MOA-World Bank《Climate Smart Management of Grassland Ecosystems Project》

Pests and Diseases Management Plan

Office of Climate Smart Management of Grassland Ecosystems Project

June, 2019

Content

1. Project Background.......................................................................................................................12. Current Situation of Pests and Diseases in the Project Area.........................................................3

2.1 Situation of diseases in natural grassland............................................................................42.2 Situation of pests in natural grassland.................................................................................62.3 Situation of rats in natural grassland.................................................................................102.4 Situation of disease, pests and rats in artificial grassland..................................................12

3. China's Policy Standards for Pests and Diseases Management...................................................143.1 Integrated pests management............................................................................................143.2 Pests Prevention and Control............................................................................................18

4. Integrated Pests Management Plan.............................................................................................194.1 Objectives.........................................................................................................................194.2 Key tasks...........................................................................................................................194.3 Agency for performing tasks.............................................................................................214.4 Implementation content.....................................................................................................22

5. Use and Management of Pesticides in the Project Area..............................................................255.1 Recommended pesticides in the Project area....................................................................255.2 Right application of pesticides..........................................................................................275.3 Recommended technologies and equipment for pesticide application..............................305.4 Pesticide waste disposal....................................................................................................32

6. Project Monitoring and Evaluation.............................................................................................336.1 Implementation of the monitoring plan.............................................................................336.2 Monitoring point settings..................................................................................................346.3 Monitoring content............................................................................................................356.4 Content of inspection........................................................................................................356.5 Monitoring and inspection plan........................................................................................356.6 Assessment content and report..........................................................................................36

7. Pest Management Training Program...........................................................................................377.1 Training objectives............................................................................................................377.2 Training methods..............................................................................................................377.3 Training plan and content..................................................................................................38

8. Public participation8.1 The purpose and role of public participation8.2 Public participation methods and content

9. Budget43

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1. Project Background

Grassland is the most widely distributed terrestrial ecosystem on the earth,

accounting for 25% of the global land area, storing 1/3 carbon of the global terrestrial

ecosystem, and feeding more than 50% of the world's forage livestock. Grassland thus

plays an important role in balancing carbon-nitrogen cycling, coping with climate

change and guaranteeing food security. In the past 30 years, under the dual pressure of

the increasing intensity of human activities and global climate change, the structure of

grassland ecosystem is changing, the energy flow and logistics are quickly

malfunctioning, and the ecosystem is gradually degrading. At the same time, due to

the growing emphasis from the international community on climate change,

biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and emission reduction, protective work and

research on grassland ecosystems have received unprecedented attention from the

scientific community.

China's grassland area totals nearly 400 million hectares, accounting for about

40% of the country's land area. It can absorb about 1/3 the greenhouse gas every year

and also support millions of herders' livestock production activities. The alpine

meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the main grassland types in China,

accounting for 37% of China's grassland area total. Due to years of over-utilization in

land reclamation and cultivation, combined with regional climate going warmer and

drier, more than 80% of the grassland in the area has been degrading to different

degree. The grassland has significantly declined in its productivity, biodiversity, water

conservation, wind-break and sand storage and soil conservation, which adversely

affects the production activity and life of local herders, and adds risk to the ecological

environment stability. Therefore, promoting biodiversity conservation and carbon

storage technologies under the premise of ensuring grassland productivity in China's

main grassland areas, together with demonstration and effect evaluation, can not only

protect grassland biodiversity, improve grassland productivity and grassland's carbon

storage, but also serve as a strategic choice to maintain the sustainable husbandry

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development in China's pastoral areas.

This project selects China's main types of grassland in the Qilian County,

Qinghai Province, in the southern margin of the Qilian Mountains on the northeastern

margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Taking into consideration ecological and

production problems faced by the development of regional grassland, the project will

demonstrate climate-smart grass-grazing technology application, including grassland

biodiversity conservation, grassland pests and diseases monitoring and management,

carbon emission reduction in grassland husbandry, carbon storage in grassland soil,

grassland husbandry adaptability and productivity improvement, in order to establish

a systematic management of climate-smart grassland ecosystem.

According the actual situation of agricultural production in the selected area, the

project will be implemented with agricultural technical measures, biological control,

physical and mechanical control, chemical control and comprehensive control of

grassland pests and diseases, the damage control and reduction of pests and diseases

to grassland and animal husbandry, active promotion of the integrated pests

management technologies and specialized overall prevention and control application.

As a strategy for integrated pests management (IPM), integrated management of

pests and diseases is based on the perspective of seeing the ecosystem as a whole and

the interrelationship between pests and the environment, which coordinates various

measures such as physical, biological and chemical prevention and control to give full

play to the self-balancing capacity of ecosystem and limits pests within affordable

economic loss. Prevention measures are only utilized when the number of pest is large

enough to cause economic loss, that is, a limited number of germs or pests are

allowed, as long as they are insufficient to bring out economic loss.

