect object

Singular Accusative amīc -um friend, the (a) friend Direct object

Singular Ablative amīc -ō By, with, from the friend Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative amīc -ī friends, the friends Subject

Plural Genitive amīc -ōrum Of the friends, the friends' Possessive

Plural Dative amīc -īs To or for the friends Indirect object

Plural Accusative amīc -ōs friends, the friends Direct object

Plural Ablative amīc -īs By, with, from the friends Object of the Preposition

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Chrīstus, Chrīstī - Christ

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Chrīst-us Christ Subject

Singular Genitive Chrīst -ī Of Christ, Christ’s Possessive

Singular Dative Chrīst -ō To or for Christ Indirect object

Singular Accusative Chrīst -um Christ Direct object

Singular Ablative Chrīst -ō By, with, from Christ Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative No plural form Subject

Plural Genitive Possessive

Plural Dative Indirect object

Plural Accusative Direct object

Plural Ablative Object of the Preposition

Chrīstiānus, Chrīstiānī - Christian

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Chrīstiān-us Christian, the (a) Christian Subject

Singular Genitive Chrīstiān -ī Of the Christian, the Christian's

Possessive

Singular Dative Chrīstiān -ō To or for the Christian Indirect object

Singular Accusative Chrīstiān -um Christian, the (a) Christian Direct object

Singular Ablative Chrīstiān -ō By, with, from the Christian Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative Chrīstiān -ī Christians, the Christians Subject

Plural Genitive Chrīstiān -ōrum Of the Christians, the Christians'

Possessive

Plural Dative Chrīstiān -īs To or for the Christians Indirect object

Plural Accusative Chrīstiān -ōs Christians, the Christians Direct object

Plural Ablative Chrīstiān -īs By, with, from the Christians Object of the Preposition

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Grammar No. 25 The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular

1 2 3 4 5 -ae - ī -is -ū -eī vi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eī

No. 26. How to decline a Noun. The nominative, genitive and gender of a noun determine which model it follows. Add the endings of that model to the stem.

No. 27 Note: a. The stem is that part of the word which remains the same in spelling throughout the declension. It gives the meaning of the word. The endings show what the word does in the sentence, whether ir is the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.

No. 29 c. The accusative of the neuter nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative.

No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension





Singular Ablative serv-ō By, with, from the slave Object of the Preposition






No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine

No. 36 Note: Proper names in -ius and fīlius, son, form their vocative singular in – ī.

Vergilius, Vergilī; fīlius, fīlī.

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No. 37 Neuter Nouns of the 2nd Declension

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative bell-um The war Subject

Singular Genitive bell-ī Of the war Possessive

Singular Dative bell-ō To or for the war Indirect object

Singular Accusative bell-um The war Direct object

Singular Ablative bell-ō By, with, from the war Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative bell-ā The wars Subject

Plural Genitive bell-ōrum Of the wars Possessive

Plural Dative bell-īs To or for the wars Indirect object

Plural Accusative bell-a the wars Direct object

Plural Ablative bell-īs By, with, from the wars Object of the Preposition

No. 38 Gender – Neuter Nouns of 2nd Declension: All neuter.

No. 39 Note: The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )

Additional Rules found in the Reading:

1. All words of the second declension whose nominative ends in -um are neuter and are declined like BELLUM.

2. HINT: In all neuter nouns and adjectives the accusative is always like the nominative.

3. The indirect object is put in the DATIVE case.

4. In Latin some prepositions are followed by the ablative case, some by the accusative case

Practice Week 3

Review:

No. 25 The Five Declensions: There are five declensions in Latin. They can be

distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular.

1 2 3 4 5-ae - ī -is -ū -eīvi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eī

Copy Grammar Rules

No. 26. How to decline a noun: The nominative, genitive and gender of a noun determine which model it follows. Add the endings of that model to the stem.

No. 27 Note: a The stem is that part of the word which remains the same in spelling throughout the declension. It gives the meaning of the word. The endings show what the word does in the sentence, whether ir is the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.

No. 29 c. The accusative of the neuter nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative.

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Review:

No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension

Add the endings to serv and the complete the translation.











No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine.

Copy:

No. 36 Note Proper names in -ius and fīlius, son, form their vocative singular in – ī.

Vergilius, Vergilī; fīlius, fīlī.

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No. 37 Neuter Nouns of the 2nd Declension

Add the form and meaning for bellum, bellī (war)

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative bell-um The war Subject

Singular Genitive bell-ī Of the war Possessive

Singular Dative bell-ō To or for the war Indirect object

Singular Accusative bell-um The war Direct object

Singular Ablative bell-ō By, with, from the war Obj of the Prep

Plural Nominative bell-ā The wars Subject

Plural Genitive bell-ōrum Of the wars Possessive

Plural Dative bell-īs To or for the wars Indirect object

Plural Accusative bell-a the wars Direct object

Plural Ablative bell-īs By, with, from the wars Obj of the Prep

No. 38 Gender – Neuter Nouns of 2nd Declension: All neuter.

Read and Review following note:

No. 39 Note: The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )

Fill in the blanks:

The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )

Review: Additional Rules found in the Reading:

1. All words of the second declension whose nominative ends in -um are neuter and are declined like BELLUM.

2. HINT: In all neuter nouns and adjectives the accusative is always like the nominative.

3. The indirect object is put in the DATIVE case.

4. In Latin some prepositions are followed by the ablative case, some by the accusative case.

Additional Practice for Week 3:

Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on using the following charts:

caelum, caelī - sky, heaven

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative cael-um heaven, the heaven Subject

Singular Genitive cael -ī Of heaven; heaven’s Possessive

Singular Dative cael -ō To or for (the) heaven Indirect object

Singular Accusative cael -um heaven, the heaven Direct object

Singular Ablative cael -ō By, with, from (the) heaven Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative cael -ā heavens, the heavens Subject

Plural Genitive cael -ōrum Of the heavens; heavens’ Possessive

Plural Dative cael -īs To or for (the) heavens Indirect object

Plural Accusative cael -a heavens, the heavens Direct object

Plural Ablative cael -īs By, with, from (the) heavens Object of the Preposition

rēgnum, rēgnī - kingdom, royal power

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative rēgn-um kingdom, the kingdomroyal power, the royal power

Subject

Singular Genitive rēgn -ī Of the kingdom; kingdom’sroyal power, royal power’s

Possessive

Singular Dative rēgn -ō To or for the kingdomto or for the royal power

Indirect object

Singular Accusative rēgn -um kingdom, the kingdomroyal power, the royal power

Direct object

Singular Ablative rēgn -ō By, with, from the kingdomBy, with from the royal power


Plural Nominative rēgn -ā kingdoms, the kingdomsroyal powers, the royal powers

Subject

Plural Genitive rēgn -ōrum Of the heavens; heavens’ Possessive

Plural Dative rēgn -īs To or for the kingdomsto or for the royal powers

Indirect object

Plural Accusative rēgn -a kingdom, the kingdomsroyal power, the royal powers

Direct object

Plural Ablative rēgn -īs By, with, from the kingdomsBy, with from the royal powers


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praemium, praemiī - reward

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative praemi-um reward, the reward Subject

Singular Genitive praemi -ī Of the reward; reward’s Possessive

Singular Dative praemi -ō To or for the reward Indirect object

Singular Accusative praemi -um reward, the reward Direct object

Singular Ablative praemi -ō By, with, from the reward Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative praemi -ā rewards, the rewards Subject

Plural Genitive praemi -ōrum Of the rewards; rewards’ Possessive

Plural Dative praemi -īs To or for the rewards Indirect object

Plural Accusative praemi -a rewards, the rewards Direct object

Plural Ablative praemi -īs By, with, from the rewards Object of the Preposition

perīculum, perīculī – danger

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative perīcul-um danger, the danger Subject

Singular Genitive perīcul -ī Of the danger; danger’s Possessive

Singular Dative perīcul -ō To or for the danger Indirect object

Singular Accusative perīcul -um danger, the danger Direct object

Singular Ablative perīcul -ō By, with, from the danger Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative perīcul -ā dangers, the dangers Subject

Plural Genitive perīcul -ōrum Of the dangers; dangers’ Possessive

Plural Dative perīcul -īs To or for the dangers Indirect object

Plural Accusative perīcul -a danger, the dangers Direct object

Plural Ablative perīcul -īs By, with, from the dangers Object of the Preposition

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imperium, imperiī - command, power, empire

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative imperi-um command, the command Subject

Singular Genitive imperi -ī Of the command; command’s Possessive

Singular Dative imperi -ō To or for the command Indirect object

Singular Accusative imperi -um command, the command Direct object

Singular Ablative imperi -ō By, with, from the command Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative imperi -ā commands, the commands Subject

Plural Genitive imperi -ōrum Of the commands; commands’

Possessive

Plural Dative imperi -īs To or for the commands Indirect object

Plural Accusative imperi-a commands, the commands Direct object

Plural Ablative imperi -īs By, with, from the commands Object of the Preposition

Note: the meaning above could also be power and empire

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oppidum, ī - town

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative oppid-um town, the town Subject

Singular Genitive oppid -ī Of the town; town’s Possessive

Singular Dative oppid -ō To or for the town Indirect object

Singular Accusative oppid -um town, the town Direct object

Singular Ablative oppid -ō By, with, from the town Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative oppid -ā towns, the towns Subject

Plural Genitive oppid-ōrum Of the towns; towns’ Possessive

Plural Dative oppid -īs To or for the towns Indirect object

Plural Accusative oppid -a towns, the towns Direct object

Plural Ablative oppid -īs By, with, from the towns Object of the Preposition

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Review: 2nd Declension masculine

gladius, ī - sword

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative gladi-us sword, the sword Subject

Singular Genitive gladi -ī Of the sword, the sword's Possessive

Singular Dative gladi -ō To or for the sword Indirect object

Singular Accusative gladi -um sword, the sword Direct object

Singular Ablative gladi -ō By, with, from the sword Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative gladi -ī swords, the swords Subject

Plural Genitive gladi -ōrum Of the swords, the swords' Possessive

Plural Dative gladi -īs To or for the swords Indirect object

Plural Accusative gladi -ōs swords, the swords Direct object

Plural Ablative gladi -īs By, with, from the swords Object of the Preposition

Rōmānus, ī – a Roman

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Roman-us Roman, the (a) Roman Subject