With the transformation of agricultural production methods and the development

of socialized service systems, the specialized prevention and control of pests and

diseases has progressively gained momentum. Specialized prevention and control

refers to the socialized, large-scale and intensive measures taken by the organizations

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that are specialized and well-equipped in protecting certain plant from pests and

diseases. Specialized prevention and control organizations are organizations that

provide special- ized prevention and control services to the society. Specialized

prevention and control is an important support for implementing “public plant

protection and green plant protection”. It is an effective means to ensure the quantity,

quality and safety of agricultural products and the safety of agricultural ecological

environment. It is also an important guarantee for increasing the profit of agriculture

and husbandry, and safeguarding rural stability.

In accordance with the requirements of the World Bank and the current situation

of pests and diseases in the selected area, we have worked out the Pests and Diseases

Management Plan. The program encourages farmers to adopt environmentally

friendly practices and Integrated Pests Management (IPM) technologies. We provide

support for pests and diseases monitoring and evaluation, plant protection technical

assistance, and equipment procurement.

2. Current and Control Situation of Pests and Diseases in the

Project Area

Qilian County has 1.16 million hectares of natural grassland feeding 1.17 million

heads of various livestock. Grassland is the foundation for the development of animal

husbandry economy. It is of great significance in grassland pests and diseases

prevention and control, grassland conservation and animal husbandry development.

The selected area, Moeller Town is located in the southeast of Qilian County, covering

an area of 2,968 square kilometers, including 6 administrative villages and 27 animal

husbandry cooperatives. The total land area of the town is 5,740,200 mu (a unit of

area, 1 mu = 0.0667 hectares), accounting for 24.3% of the whole county area. There

are 3,940,400 mu of grassland (available for grassland is 3,498,500 mu, and the

utilization rate is 88.67%). It belongs to mountain meadow grassland and is an

excellent natural pasture. The area is characterized by typical continental plateau

climate. The annual sunshine hour is 2,800 hours, the annual solar radiation 139

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kcal/cm2, the average annual temperature is -1.290, and the annual precipitation 370

mm---mainly happening in July and August. The town owns 263,000 hectares of

available grassland, accounting for 89.5% of the total selected grassland area. The

grassland mainly is alpine meadow grassland dominated by small and short Artemisia

grass which is short in height but high in quality.

2.1 Occurrence and control status of natural grassland diseases

2.1.1 Occurrence of disease in natural grassland

The natural grassland serves as pastoral area's most important natural resource

and herdsmen depend on it to earn production and living materials for their livehood.

However, in recent years, the grassland vegetation coverage sees yearly decline. The

trouble of grassland degradation, severer desert encroachment and wetland loss has

been posing unprecedented desertification challenge to grassland. Herbage diseases

have become one of the main factors causing grassland degradation. The disease

directly affects herbage yield and quality, leaving the herbage with low quality as the

crude protein, fat and soluble sugar decrease, while the crude fiber, tannin and phenol

content increases, thus herbage's palatability and digestibility decline significantly.

Severe herbage diseases can reduce forage yield by 15 to 50%. Some disease-affected

grass and its seeds may produce harmful substances to humans and animals. For

example, ergot in herbage of gramineae grass family can produce alkaloids, which can

cause both human and animal premature birth, abortion, muscle spasm, limb necrosis

and other diseases. Some diseases will generate more female hormones such as

coumarins and flavonoids in leguminous herbage such as alfalfa and sweet clover,

which will cause inhibition of female animals' ovulation and conception.

Forage disease is one of the main reasons that hinder the development of animal

husbandry, which leads to the decline of forage product quality, the decrease of yield

and the huge economic loss. The reach and damage of pasture diseases in China are

growing. Among them, herbage diseases in gramineae and cyperaceae grass family

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have grown into disaster of enormous damage. Herbage diseases impede the

development of modern animal husbandry, and its threat to grassland has raised

concerns. It is now urgent for plant protectors to figure out its distribution and the

degree of damage, then deliver effective control efforts. Therefore, in order to solve

the actual problems in animal husbandry production and speed up the development of

animal husbandry, it is necessary to carry out basic investigations of biological

resources and research on pathogenic bacteria on the basis of conscientiously

summarizing past achievements. The research work has to be closely related to

production practice, from both basic theory and practical application, providing

scientific evidence for future herbage diseases prevention and control.