Singular Genitive Roman -ī Of the Roman, the Roman's Possessive

Singular Dative Roman -ō To or for the Roman Indirect object

Singular Accusative Roman -um Roman, the (a) Roman Direct object

Singular Ablative Roman -ō By, with, from the Roman Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative Roman -ī Romans, the Romans Subject

Plural Genitive Roman -ōrum Of the Romans, the Romans' Possessive

Plural Dative Roman -īs To or for the Romans Indirect object

Plural Accusative Roman -ōs Romans, the Romans Direct object

Plural Ablative Roman -īs By, with, from the Romans Object of the Preposition

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Gallus, ī - a Gaul

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Gall-us Gaul, the (a) Gaul Subject

Singular Genitive Gall -ī Of the Gaul, the Gaul's Possessive

Singular Dative Gall -ō To or for the Gaul Indirect object

Singular Accusative Gall-um Gaul, the (a) Gaul Direct object

Singular Ablative Gall -ō By, with, from the Gaul Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative Gall -ī Gauls, the Gauls Subject

Plural Genitive Gall -ōrum Of the Gauls, the Gauls' Possessive

Plural Dative Gall -īs To or for the Gauls Indirect object

Plural Accusative Gall -ōs Gauls, the Gauls Direct object

Plural Ablative Gall -īs By, with, from the Gauls Object of the Preposition

Review – 1st Declension Nouns

Gallia, ae – Gaul

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Galli-a Gaul Subject

Singular Genitive Galli -ae Of Gaul, Gaul’s Possessive

Singular Dative Galli -ae To or for Gaul Indirect object

Singular Accusative Galli -am Gaul Direct object

Singular Ablative Galli -ā By, with, from Gaul Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative Galli -ae Gauls Subject

Plural Genitive Galli -ārum Of the Gauls; Gauls’ Possessive

Plural Dative Galli -īs To or for the Gauls Indirect object

Plural Accusative Galli -ās Gauls Direct object

Plural Ablative Galli-īs By, with, from Gauls Object of the Preposition

Note: Since Gaul is generally just used to name one place, the plural would be used infrequently.

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Rōma, ae - Rome

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Rōm-a Rome Subject

Singular Genitive Rōm -ae Of Rome, Rome’s Possessive

Singular Dative Rōm -ae To or for Rome Indirect object

Singular Accusative Rōm -am Rome Direct object

Singular Ablative Rōm -ā By, with, from Rome Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative Rōm -ae Romes Subject

Plural Genitive Rōm -ārum Of the Romes; Romes’ Possessive

Plural Dative Rōm -īs To or for the Romes Indirect object

Plural Accusative Rōm -ās Romes Direct object

Plural Ablative Rōm -īs By, with, from Romes Object of the Preposition

Note: Since Rome is generally just used to name one place, the plural would be used infrequently.

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Semester 1 Week 4

Grammar: Review

Additional Rules found in the reading;

1. After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the subject.

2. Forms of the verb SUM may stand anywhere in the sentence.

Practice conjugating verb I am – sum

Singular - sum – I am es – you are est – he, she, it, is

Plural - sumus - we are estis – you are sunt – they are

Conjugate Sum:

Form Meaning

Singular 1st person sum I am

Singular 2nd Person es you are

Singular 3rd Person est he, she, it is

Plural 1st Person sumus we are

Plural 2nd Person estis you are

Plural 3rd Person sunt they are

Review additional rules from reading:

1. After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the subject.

2. Forms of the verb SUM may stand anywhere in the sentence.

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Conjugate Sum:

Form Meaning







Conjugate Sum:

Form Meaning








No. 45 The Third Declension. The nominative singular of the third declension has no model ending. Thus lēx, law, pars, part, flūmen, river, hostis, enemy, are all nouns of the third declension. The genitive ending (for the third declension, always -is) shows the declension and gives the stem.

No 46: Nouns naming individual male persons are masculine: mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier

No. 47: Nouns naming individual female persons are feminine: māter, mātris, f., mother.

No 48: Note: These two rules (Nos. 46, 47) should always be applied before Nos. 49 toThus mīles would be feminine by the SOX rule (No. 50), but rule No. 46 is applied first, hence mīles is masculine.

No. 49: Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are masculine.

No. 50: Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are feminine.

No. 51: Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are neuter.

No. 52 Note: But masculīnī generisare words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis,in -es (itis) and -ex (icis);as neuter mark the -us (with -ris).

*Rule No. 52 is a “poem” (written in hybrid of English and Latin) describing the exceptions to 3rd declension’s SOX rule (Rule #50): Normally nouns that end in -s, -o, or -x are feminine. Exceptions to this rule are described below: Masculine: ~nouns ending in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis in the nominative singular ~nouns whose nom/gen sing endings are -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis)

Neuter: ~ nouns whose nom./gen. sing endings are -us, (-ris)

No. 53: Declension. First find the gender of the noun. Then find the stem from the genitive.

No. 54: For masculine and feminine nouns, add the endings of lēx or pars according to the rules in Nos. 59-63.

No. 55: For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen. (For the few exceptions, see footnote on No 64)

No. 56: The vocative is always like the nominative.

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Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the 3rd Declension

No. 57: Masculine

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative lēx The law Subject

Singular Genitive lēg-is Of the law Possessive

Singular Dative lēg-ī To or for the law Indirect object

Singular Accusative lēg-em The law Direct object

Singular Ablative lēg-e By, with, from the law Object of the Prep

Plural Nominative lēg-ēs The laws Subject

Plural Genitive lēg-um Of the laws Possessive

Plural Dative lēg-ibus To or for the laws Indirect object

Plural Accusative lēg-ēs the laws Direct object

Plural Ablative lēg-ibus By, with, from the laws Object of the Prep

No. 58: Feminine

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative pars The part Subject

Singular Genitive part-is Of the part Possessive

Singular Dative part-ī To or for the part Indirect object

Singular Accusative part-em The part Direct object

Singular Ablative part-e By, with, from the part Object of the Prep

Plural Nominative part-ēs The parts Subject

Plural Genitive part-ium Of the parts Possessive

Plural Dative part-ibus To or for the parts Indirect object

Plural Accusative part-ēs the parts Direct object

Plural Ablative part-ibus By, with, from the parts Object of the Prep

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3rd Declension Nouns

No. 59: Note: All masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are declined like lēx except the following nouns which have -ium in the genitive plural like part-ium:

No. 60: 1. Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as in the nominative singular: as hostis, hostis (host-ium), enemy.

No. 61: 2. Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as: gens, gentis, tribe, stem, gent-, hence gentium.

Exceptions:

No. 62: a. With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum (of old men, fathers, months and mothers of dogs and youths and brothers).

No. 63: b. With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium, and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium. (of strength and quarrels, of jaws and

household gods, of rains and snows, of Samnites and aristocrats.)

Additional Rules from the Reading:

1. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -IS belong to the third declension.

2. An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case.

Practice for Week 5

Copy:

No. 45 The Third Declension. The nominative singular of the third declension has no model ending. Thus lēx, law, pars, part, flūmen, river, hostis, enemy, are all nouns of the third declension. The genitive ending (for the third declension, always -is) shows the declension and gives the stem.

No 46: Nouns naming individual male persons are masculine: mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier

No. 47: Nouns naming individual female persons are feminine: māter, mātris, f., mother.

Read and Review following note:

No 48: Note: These two rules (Nos. 46, 47) should always be applied before Nos. 49 toThus mīles would be feminine by the SOX rule (No. 50), but rule No. 46 is applied first, hence mīles is masculine.

No. 49: Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are masculine.

No. 50: Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are feminine.

No. 51: Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are neuter.

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Read and Review following rule:

No. 52 Note: But masculīnī generisare words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis,in -es (itis) and -ex (icis);as neuter mark the -us (with -ris).

*Rule No. 52 is a “poem” (written in hybrid of English and Latin) describing the exceptions to 3rd declension’s SOX rule (Rule #50): Normally nouns that end in -s, -o, or -x are feminine. Exceptions to this rule are described below: Masculine: ~nouns ending in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis in the nominative singular ~nouns whose nom/gen sing endings are -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis)Neuter: ~ nouns whose nom./gen. sing endings are -us, (-ris)

No. 53: Declension. First find the gender of the noun. Then find the stem from the genitive.

Read and Review the following grammar rules:

No. 54: For masculine and feminine nouns, add the endings of lēx or pars according to the rules in Nos. 59-63.

No. 55: For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen. (For the few exceptions, see footnote on No 64)

No. 56: The vocative is always like the nominative.

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Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the 3rd Declension

No. 57: Masculine

Put the form and meaning in the following chart for lēx, lēgis (law)

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative lēx The law Subject

Singular Genitive lēg-is Of the law Possessive

Singular Dative lēg-ī To or for the law Indirect object

Singular Accusative lēg-em The law Direct object

Singular Ablative lēg-e By, with, from the law Obj. of the Prep

Plural Nominative lēg-ēs The laws Subject

Plural Genitive lēg-um Of the laws Possessive

Plural Dative lēg-ibus To or for the laws Indirect object

Plural Accusative lēg-ēs the laws Direct object

Plural Ablative lēg-ibus By, with, from the laws Obj. of the Prep

No. 58: FemininePut the form and meaning in the following chart for pars, partis (part)

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative pars The part Subject

Singular Genitive part-is Of the part Possessive

Singular Dative part-ī To or for the part Indirect object

Singular Accusative part-em The part Direct object

Singular Ablative part-e By, with, from the part Obj. of the Prep

Plural Nominative part-ēs The parts Subject

Plural Genitive part-ium Of the parts Possessive

Plural Dative part-ibus To or for the parts Indirect object

Plural Accusative part-ēs the parts Direct object

Plural Ablative part-ibus By, with, from the parts Obj. of the Prep

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Copy following grammar rules:

3rd Declension Nouns

No. 59: Note: All masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are declined like lēx except the following nouns which have -ium in the genitive plural like part-ium:

No. 60: 1. Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as in the nominative singular: as hostis, hostis (host-ium), enemy.

No. 61: 2. Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as: gens, gentis, tribe, stem, gent-, hence gentium.

Read and Review the following exceptions: Exceptions:

No. 62: a. With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum (of old men, fathers, months and mothers of dogs and youths and brothers).

No. 63: b. With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium, and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium. (of strength and quarrels, of jaws and household

gods, of rains and snows, of Samnites and aristocrats.)

Review:


1. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -IS belong to the third declension.

2. An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case.


Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary using the following charts:

rēx, rēgis – king

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative rēx The king Subject

Singular Genitive rēg-is Of the king, king’s Possessive

Singular Dative rēg-ī To or for the king Indirect object

Singular Accusative rēg-em The king Direct object

Singular Ablative rēg-e By, with, from the king Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative rēg-ēs The kings Subject

Plural Genitive rēg-um Of the kings, kings’ Possessive

Plural Dative rēg-ibus To or for the kings Indirect object

Plural Accusative rēg-ēs the kings Direct object

Plural Ablative rēg-ibus By, with, from the kings Object of the Preposition

dux, ducis - leaderForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative dux The leader Subject

Singular Genitive duc-is Of the leader, leader’s Possessive

Singular Dative duc-ī To or for the leader Indirect object

Singular Accusative duc -em The leader Direct object

Singular Ablative duc -e By, with, from the leader Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative duc -ēs The leaders Subject

Plural Genitive duc -um Of the leaders, leaders’ Possessive

Plural Dative duc -ibus To or for the leaders Indirect object

Plural Accusative duc -ēs the leaders Direct object

Plural Ablative duc -ibus By, with, from the leaders Object of the Preposition

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lūx, lūcis - light

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative lux the light Subject

Singular Genitive luc-is Of the light, light’s Possessive

Singular Dative luc-ī To or for the light Indirect object

Singular Accusative luc -em the light Direct object

Singular Ablative luc -e By, with, from the light Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative luc -ēs The lights Subject

Plural Genitive luc -um Of the lights, lights’ Possessive

Plural Dative luc -ibus To or for the lights Indirect object

Plural Accusative luc -ēs the lights Direct object

Plural Ablative luc -ibus By, with, from the lights Object of the Preposition

homō, hominis - man

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative homō man, the man Subject

Singular Genitive homin-is Of the man, man’s Possessive

Singular Dative homin -ī To or for the man Indirect object

Singular Accusative homin -em man, the man Direct object

Singular Ablative homin -e By, with, from the man Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative homin -ēs men Subject

Plural Genitive homin -um Of the men, mens’ Possessive

Plural Dative homin -ibus To or for the men Indirect object

Plural Accusative homin -ēs the men Direct object

Plural Ablative homin -ibus By, with, from the men Object of the Preposition

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imperātor, imperātōris - commander in chief, general

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative imperātor commander in chief, general Subject

Singular Genitive imperātōr-is Of the commander in chief, commander in chief’s

Possessive

Singular Dative imperātor -ī To or for the commander in chief

Indirect object

Singular Accusative imperātor -em commander in chief Direct object

Singular Ablative imperātor -e By, with, from the commander in chief


Plural Nominative imperātor -ēs commander in chiefs Subject

Plural Genitive imperātor -um Of the commander in chiefs Possessive

Plural Dative imperātor -ibus To or for the commander in chiefs

Indirect object

Plural Accusative imperātor -ēs commander in chiefs Direct object

Plural Ablative imperātor -ibus By, with, from the commander in chiefs


vēritās, vēritātis - truth

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative vēritās truth, the truth Subject

Singular Genitive vēritāt-is Of the truth, truth’s Possessive

Singular Dative vēritāt -ī To or for the truth Indirect object

Singular Accusative vēritāt -em truth, the truth Direct object

Singular Ablative vēritāt -e By, with, from the truth Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative vēritāt -ēs truths Subject

Plural Genitive vēritāt -um Of the truths, truths’ Possessive

Plural Dative vēritāt -ibus To or for the truths Indirect object

Plural Accusative vēritāt -ēs truths Direct object

Plural Ablative vēritāt -ibus By, with, from the truths Object of the Preposition

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Caesar, Caesaris - Caesar

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Caesar Caesar Subject

Singular Genitive Caesar-is Of Caesar, Caesar’s Possessive

Singular Dative Caesar -ī To or for Caesar Indirect object

Singular Accusative Caesar -em Caesar Direct object

Singular Ablative Caesar -e By, with, from Caesar Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative Caesar -ēs Caesars Subject

Plural Genitive Caesar -um Of the Caesars, Caesars’ Possessive

Plural Dative Caesar -ibus To or for Caesars Indirect object

Plural Accusative Caesar -ēs Caesars Direct object

Plural Ablative Caesar -ibus By, with, from Caesars Object of the Preposition

Plural form used rarely

salūs, salūtis - safety, welfare, salvation

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative salūs safety Subject

Singular Genitive salūt-is Of safety, safety’s Possessive

Singular Dative salūt -ī To or for the safety Indirect object

Singular Accusative salūt -em safety, the safety Direct object

Singular Ablative salūt -e By, with, from the safety Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative salūt -ēs safetys, the safetys Subject

Plural Genitive salūt -um Of the safetys, safetys’ Possessive

Plural Dative salūt -ibus To or for the safetys Indirect object

Plural Accusative salūt -ēs safetys Direct object

Plural Ablative salūt -ibus By, with, from the safetys Object of the Preposition

Note: meaning could also be welfare or salvation

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vōx, vōcis – voice, cry

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative vōx voice, the voice Subject

Singular Genitive vōc-is Of the voice, voice’s Possessive

Singular Dative vōc -ī To or for the voice Indirect object

Singular Accusative vōc -em voice, the voice Direct object

Singular Ablative vōc -e By, with, from the voice Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative vōc -ēs voices, the voices Subject

Plural Genitive vōc -um Of the voices, voices’ Possessive

Plural Dative vōc -ibus To or for the voices Indirect object

Plural Accusative vōc -ēs voices, the voices Direct object

Plural Ablative vōc -ibus By, with, from the voices Object of the Preposition

virtūs, virtūtis – courage, virtue

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative virtūs courage, the courage Subject

Singular Genitive virtūt-is Of the courage, courage’s Possessive

Singular Dative virtūt -ī To or for the courage Indirect object

Singular Accusative virtūt -em courage, the courage Direct object

Singular Ablative virtūt -e By, with, from the courage Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative virtūt -ēs courages, the courages Subject

Plural Genitive virtūt -um Of the courages, courages’ Possessive

Plural Dative virtūt -ibus To or for the courages Indirect object

Plural Accusative virtūt -ēs courages, the courages Direct object

Plural Ablative virtūt -ibus By, with, from the courages Object of the Preposition

Note: Meaning could also mean “virtue”

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mīles, mīlitis - soldier

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative mīles soldier, the soldier Subject

Singular Genitive mīlit-is Of the soldier, soldier’s Possessive

Singular Dative mīlit -ī To or for the soldier Indirect object

Singular Accusative mīlit -em soldier, the soldier Direct object

Singular Ablative mīlit -e By, with, from the soldier Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative mīlit -ēs soldiers, the soldiers Subject

Plural Genitive mīlit -um Of the soldiers, soldiers’ Possessive

Plural Dative mīlit -ibus To or for the soldiers Indirect object

Plural Accusative mīlit -ēs soldiers, the soldiers Direct object

Plural Ablative mīlit -ibus By, with, from the soldiers Object of the Preposition

pāx, pācis - peace

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative pāx peace, the peace Subject

Singular Genitive pāc-is Of the peace, peace’s Possessive

Singular Dative pāc -ī To or for the peace Indirect object

Singular Accusative pāc -em peace, the peace Direct object

Singular Ablative pāc -e By, with, from the peace Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative pāc -ēs peace, the peace Subject

Plural Genitive pāc -um Of the peace Possessive

Plural Dative pāc -ibus To or for the peace Indirect object

Plural Accusative pāc -ēs peace, the peace Direct object

Plural Ablative pāc -ibus By, with, from the peace Object of the Preposition

Note: Sometimes the English plural of peace can be “peaces” The plural form will be infrequently used

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Review:2nd Declension masculine

populus, ī - people, nation

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative populus nation, the (a) nation Subject

Singular Genitive popul-ī Of the nation, the nation's Possessive

Singular Dative popul -ō To or for the nation Indirect object

Singular Accusative popul -um nation, the (a) nation Direct object

Singular Ablative popul -ō By, with, from the nation Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative popul -ī nations, the nations Subject

Plural Genitive popul -ōrum Of the nations, the nations' Possessive

Plural Dative popul -īs To or for the nations Indirect object

Plural Accusative popul -ōs nations, the nations Direct object

Plural Ablative popul -īs By, with, from the nations Object of the Preposition

Note: can also mean people Review:1st Declension via, ae – road, way

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative vi-a road, the (a) road Subject

Singular Genitive vi-ae Of the (a) road; road’s Possessive

Singular Dative vi -ae To or for the (a) road Indirect object

Singular Accusative vi -am road, the (a) road Direct object

Singular Ablative vi -ā By, with, from the (a) road Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative vi -ae roads, the roads Subject

Plural Genitive vi -ārum Of the roads; roads’ Possessive

Plural Dative vi -īs To or for the roads Indirect object

Plural Accusative vi -ās roads, the roads Direct object

Plural Ablative vi - īs By, with, from the roads Object of the Preposition


GRAMMAR No. 64: Neuter Nouns of the 3rd Declension

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative flūmen The river Subject

Singular Genitive flūmin-is Of the river Possessive

Singular Dative flūmin-ī To or for the river Indirect object

Singular Accusative flūmen The river Direct object

Singular Ablative flūmin-e By, with, from the river Obj of Prep

Plural Nominative flūmin-a The rivers Subject

Plural Genitive flūmin-um Of the rivers Possessive

Plural Dative flūmin-ibus To or for the rivers Indirect object

Plural Accusative flūmin-a the rivers Direct object

Plural Ablative flūmin-ibus By, with, from the rivers Obj of Prep

Practice – Week 6

GRAMMAR No. 64: Neuter Nouns of the 3rd Declension

Add the form and meaning for flūmen, flūminis (river)

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative flūmen The river Subject




Singular Ablative flūmin-e By, with, from the river Obj of Prep





Plural Ablative flūmin-ibus By, with, from the rivers Obj of Prep



Nouns declined like pars, partis

collis, collis, m. - hillForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative collis The hill Subject

Singular Genitive coll-is Of the hill Possessive

Singular Dative coll -ī To or for the hill Indirect object

Singular Accusative coll -em The hill Direct object

Singular Ablative coll -e By, with, from the hill Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative coll -ēs The hills Subject

Plural Genitive coll -ium Of the hills Possessive

Plural Dative coll -ibus To or for the hills Indirect object

Plural Accusative coll -ēs the hills Direct object

Plural Ablative coll -ibus By, with, from the hills Object of the

Preposition

hostis, hostis – enemy (in war)Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative hostis The enemy Subject

Singular Genitive host-is Of the enemy Possessive

Singular Dative host -ī To or for the enemy Indirect object

Singular Accusative host -em The enemy Direct object

Singular Ablative host -e By, with, from the enemy Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative host -ēs The enemies (or enemy) Subject

Plural Genitive host -ium Of the enemies (or enemy) Possessive

Plural Dative host -ibus To or for the enemies (or enemy)

Indirect object

Plural Accusative host -ēs the enemies (or enemy) Direct object

Plural Ablative host -ibus By, with, from the enemies (or enemy)


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gēns, gentis - tribeForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative gēns The tribe Subject

Singular Genitive gent-is Of the tribe Possessive

Singular Dative gent -ī To or for the tribe Indirect object

Singular Accusative gent -em The tribe Direct object

Singular Ablative gent -e By, with, from the tribe Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative gent -ēs The tribes Subject

Plural Genitive gent -ium Of the tribes Possessive

Plural Dative gent -ibus To or for the tribes Indirect object

Plural Accusative gent -ēs the tribes Direct object

Plural Ablative gent -ibus By, with, from the tribes Object of the Preposition

caedēs, caedis – slaughterForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative caedēs The slaughter Subject

Singular Genitive caed-is Of the slaughter Possessive

Singular Dative caed -ī To or for the slaughter Indirect object

Singular Accusative caed -em The slaughter Direct object

Singular Ablative caed -e By, with, from the slaughter Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative caed -ēs The slaughters Subject

Plural Genitive caed -ium Of the slaughters Possessive

Plural Dative caed -ibus To or for the slaughters Indirect object

Plural Accusative caed -ēs the slaughters Direct object

Plural Ablative caed -ibus By, with, from the slaughters Object of the Preposition

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mōns, montis, m. - mountainForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative mōns The mountain Subject

Singular Genitive mont-is Of the mountain Possessive

Singular Dative mont -ī To or for the mountain Indirect object

Singular Accusative mont-em The mountain Direct object

Singular Ablative mont-e By, with, from the mountain Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative mont-ēs The mountains Subject

Plural Genitive mont-ium Of the mountains Possessive

Plural Dative mont-ibus To or for the mountains Indirect object

Plural Accusative mont-ēs the mountains Direct object

Plural Ablative mont-ibus By, with, from the mountains Object of the

Preposition

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3rd Declension

clāmor, clāmoris – shouting, shoutForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative clāmor The shouting Subject

Singular Genitive clāmor -is Of the shouting Possessive

Singular Dative clāmor -ī To or for the shouting Indirect object

Singular Accusative clāmor -em The shouting Direct object

Singular Ablative clāmor -e By, with, from the shouting Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative clāmor -ēs The shoutings Subject

Plural Genitive clāmor -um Of the shoutings Possessive

Plural Dative clāmor -ibus To or for the shoutings Indirect object

Plural Accusative clāmor -ēs the shoutings Direct object

Plural Ablative clāmor -ibus By, with, from the shoutings Object of the Preposition

prīnceps, prīncipis – chief, leading manForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative prīnceps The chief Subject

Singular Genitive prīncip-is Of the chief, chief’s Possessive

Singular Dative prīncip -ī To or for the chief Indirect object

Singular Accusative prīncip -em The chief Direct object

Singular Ablative prīncip -e By, with, from the chief Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative prīncip -ēs The chiefs Subject

Plural Genitive prīncip -um Of the chiefs Possessive

Plural Dative prīncip -ibus To or for the chiefs Indirect object

Plural Accusative prīncip -ēs the chiefs Direct object

Plural Ablative prīncip -ibus By, with, from the chiefs Object of the Preposition

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Exceptions to pars/partis rule for Istem:

frāter, frātris (frātrum) – brotherForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative frāter The brother Subject

Singular Genitive frātr-is Of the brother, brother’s Possessive

Singular Dative frātr -ī To or for the brother Indirect object

Singular Accusative frātr -em The brother Direct object

Singular Ablative frātr -e By, with, from the brother Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative frātr -ēs The brothers Subject

Plural Genitive frātr -um Of the brothers, brothers’ Possessive

Plural Dative frātr -ibus To or for the brothers Indirect object

Plural Accusative frātr -ēs the brothers Direct object

Plural Ablative frātr -ibus By, with, from the brothers Object of the Preposition

pater, patris (patrum) - fatherForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative pater The father Subject

Singular Genitive patr-is Of the father, father’s Possessive

Singular Dative patr -ī To or for the father Indirect object

Singular Accusative patr -em The father Direct object

Singular Ablative patr -e By, with, from the father Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative patr -ēs The fathers Subject

Plural Genitive patr -um Of the fathers Possessive

Plural Dative patr -ibus To or for the fathers Indirect object

Plural Accusative patr -ēs the fathers Direct object

Plural Ablative patr-ibus By, with, from the fathers Object of the Preposition

S1W6

māter, mātris (mātrum) - motherForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative māter The mother Subject

Singular Genitive mātr-is Of the mother Possessive

Singular Dative mātr-ī To or for the mother Indirect object

Singular Accusative mātr-em The mother Direct object

Singular Ablative mātr-e By, with, from the mother Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative mātr-ēs The mothers Subject

Plural Genitive mātr-um Of the mothers Possessive

Plural Dative mātr-ibus To or for the mothers Indirect object

Plural Accusative mātr-ēs the mothers Direct object

Plural Ablative mātr -ibus By, with, from the mothers Object of the Preposition

S1W6

3rd Declension Neuter Nouns

flūmen, flūminis – river

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative flūmen The river Subject




Singular Ablative flūmin-e By, with, from the river Object of the Preposition





Plural Ablative flūmin-ibus By, with, from the rivers Object of the Preposition

iter, itineris, n. - journey, march, route

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative iter The journey Subject

Singular Genitive itiner-is Of the journey Possessive

Singular Dative itiner -ī To or for the journey Indirect object

Singular Accusative iter The journey Direct object

Singular Ablative itiner -e By, with, from the journey Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative itiner-a The journeys Subject

Plural Genitive itiner -um Of the journeys Possessive

Plural Dative itiner -ibus To or for the journeys Indirect object

Plural Accusative itiner -a the journeys Direct object

Plural Ablative itiner -ibus By, with, from the journeys Object of the Preposition

S1W6


corpus, corporis, n. - body

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative corpus body, the (a) body Subject

Singular Genitive corpor-is Of the body Possessive

Singular Dative corpor -ī To or for the body Indirect object

Singular Accusative corpus body, the (a) body Direct object

Singular Ablative corpor -e By, with, from the body Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative corpor -a bodies, the bodies Subject

Plural Genitive corpor -um Of the bodies Possessive

Plural Dative corpor -ibus To or for the bodies Indirect object

Plural Accusative corpor -a bodies, the bodies Direct object

Plural Ablative corpor -ibus By, with, from the bodies Object of the Preposition

vulnus, vulneris, n. - wound

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative vulnus wound, the (a) wound Subject

Singular Genitive vulner-is Of the wound Possessive

Singular Dative vulner -ī To or for the wound Indirect object

Singular Accusative vulnus wound, the (a) wound Direct object

Singular Ablative vulner-e By, with, from the wound Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative vulner-a wounds, the wounds Subject

Plural Genitive vulner-um Of the wounds Possessive

Plural Dative vulner-ibus To or for the wounds Indirect object

Plural Accusative vulner-a wounds, the wounds Direct object

Plural Ablative vulner-ibus By, with, from the wounds Object of the Preposition

S1W6


agmen, agminis – column (of soldiers), army (on the march)

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative agmen column, the (a) column Subject

Singular Genitive agmin-is Of the column Possessive

Singular Dative agmin -ī To or for the column Indirect object

Singular Accusative agmen column, the (a) column Direct object

Singular Ablative agmin -e By, with, from the column Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative agmin -a columns, the columns Subject

Plural Genitive agmin -um Of the columns Possessive

Plural Dative agmin -ibus To or for the columns Indirect object

Plural Accusative agmin -a columns, the columns Direct object

Plural Ablative agmin -ibus By, with, from the columns Object of the Preposition

nōmen, nōminis – name

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative nomen name, the (a) name Subject

Singular Genitive nōmin-is Of the name Possessive

Singular Dative nōmin-ī To or for the name Indirect object

Singular Accusative nomen name, the (a) name Direct object

Singular Ablative nōmin -e By, with, from the name Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative nōmin -a names, the (a) names Subject

Plural Genitive nōmin -um Of the names Possessive

Plural Dative nōmin -ibus To or for the names Indirect object

Plural Accusative nōmin -a names, the (a) names Direct object

Plural Ablative nōmin -ibus By, with, from the names Object of the Preposition

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No. 65. The Fourth Declension

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative port-us The harbor Subject

Singular Genitive port-ūs Of the harbor Possessive

Singular Dative port-uī To or for the harbor Indirect object

Singular Accusative port-um The harbor Direct object

Singular Ablative port-ū By, with, from the harbor Obj of the Prep

Plural Nominative port-ūs The harbors Subject

Plural Genitive port-uum Of the harbors Possessive

Plural Dative port-ibus To or for the harbors Indirect object

Plural Accusative port-ūs the harbors Direct object

Plural Ablative port-ibus By, with, from the harbors Obj of the Prep

No. 66: Gender: All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.

Practice – Week 7

No. 65. The Fourth Declension

Add the form and meaning for portus, portūs (harbor)

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative port-us The harbor Subject

Singular Genitive port-ūs Of the harbor Possessive

Singular Dative port-uī To or for the harbor Indirect object

Singular Accusative port-um The harbor Direct object

Singular Ablative port-ū By, with, from the harbor Obj of Prep

Plural Nominative port-ūs The harbors Subject

Plural Genitive port-uum Of the harbors Possessive

Plural Dative port-ibus To or for the harbors Indirect object

Plural Accusative port-ūs the harbors Direct object

Plural Ablative port-ibus By, with, from the harbors Obj of Prep

Copy Grammar Rule:

No. 66: Gender: All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.



Review: mundus, ī – world

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative mund-us world, the world Subject

Singular Genitive mund -ī Of the world, the world's Possessive

Singular Dative mund -ō To or for the world Indirect object

Singular Accusative mund -um world, the world Direct object

Singular Ablative mund -ō By, with, from the world Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative mund -ī worlds, the worlds Subject

Plural Genitive mund-ōrum Of the worlds, the worlds' Possessive

Plural Dative mund -īs To or for the worlds Indirect object

Plural Accusative mund -ōs worlds, the worlds Direct object

Plural Ablative mund -īs By, with, from the worlds Object of the Preposition

4th Declension Nouns:

adventus, ūs – arrival, comingForm Meaning Use

Singular Nominative advent-us arrival, the arrival Subject

Singular Genitive advent -ūs Of the arrival Possessive

Singular Dative advent -uī To or for the arrival Indirect object

Singular Accusative advent -um The arrival Direct object

Singular Ablative advent -ū By, with, from the arrival Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative advent -ūs The arrivals Subject

Plural Genitive advent -uum Of the arrivals Possessive

Plural Dative advent -ibus To or for the arrivals Indirect object

Plural Accusative advent -ūs the arrivals Direct object

Plural Ablative advent -ibus By, with, from the arrivals Object of the Preposition

S1W7

equitātus ūs- cavalry

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative equitāt-us the cavalry Subject

Singular Genitive equitāt-ūs Of the cavalry Possessive

Singular Dative equitāt -uī To or for the cavalry Indirect object

Singular Accusative equitāt -um The cavalry Direct object

Singular Ablative equitāt -ū By, with, from the cavalry Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative equitāt -ūs The cavalries Subject

Plural Genitive equitāt -uum Of the cavalries Possessive

Plural Dative equitāt -ibus To or for the cavalries Indirect object

Plural Accusative equitāt -ūs the cavalries Direct object

Plural Ablative equitāt -ibus By, with, from the cavalries Object of the Preposition

exercitus, ūs – army

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative exercit-us the army Subject

Singular Genitive exercit -ūs Of the army Possessive

Singular Dative exercit -uī To or for the army Indirect object

Singular Accusative exercit -um The army Direct object

Singular Ablative exercit -ū By, with, from the army Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative exercit -ūs The armies Subject

Plural Genitive exercit -uum Of the armies Possessive

Plural Dative exercit -ibus To or for the armies Indirect object

Plural Accusative exercit -ūs the armies Direct object

Plural Ablative exercit -ibus By, with, from the armies Object of the Preposition

S1W7

impetus, ūs - attack

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative impet-us the attack Subject

Singular Genitive impet -ūs Of the attack Possessive

Singular Dative impet-uī To or for the attack Indirect object

Singular Accusative impet -um The attack Direct object

Singular Ablative impet -ū By, with, from the attack Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative impet -ūs The attacks Subject

Plural Genitive impet -uum Of the attacks Possessive

Plural Dative impet -ibus To or for the attacks Indirect object

Plural Accusative impet -ūs the attacks Direct object

Plural Ablative impet -ibus By, with, from the attacks Object of the Preposition

metus, ūs - fear

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative met-us the fear Subject

Singular Genitive met -ūs Of the fear Possessive

Singular Dative met-uī To or for the fear Indirect object

Singular Accusative met – um The fear Direct object

Singular Ablative met-ū By, with, from the fear Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative met -ūs The fears Subject

Plural Genitive met -uum Of the fears Possessive

Plural Dative met -ibus To or for the fears Indirect object

Plural Accusative met -ūs the fears Direct object

Plural Ablative met -ibus By, with, from the fears Object of the Preposition

S1W7

spīritus , ūs - breath, spirit

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative spīrit-us the spirit Subject

Singular Genitive spīrit-ūs Of the spirit Possessive

Singular Dative spīrit-uī To or for the spirit Indirect object

Singular Accusative spīrit -um The spirit Direct object

Singular Ablative spīrit -ū By, with, from the spirit Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative spīrit -ūs The spirits Subject

Plural Genitive spīrit -uum Of the spirits Possessive

Plural Dative spīrit -ibus To or for the spirits Indirect object

Plural Accusative spīrit -ūs the spirits Direct object

Plural Ablative spīrit -ibus By, with, from the spirits Object of the Preposition

senātus , ūs - senate

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative senāt-us the senate Subject

Singular Genitive senāt-ūs Of the senate Possessive

Singular Dative senāt -uī To or for the senate Indirect object

Singular Accusative senāt -um The senate Direct object

Singular Ablative senāt -ū By, with, from the senate Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative senāt -ūs The senates Subject

Plural Genitive senāt -uum Of the senates Possessive

Plural Dative senāt -ibus To or for the senates Indirect object

Plural Accusative senāt -ūs the senates Direct object

Plural Ablative senāt -ibus By, with, from the senates Object of the Preposition


No. 66: Gender (4th Declension): All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.

No. 69: The Fifth Declension

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative rēs The thing Subject

Singular Genitive r-eī Of the thing Possessive

Singular Dative r-eī To or for thing Indirect object

Singular Accusative r-em The thing Direct object

Singular Ablative r-ē By, with, from the thing

Plural Nominative r-ēs The things Subject

Plural Genitive r-ērum Of the things Possessive

Plural Dative r-ēbus To or for the things Indirect object

Plural Accusative r-ēs the things Direct object

Plural Ablative r-ēbus By, with, from the things

No. 70: Gender: All feminine except diēs, diēī which is generally masculine. In the singular, however, when it means a set date or a “period of time” even diēs is often feminine. Certain nouns, such as fidēs, f., faith, have no plural forms.

No. 71: Note: The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī .

No. 73: How to decline an Adjective:

1. Learn the nominative and genitive1 from the vocabularies

2. These show what model the adjective follows

3. Add the endings of this model to the stem.

Week 8


IN with the Accusative:

The preposition in may take either the accusative or the ablative case.

1 The genitive of adjectives is not given in vocabularies when it is clean from the nominative, as magnus, a, um (stem: magn-)

1. Whenever there is MOVEMENT or MOTION expressed by the in, the ACCUSATIVE is used.2. When there is no idea of movement or motion, the ABLATIVE is used.

Practice for Week 8

Read and Review gender rule for 4th Declension nouns:

No. 66: Gender (4th Declension): All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.

No. 69: The Fifth Declension

Add form and meaning for rēs, reī (thing)

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative rēs The thing Subject




Singular Ablative r-ē By, with, from the thing Obj of Prep





Plural Ablative r-ēbus By, with, from the things Obj of Prep

No. 70: Gender: All feminine except diēs, diēī which is generally masculine. In the singular, however, when it means a set date or a “period of time” even diēs is often feminine. Certain nouns, such as fidēs, f., faith, have no plural forms.

Read and Review this note:

No. 71: Note: The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī.

Copy steps on how to decline an adjective below:

No. 73: How to decline an Adjective:

1. Learn the nominative and genitive2 from the vocabularies

2. These show what model the adjective follows

3. Add the endings of this model to the stem.

Review:


IN with the Accusative:

The preposition in may take either the accusative or the ablative case.

1. Whenever there is MOVEMENT or MOTION expressed by the in, the ACCUSATIVE is used.2. When there is no idea of movement or motion, the ABLATIVE is used.



rēs, reī - thing, affair

Form Meaning Use

2 The genitive of adjectives is not given in vocabularies when it is clean from the nominative, as magnus, a, um (stem: magn-)

Singular Nominative rēs The thing Subject




Singular Ablative r-ē By, with, from the thing Object of the Preposition





Plural Ablative r-ēbus By, with, from the things Object of the Preposition

fidēs, fideī – faith, reliability, faithfulness

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative fidēs faith, the faith Subject

Singular Genitive fid-eī Of the faith Possessive

Singular Dative fid -eī To or for faith Indirect object

Singular Accusative fid -em faith, the faith Direct object

Singular Ablative fid -ē By, with, from the faith Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative fid -ēs The faiths Subject

Plural Genitive fid -ērum Of the faiths Possessive

Plural Dative fid -ēbus To or for the faiths Indirect object

Plural Accusative fid -ēs the faiths Direct object

Plural Ablative fid -ēbus By, with, from the faiths Object of the Preposition

S1W8

aciēs, aciēī - battle line

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative aci-ēs the battle line Subject

Singular Genitive aci-eī Of the battle line Possessive

Singular Dative aci -eī To or for battle line Indirect object

Singular Accusative aci -em the battle line Direct object

Singular Ablative aci-ē By, with, from the battle line Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative aci -ēs The battle lines Subject

Plural Genitive aci -ērum Of the battle lines Possessive

Plural Dative aci-ēbus To or for the battle lines Indirect object

Plural Accusative aci -ēs the battle lines Direct object

Plural Ablative aci-ēbus By, with, from the battle lines Object of the Preposition

spēs, speī - hope

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative sp-ēs the hope Subject

Singular Genitive sp-eī Of the hope Possessive

Singular Dative sp -eī To or for hope Indirect object

Singular Accusative sp -em the hope Direct object

Singular Ablative sp -ē By, with, from the hope Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative sp -ēs The hopes Subject

Plural Genitive sp -ērum Of the hopes Possessive

Plural Dative sp -ēbus To or for the hopes Indirect object

Plural Accusative sp -ēs the hopes Direct object

Plural Ablative sp -ēbus By, with, from the hopes Object of the Preposition

S1W8

Nouns with special meanings (pg 64)

castra, castrōrum - camp

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative No singular form Subject

Singular Genitive Possessive

Singular Dative Indirect object

Singular Accusative Direct object

Singular Ablative Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative castr-ā camp Subject

Plural Genitive castr -ōrum of the camp Possessive

Plural Dative castr -īs to or for the camp Indirect object

Plural Accusative castr -a camp Direct object

Plural Ablative castr -īs by, with, from the camp Object of the Preposition

impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum - baggage, baggage train

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative no singular form Subject

Singular Genitive Possessive

Singular Dative Indirect object

Singular Accusative Direct object

Singular Ablative Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative impedīment-ā baggage Subject

Plural Genitive impedīment -ōrum of the baggage Possessive

Plural Dative impedīment -īs to or for the baggage Indirect object

Plural Accusative impedīment -a baggage Direct object

Plural Ablative impedīment -īs by, with, from the baggage Object of the Preposition

S1W8

Some Latin nouns have different meanings in the singular and plural:

grātia, ae – favor, influence, grace (in Christian Latin)grātiae, grātiārum – thanks

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative grāti-a grace, the grace Subject

Singular Genitive grāti-ae Of the grace, grace’s Possessive

Singular Dative grāti -ae To or for the (a) grace Indirect object

Singular Accusative grāti -am The grace Direct object

Singular Ablative grāti-ā By, with, from the (a) grace Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative grāti -ae thanks Subject

Plural Genitive grāti-ārum Of the thanks Possessive

Plural Dative grāti -īs To or for the thanks Indirect object

Plural Accusative grāti -ās thanks Direct object

Plural Ablative grāti - īs By, with, from the thanks Object of the Preposition

cōpia, ae – supply, abundancecōpiae, cōpiarum, f. - troops, forces (a military term)

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative cōpi-a supply Subject

Singular Genitive cōpi -ae Of the supply Possessive

Singular Dative cōpi-ae To or for the supply Indirect object

Singular Accusative cōpi-am The supply Direct object

Singular Ablative cōpi-ā By, with, from the supply Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative cōpi-ae troops Subject

Plural Genitive cōpi-ārum Of the troops Possessive

Plural Dative cōpi-īs To or for the troops Indirect object

Plural Accusative cōpi-ās troops Direct object

Plural Ablative cōpi- īs By, with, from the troops Object of the Preposition


Grammar No. 72: Adjectives in -us of the First and Second Declensions

Masculinelike servus

Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative magn-us magn-a magn-um

Singular Genitive magn-ī magn-ae magn-ī

Singular Dative magn-ō magn-ae magn-ō

Singular Accusative magn-um magn-am magn-um

Singular Ablative magn-ō magn-ā magn-ō

Plural Nominative magn-ī magn-ae magn-a

Plural Genitive magn-ōrum magn-ārum magn-ōrum

Plural Dative magn-īs magn-īs magn-īs

Plural Accusative magn-ōs magn-ās magn-ā

Plural Ablative magn-īs magn-īs magn-īs

Practice for Week 9

Practice declining adjectives in the first and second declension using magnus (masc), magna (fem), magnum (neut)


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum











Week 10


1. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.

2. Adjectives of QUANTITY generally precede their nouns.

3. Adjectives of QUALITY generally follow their nouns.

Review above rules:

1. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.

2. Adjectives of QUANTITY generally precede their nouns.

3. Adjectives of QUALITY generally follow their nouns.

Practice for week 10

Decline adjectives from the vocabulary

magnus, a, um – great, large


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum











altus, a, um – high, deep


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative alt-us alt-a alt- um

Singular Genitive alt- ī alt-ae alt- ī

Singular Dative alt- ō alt-ae alt- ō

Singular Accusative alt- um alt-am alt- um

Singular Ablative alt- ō alt-ā alt- ō

Plural Nominative alt- ī alt-ae alt- a

Plural Genitive alt- ōrum alt- ārum alt- ōrum

Plural Dative alt- īs alt- īs alt- īs

Plural Accusative alt- ōs alt- ās alt- ā

Plural Ablative alt- īs alt- īs alt- īs

S1W10

bonus, a, um - good


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative bonus bon-a bon- um

Singular Genitive bon- ī bon-ae bon- ī

Singular Dative bon- ō bon-ae bon- ō

Singular Accusative bon- um bon-am bon- um

Singular Ablative bon- ō bon -ā bon- ō

Plural Nominative bon- ī bon-ae bon- a

Plural Genitive bon- ōrum bon- ārum bon- ōrum

Plural Dative bon- īs bon- īs bon- īs

Plural Accusative bon- ōs bon- ās bon- ā

Plural Ablative bon- īs bon- īs bon- īs

longus, a, um - long


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative long-us long- a long- um

Singular Genitive long- ī long-ae long- ī

Singular Dative long- ō long- ae long- ō

Singular Accusative long- um long- am long- um

Singular Ablative long- ō long- ā long- ō

Plural Nominative long- ī long- ae long- a

Plural Genitive long- ōrum long- ārum long- ōrum

Plural Dative long- īs long- īs long- īs

Plural Accusative long- ōs long- ās long- ā

Plural Ablative long- īs long- īs long- īs

S1W10

malus, a, um - bad


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative malus mal- a mal- um

Singular Genitive mal- ī mal- ae mal- ī

Singular Dative mal- ō mal- ae mal- ō

Singular Accusative mal- um mal- am mal- um

Singular Ablative mal- ō mal- ā mal- ō

Plural Nominative mal- ī mal- ae mal- a

Plural Genitive mal- ōrum mal- ārum mal- ōrum

Plural Dative mal- īs mal- īs mal- īs

Plural Accusative mal- ōs mal- ās mal- ā

Plural Ablative mal- īs mal- īs mal- īs

multus, a, um – much (pl. many)


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative multus mult- a mult- um

Singular Genitive mult- ī mult- ae mult- ī

Singular Dative mult- ō mult- ae mult- ō

Singular Accusative mult- um mult- am mult- um

Singular Ablative mult- ō mult- ā mult- ō

Plural Nominative mult- ī mult- ae mult- a

Plural Genitive mult- ōrum mult- ārum mult- ōrum

Plural Dative mult- īs mult- īs mult- īs

Plural Accusative mult- ōs mult- ās mult- ā

Plural Ablative mult- īs mult- īs mult- īs

S1W10

sāntus, a, um – holy, saint


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative sānt- us sānt- a sānt- um

Singular Genitive sānt- ī sānt- ae sānt- ī

Singular Dative sānt- ō sānt- ae sānt- ō

Singular Accusative sānt- um sānt- am sānt- um

Singular Ablative sānt- ō sānt- ā sānt- ō

Plural Nominative sānt- ī sānt- ae sānt- a

Plural Genitive sānt- ōrum sānt- ārum sānt- ōrum

Plural Dative sānt- īs sānt- īs sānt- īs

Plural Accusative sānt- ōs sānt- ās sānt- ā

Plural Ablative sānt- īs sānt- īs sānt- īs

prīmus, a, um – first


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative prīm- us prīm- a prīm- um

Singular Genitive prīm- ī prīm- ae prīm- ī

Singular Dative prīm- ō prīm- ae prīm- ō

Singular Accusative prīm- um prīm- am prīm- um

Singular Ablative prīm- ō prīm- ā prīm- ō

Plural Nominative prīm- ī prīm- ae prīm- a

Plural Genitive prīm- ōrum prīm- ārum prīm- ōrum

Plural Dative prīm- īs prīm- īs prīm- īs

Plural Accusative prīm- ōs prīm- ās prīm- ā

Plural Ablative prīm- īs prīm- īs prīm- īs

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Week 11


1. Adjectives may also be linked to their noun by means of a linking verb like sum, I am. These adjectives are called predicate adjectives.

2. The rule of agreement is the SAME for attributive and predicate adjectives.

3. The preposition prō ALWAYS takes the ABLATIVE. In expressions of PLACE, prō means in front of.

Review the above rules:

1. Adjectives may also be linked to their noun by means of a linking verb like sum, I am. These adjectives are called predicate adjectives.

2. The rule of agreement is the SAME for attributive and predicate adjectives.

3. The preposition prō ALWAYS takes the ABLATIVE. In expressions of PLACE, prō means in front of.



angustus, a, um - narrow


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative angust-us angust-a angust-um

Singular Genitive angust-ī angust-ae angust-ī

Singular Dative angust-ō angust-ae angust-ō

Singular Accusative angust-um angust-am angust-um

Singular Ablative angust-ō angust-ā angust-ō

Plural Nominative angust-ī angust-ae angust-a

Plural Genitive angust-ōrum angust-ārum angust-ōrum

Plural Dative angust-īs angust-īs angust-īs

Plural Accusative angust-ōs angust-ās angust-ā

Plural Ablative angust-īs angust-īs angust-īs

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest of


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative reliqu-us reliqu-a reliqu-um

Singular Genitive reliqu-ī reliqu-ae reliqu-ī

Singular Dative reliqu-ō reliqu-ae reliqu-ō

Singular Accusative reliqu-um reliqu-am reliqu-um

Singular Ablative reliqu-ō reliqu-ā reliqu-ō

Plural Nominative reliqu-ī reliqu-ae reliqu-a

Plural Genitive reliqu-ōrum reliqu-ārum reliqu-ōrum

Plural Dative reliqu-īs reliqu-īs reliqu-īs

Plural Accusative reliqu-ōs reliqu-ās reliqu-ā

Plural Ablative reliqu-īs reliqu-īs reliqu-īs

S1W11

tūtus, a, um - safe


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative tūt-us tūt-a tūt-um

Singular Genitive tūt-ī tūt-ae tūt-ī

Singular Dative tūt-ō tūt-ae tūt-ō

Singular Accusative tūt-um tūt-am tūt-um

Singular Ablative tūt-ō tūt-ā tūt-ō

Plural Nominative tūt-ī tūt-ae tūt-a

Plural Genitive tūt-ōrum tūt-ārum tūt-ōrum

Plural Dative tūt-īs tūt-īs tūt-īs

Plural Accusative tūt-ōs tūt-ās tūt-ā

Plural Ablative tūt-īs tūt-īs tūt-īs

Rōmānus, a um - Roman


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative Rōmān-us Rōmān -a Rōmān-um

Singular Genitive Rōmān-ī Rōmān-ae Rōmān-ī

Singular Dative Rōmān-ō Rōmān-ae Rōmān-ō

Singular Accusative Rōmān-um Rōmān-am Rōmān-um

Singular Ablative Rōmān-ō Rōmān-ā Rōmān-ō

Plural Nominative Rōmān-ī Rōmān-ae Rōmān-a

Plural Genitive Rōmān-ōrum Rōmān-ārum Rōmān-ōrum

Plural Dative Rōmān-īs Rōmān-īs Rōmān-īs

Plural Accusative Rōmān-ōs Rōmān-ās Rōmān-ā

Plural Ablative Rōmān-īs Rōmān-īs Rōmān-īs

S1W11

Chrīstiānus, a, um - Christian


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative Chrīstiān-us Chrīstiān-a Chrīstiān-um

Singular Genitive Chrīstiān-ī Chrīstiān-ae Chrīstiān-ī

Singular Dative Chrīstiān-ō Chrīstiān-ae Chrīstiān-ō

Singular Accusative Chrīstiān-um Chrīstiān-am Chrīstiān-um

Singular Ablative Chrīstiān-ō Chrīstiān-ā Chrīstiān-ō

Plural Nominative Chrīstiān-ī Chrīstiān-ae Chrīstiān-a

Plural Genitive Chrīstiān-ōrum Chrīstiān-ārum Chrīstiān-ōrum

Plural Dative Chrīstiān-īs Chrīstiān-īs Chrīstiān-īs

Plural Accusative Chrīstiān-ōs Chrīstiān-ās Chrīstiān-ā

Plural Ablative Chrīstiān-īs Chrīstiān-īs Chrīstiān-īs

Review Nouns:

inopia, ae – scarcity, want

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative inopi-a scarcity Subject

Singular Genitive inopi -ae Of the scarcity Possessive

Singular Dative inopi -ae To or for the scarcity Indirect object

Singular Accusative inopi -am The (a) scarcity Direct object

Singular Ablative inopi -ā By, with, from the (a) scarcity


Plural Nominative inopi -ae scarcities Subject

Plural Genitive inopi -ārum Of the scarcities Possessive

Plural Dative inopi -īs To or for the scarcities Indirect object

Plural Accusative inopi -ās scarcities Direct object

Plural Ablative inopi - īs By, with, from the scarcities Object of the Preposition

S1W11

dominus, ī – master, Lord

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative domin-us master, the master Subject

Singular Genitive domin -ī Of the master, the master 's Possessive

Singular Dative domin -ō To or for the master Indirect object

Singular Accusative domin -um master, the master Direct object

Singular Ablative domin -ō By, with, from the master Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative domin -ī masters, the masters Subject

Plural Genitive domin -ōrum Of the masters, the masters' Possessive

Plural Dative domin -īs To or for the masters Indirect object

Plural Accusative domin -ōs masters, the masters Direct object

Plural Ablative domin -īs By, with, from the masters Object of the Preposition

mūrus, ī - wall

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative mūr-us wall, the wall Subject

Singular Genitive mūr -ī Of the wall, the wall 's Possessive

Singular Dative mūr -ō To or for the wall Indirect object

Singular Accusative mūr -um wall, the wall Direct object

Singular Ablative mūr -ō By, with, from the wall Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative mūr -ī walls, the walls Subject

Plural Genitive mūr -ōrum Of the walls, the walls' Possessive

Plural Dative mūr -īs To or for the walls Indirect object

Plural Accusative mūr -ōs walls, the walls Direct object

Plural Ablative mūr -īs By, with, from the walls Object of the Preposition

S1W11

frūmentum, ī – grain, (pl. crops)

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative frūment-um The grain Subject

Singular Genitive frūment-ī Of the grain Possessive

Singular Dative frūment-ō To or for the grain Indirect object

Singular Accusative frūment-um The grain Direct object

Singular Ablative frūment-ō By, with, from the grain Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative frūment-ā The crops Subject

Plural Genitive frūment-ōrum Of the crops Possessive

Plural Dative frūment-īs To or for the crops Indirect object

Plural Accusative frūment-a the crops Direct object

Plural Ablative frūment-īs By, with, from the crops Object of the Preposition

legiō, legiōnis, f. - legion

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative legiō The legion Subject

Singular Genitive legiōn-is Of the legion, legion’s Possessive

Singular Dative legiōn -ī To or for the legion Indirect object

Singular Accusative legiōn-em The legion Direct object

Singular Ablative legiōn-e By, with, from the legion Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative legiōn-ēs The legions Subject

Plural Genitive legiōn-um Of the legions Possessive

Plural Dative legiōn-ibus To or for the legions Indirect object

Plural Accusative legiōn-ēs the legions Direct object

Plural Ablative legiōn-ibus By, with, from the legions Object of the Preposition


Grammar No. 78:

Gravis, e, - heavy, severe, serious is declined thus:

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Nominative grav-is grav-is grav-e

Singular Genitive grav-is grav-is grav-is

Singular Dative grav-ī grav-ī grav-ī

Singular Accusative grav-em grav-em grav-e

Singular Ablative grav-ī grav-ī grav-ī

Plural Nominative grav-ēs grav-ēs grav-iaPlural Genitive grav-ium grav-ium grav-iumPlural Dative grav-ibus grav-ibus grav-ibus

Plural Accusative grav-ēs grav-ēs grav-iaPlural Ablative grav-ibus grav-ibus grav-ibus

Additional Rules from the Reading.

1. All adjectives with -IS, -E in the nominative singular are declined like gravis, e.

2 Prepositional phrases which modify adjectives are often translated into Latin by the genitive or dative or ablative WITHOUT A PREPOSITION. THE PROPER CASE TO BE USED IS DETERMINED BY THE ADJECTIVE.

Practice for Week 12

Grammar No. 78:

Decline gravis, e, - heavy, severe, serious


Singular Nominative grav-is grav-is grav-e

Singular Genitive grav-is grav-is grav-is

Singular Dative grav-ī grav-ī grav-ī

Singular Accusative grav-em grav-em grav-e

Singular Ablative grav-ī grav-ī grav-ī

Plural Nominative grav-ēs grav-ēs grav-iaPlural Genitive grav-ium grav-ium grav-iumPlural Dative grav-ibus grav-ibus grav-ibus

Plural Accusative grav-ēs grav-ēs grav-iaPlural Ablative grav-ibus grav-ibus grav-ibus

Review:

Additional Rules from the Reading.

1. All adjectives with -IS, -E in the nominative singular are declined like gravis, e.

2 Prepositional phrases which modify adjectives are often translated into Latin by the genitive or dative or ablative WITHOUT A PREPOSITION. THE PROPER CASE TO BE USED IS DETERMINED BY THE ADJECTIVE.



brevis, e – short


Singular Nominative brev-is brev -is brev -e

Singular Genitive brev -is brev -is brev -is

Singular Dative brev -ī brev -ī brev -ī

Singular Accusative brev -em brev -em brev -e

Singular Ablative brev -ī brev -ī brev -ī

Plural Nominative brev -ēs brev -ēs brev -iaPlural Genitive brev -ium brev -ium brev -iumPlural Dative brev -ibus brev -ibus brev -ibus

Plural Accusative brev -ēs brev -ēs brev -iaPlural Ablative brev -ibus brev -ibus brev-ibus

commūnis, e – common


Singular Nominative commūn-is commūn -is commūn -e

Singular Genitive commūn -is commūn -is commūn -is

Singular Dative commūn -ī commūn -ī commūn -ī

Singular Accusative commūn -em commūn -em commūn -e

Singular Ablative commūn -ī commūn -ī commūn -ī

Plural Nominative commūn -ēs commūn -ēs commūn -iaPlural Genitive commūn -ium commūn -ium commūn -iumPlural Dative commūn -ibus commūn -ibus commūn -ibus

Plural Accusative commūn -ēs commūn -ēs commūn -ia

Plural Ablative commūn -ibus commūn -ibus commūn -ibus

S1W12

fortis, e – brave, strong


Singular Nominative fort-is fort -is fort -e

Singular Genitive fort -is fort -is fort -is

Singular Dative fort -ī fort -ī fort -ī

Singular Accusative fort -em fort -em fort -e

Singular Ablative fort -ī fort -ī fort -ī

Plural Nominative fort -ēs fort -ēs fort -iaPlural Genitive fort -ium fort -ium fort -iumPlural Dative fort -ibus fort -ibus fort -ibus

Plural Accusative fort -ēs fort -ēs fort -iaPlural Ablative fort -ibus fort -ibus fort -ibus

nōbilis, e - noble, renowned


Singular Nominative nōbil-is nōbil -is nōbil -e

Singular Genitive nōbil -is nōbil -is nōbil -is

Singular Dative nōbil -ī nōbil -ī nōbil -ī

Singular Accusative nōbil -em nōbil -em nōbil -e

Singular Ablative nōbil -ī nōbil -ī nōbil -ī

Plural Nominative nōbil -ēs nōbil -ēs nōbil -iaPlural Genitive nōbil -ium nōbil -ium nōbil -iumPlural Dative nōbil -ibus nōbil -ibus nōbil -ibus

Plural Accusative nōbil -ēs nōbil -ēs nōbil -iaPlural Ablative nōbil -ibus nōbil -ibus nōbil -ibus

S1W12

difficilis, e - difficult


Singular Nominative fort-is fort -is difficil -e

Singular Genitive difficil -is difficil -is difficil -is

Singular Dative difficil -ī difficil -ī difficil -ī

Singular Accusative difficil -em difficil -em difficil -e

Singular Ablative difficil -ī difficil -ī difficil -ī

Plural Nominative difficil -ēs difficil -ēs difficil -iaPlural Genitive difficil -ium difficil -ium difficil -iumPlural Dative difficil -ibus difficil -ibus difficil -ibus

Plural Accusative difficil -ēs difficil -ēs difficil -iaPlural Ablative difficil -ibus difficil -ibus difficil -ibus

facilis, e – easy


Singular Nominative facil-is facil -is facil -e

Singular Genitive facil -is facil -is facil -is

Singular Dative facil -ī facil -ī facil -ī

Singular Accusative facil -em facil -em facil -e

Singular Ablative facil -ī facil -ī facil -ī

Plural Nominative facil -ēs facil -ēs facil -iaPlural Genitive facil -ium facil -ium facil -iumPlural Dative facil-ibus facil -ibus facil -ibus

Plural Accusative facil -ēs facil -ēs facil -iaPlural Ablative facil -ibus facil -ibus facil -ibus

S1W12

omnis, e – all, every


Singular Nominative omn-is omn -is omn -e

Singular Genitive omn -is omn -is omn -is

Singular Dative omn -ī omn -ī omn -ī

Singular Accusative omn -em omn -em omn -e

Singular Ablative omn -ī omn -ī omn -ī

Plural Nominative omn -ēs omn -ēs omn -iaPlural Genitive omn -ium omn -ium omn -iumPlural Dative omn -ibus omn -ibus omn -ibus

Plural Accusative omn -ēs omn -ēs omn -iaPlural Ablative omn -ibus omn -ibus omn -ibus

similis, e; w. gen or dat. - like, similar


Singular Nominative simil-is simil -is simil -e

Singular Genitive simil -is simil -is simil -is

Singular Dative simil -ī simil -ī simil -ī

Singular Accusative simil -em simil -em simil -e

Singular Ablative simil -ī simil -ī simil -ī

Plural Nominative simil -ēs simil -ēs simil -iaPlural Genitive simil -ium simil -ium simil -ium

Plural Dative simil -ibus simil -ibus simil -ibus

Plural Accusative simil -ēs simil -ēs simil -iaPlural Ablative simil -ibus simil -ibus simil -ibus

S1W12

Review 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives

cupidus, a, um; w. gen – eager, desirous


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative cupid-us cupid-a cupid-um

Singular Genitive cupid-ī cupid-ae cupid-ī

Singular Dative cupid-ō cupid-ae cupid-ō

Singular Accusative cupid-um cupid-am cupid-um

Singular Ablative cupid-ō cupid-ā cupid-ō

Plural Nominative cupid-ī cupid-ae cupid-a

Plural Genitive cupid-ōrum cupid-ārum cupid-ōrum

Plural Dative cupid-īs cupid-īs cupid-īs

Plural Accusative cupid-ōs cupid-ās cupid-ā

Plural Ablative cupid-īs cupid-īs cupid-īs

plēnus, a, um; w. gen or abl. - full


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative plēn-us plēn-a plēn-um

Singular Genitive plēn-ī plēn-ae plēn-ī

Singular Dative plēn-ō plēn-ae plēn-ō

Singular Accusative plēn-um plēn-am plēn-um

Singular Ablative plēn-ō plēn-ā plēn-ō

Plural Nominative plēn-ī plēn-ae plēn-a

Plural Genitive plēn-ōrum plēn-ārum plēn-ōrum

Plural Dative plēn-īs plēn-īs plēn-īs

Plural Accusative plēn-ōs plēn-ās plēn-ā

Plural Ablative plēn-īs plēn-īs plēn-īs

S1W12

fīnitimus, a, um; w. dat. - neighboring, next


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative fīnitim-us fīnitim-a fīnitim-um

Singular Genitive fīnitim-ī fīnitim-ae fīnitim-ī

Singular Dative fīnitim-ō fīnitim-ae fīnitim-ō

Singular Accusative fīnitim-um fīnitim-am fīnitim-um

Singular Ablative fīnitim-ō fīnitim-ā fīnitim-ō

Plural Nominative fīnitim-ī fīnitim-ae fīnitim-a

Plural Genitive fīnitim-ōrum fīnitim-ārum fīnitim-ōrum

Plural Dative fīnitim-īs fīnitim-īs fīnitim-īs

Plural Accusative fīnitim-ōs fīnitim-ās fīnitim-ā

Plural Ablative fīnitim-īs fīnitim-īs fīnitim-īs

Review:

Nouns

Special noun: Jēsūs, ū - Jesus

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Jēsūs Jesus Subject

Singular Genitive Jēsū Of Jesus, Jesus’s Possessive

Singular Dative Jēsū to or for Jesus Indirect object

Singular Accusative Jēsūm Jesus Direct object

Singular Ablative Jēsū by, with, from Jesus Object of the Preposition

S1W12

urbs, urbis – city

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative urbs The city Subject

Singular Genitive urb-is Of the city; city’s Possessive

Singular Dative urb-ī To or for the city Indirect object

Singular Accusative urb-em The city Direct object

Singular Ablative urb-e By, with, from the city Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative urb-ēs The cities Subject

Plural Genitive urb-ium Of the cities, cities’ Possessive

Plural Dative urb-ibus To or for the cities Indirect object

Plural Accusative urb-ēs the cities Direct object

Plural Ablative urb-ibus By, with, from the cities Object of the Preposition

pōns, pontis, m. - bridge

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative pōns The bridge Subject

Singular Genitive pont-is Of the bridge; bridge’s Possessive

Singular Dative pont-ī To or for the bridge Indirect object

Singular Accusative pont-em The bridge Direct object

Singular Ablative pont-e By, with, from the bridge Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative pont-ēs The bridges Subject

Plural Genitive pont-ium Of the bridges, bridges’ Possessive

Plural Dative pont-ibus To or for the bridges Indirect object

Plural Accusative pont-ēs the bridges Direct object

Plural Ablative pont-ibus By, with, from the bridges Object of the Preposition

S1W12

signum, ī - standard, signal, sign

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative sign-um The standard Subject

Singular Genitive sign-ī Of the standard Possessive

Singular Dative sign-ō To or for the standard Indirect object

Singular Accusative sign-um The standard Direct object

Singular Ablative sign-ō By, with, from the standard Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative sign-ā The standards Subject

Plural Genitive sign-ōrum Of the standards Possessive

Plural Dative sign-īs To or for the standards Indirect object

Plural Accusative sign-a the standards Direct object

Plural Ablative sign-īs By, with, from the standards Object of the Preposition

eques, equitis - horseman (pl. calvary)

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative eques The horseman Subject

Singular Genitive equit-is Of the horseman Possessive

Singular Dative equit -ī To or for the horseman Indirect object

Singular Accusative equit -em The horseman Direct object

Singular Ablative equit -e By, with, from the horseman Object of the

Preposition

Plural Nominative equit -ēs The cavalry Subject

Plural Genitive equit -um Of the cavalry Possessive

Plural Dative equit -ibus To or for the cavalry Indirect object

Plural Accusative equit -ēs the cavalry Direct object

Plural Ablative equit -ibus By, with, from the cavalry Object of the Preposition


No 162: Present Tense (present stem)

Singular - 1. laud-ō - I praise, I am praising, I do praise 2. laud-ās - you praise, you are praising, you do praise 3. laud-at – he, she, it praises; he, she, it are praising; he, she it does praise

Plural - 1. laud-āmus - we praise, we are praising, we do praise2. laud-ātis -you praise, you are praising, you do praise3. laud-ant – they praise, they are praising, they do praise


1. In both English and Latin, verbs change their form to express tense, person, and number.

2. All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in - ĀRE belong to the first conjugation.

3. First conjugation final personal signs.

Singular Plural

1 (I) …. (we) -mus2 (you) -s (you) -tis

3 (he, she, it) -t (they) -nt

(Generally, ō or m is a sign of the first person singular, I.)

4. : A finite verb agrees with its subject in PERSON and NUMBER.


No 162: Present Tense (present stem)

Give form and meaning for laudō, 1. tr., praise

Form MeaningSingular 1st P laud-ō I praise, I am praising, I do praiseSingular 2nd P laud-ās you praise, you are praising, you do praiseSingular 3rd P laud-at he, she, it praises; he, she, it are praising;

he, she it does praise

Plural 1st P laud-āmus we praise, we are praising, we do praisePlural 2nd P laud-ātis you praise, you are praising, you do praisePlural 3rd P laud-ant they praise, they are praising, they do praise

Review:


1. In both English and Latin, verbs change their form to express tense, person, and number.

2. All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in - ĀRE belong to the first conjugation.

3. First conjugation final personal signs.

Fill in the final personal signs below:

Singular Plural

1 (I) …. (we) - mus

2 (you) -s (you) - tis

3 (he, she, it) -_t (they) - nt

(Generally, ō or m is a sign of the first person singular, I.)

4. : A finite verb agrees with its subject in PERSON and NUMBER.


Practice the Present Tense (present stem) using words in the vocabulary

occupō, 1. tr., seize

Form MeaningSingular 1st P occup-ō I seize, I am seizing, I do seizeSingular 2nd P occup-ās you seize, you are seizing, you do seizeSingular 3rd P occup-at he, she, it seizes; he, she, it are seizing; he,

she it does seize

Plural 1st P occup-āmus we seize, we are seizing, we do seizePlural 2nd P occup-ātis you seize, you are seizing, you do seizePlural 3rd P occup-ant they seize, they are seizing, they do seize

oppugnō, 1, tr., attack, assault

Form MeaningSingular 1st P oppugn-ō I attack, I am attacking, I do attackSingular 2nd P oppugn-ās you attack, you are attacking, you do attackSingular 3rd P oppugn-at he, she, it attacks; he, she, it are attacking;

he, she it does attack

Plural 1st P oppugn-āmus we attack, we are attacking, we do attackPlural 2nd P oppugn-ātis you attack, you are attacking, you do attackPlural 3rd P oppugn-ant they attack, they are attacking, they do

attack

ōrō, 1, tr., beg, pray

Form MeaningSingular 1st P ōr-ō I pray, I am praying, I do praySingular 2nd P ōr-ās you pray, you are praying, you do praySingular 3rd P ōr-at he, she, it prays; he, she, it are praying; he,

she it does pray

Plural 1st P ōr-āmus we pray, we are praying, we do prayPlural 2nd P ōr-ātis you pray, you are praying, you do prayPlural 3rd P ōr-ant they pray, they are praying, they do pray

parō, 1, tr., prepare, get ready

Form MeaningSingular 1st P par-ō I prepare, I am preparing, I do prepareSingular 2nd P par -ās you prepare, you are preparing, you do

prepareSingular 3rd P par -at he, she, it prepares; he, she, it are preparing;

he, she it does prepare

Plural 1st P par -āmus we prepare, we are preparing, we do preparePlural 2nd P par -ātis you prepare, you are preparing, you do

preparePlural 3rd P par -ant they prepare, they are preparing, they do

prepare

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