The main forage diseases in the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province are: (1)

Leaf spot fungi, which can be identified by the culture characteristics and

morphological characteristics of the main pathogens. Brown spot, also known as

Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the earliest reported, most widely distributed and most

harmful grassland diseases. The pathogen of brown spot mainly infects the leaves,

leaf sheaths and stems of plants, and can cause leaf rot, leaf sheath corruption, stem

base rot and whole plant death when it is serious. The pathogen of brown spot is

Rhizoctonia solani, which is a common soil-borne fungus, belonging to the subgenus

Rhizoctonia. This kind of fungus is found in almost all the soils of the world. (2)

Obligate parasites (biotrophic parasite) such as rust, smut, powdery mildew and

downy mildew, which can be identified through microscopic examination of

pathogens, observing the morphology of various spores of pathogens, the types of

host plants and disease symptoms. Mainly are: Puccinia hieracii, Puccinia de

vivipari, Puccinia sileris, Puccinia calcitrapae, Puccinia brachypodii, Puccinia

Berkekey, Puccinia Calthicola hieraci, Puccinia Saussureae Thtimen. Ustilago

hordei, Ustilago nuda, Ustilago striiformis, Anthracoidea achnatheri, Thecaphora

trailii, etc.

2.1.2 Prevention and control situation

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At present, Mole Town in the project area is cold, and the disease occurrence is

not serious. Once the forage disease occurs, biological control measures combined

with chemical control methods are mainly used for prevention and treatment.

Biological control refers to the use of beneficial microorganisms in nature, and the

various activities and behaviors of the pathogenic microorganisms are inhibited,

thereby reducing the incidence of grassland diseases or slowing down the rate of

occurrence, so as to reduce the severity of pasture rickets. The most successful current

conservation of forage grass is the use of spore bacteria. The study found that

Trichodenma harzianum strain has good control effect on various fungal diseases. The

application of granules and aerosols of Trichoderma harzianum can play a better role

in the prevention and treatment of brown spot and rot disease in grassland. However,

the biocontrol bacteria used won’t completely inhibit the growth of pathogenic

bacteria. When the disease occurs more seriously and spreads more rapidly, it is

necessary to use chemical agents together to achieve good control effect. The

chemical can be selected from 3% Jinggangmycin water, which is a bio-type

fungicide. It belongs to the WHO U-class low toxicity grade and is safe for humans

and animals and does not pollute the environment.

2.2 Situation of pests in natural grassland

The town of Moler in Qilian County is a grassland caterpillar-prone and

frequent-producing area, mainly distributed in the winter and spring meadows of the

villages such as Lao Rigen, Wagiri Village and Caishitu Village. The occurrence of

grassland pests has a direct relationship with temperature and humidity. The

interannual variation of temperature and humidity directly affects the quantity and

development of insect pests. Winter snowfall and spring precipitation are beneficial to

the hatching of eggs. Sudden temperature rise and continuous drought are conducive

to the growth and development of pests. Under suitable conditions, it is very easy to

cause large and dense insect pests.

The biological characteristics of grassland caterpillars are as follows: grassland

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caterpillar is a kind of animal that belongs to Lymantriidae, with differently shaped

adult male and female ones. A male moth is 7-9mm in length, black in color, growing

fine yellow hair on its back, with a small head, well-developed fronts, rear wings, and

three pairs of feet. A female moth is 8-14mm in length, 5-9mm in width and black in

color, with a longer, round, flat body, a much smaller head. Its three pairs of feet are

black, shorter, non-walkable, and its fronts and rear wings are degraded and non-

flyable. It can only use the body to crawl. Grassland caterpillars grow a generation

every year. The first-instar worms (in female cocoon) overwinter under the grass roots

or in the soil cracks. The Qilian caterpillar area began its activities in the middle and

late April of the following year. In the early May and mid-May, caterpillars are active

in larger area. After five times of peeling (a total of six instars), they make cocoons

and pupate in the late July, under pasture leaves, cow dung, stones or in the bush

branches. They begin to feather in mid-August, but the females still stay in the

cocoons after feathering. Only males fly out of the cocoons to seek mates. The

females lay eggs in cocoons in the middle and late August. In mid-September, the new

first-instar larvae hatch in cocoons, feeding not on herbage but only their egg shells.

Soon after, they hide themselves in grass, cow dung or beneath stones to overwinter,

and when it gets warm next year, they go out.

2.2.1 Pest occurrence

The grassland caterpillar disaster is serious, with an area of 600,000 mu,

including 300,000 mu of serious damage. Due to the harm of grassland caterpillars, it

poses a great threat to the grassland ecological environment and animal husbandry

production. According to the survey, the damage area of grassland caterpillars in the

project area is 600,000 mu, and the average insect population density is 10.3

heads/m2. The main distribution areas are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Grassland caterpillar damage in the selected area of Moler Town

Township

(town), village

Affected Damage area Average Minimum Maximum

pest density (

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area

(10000

mu)

(10000 mu)pest density

( /mu)

pest density

( /mu)/mu)

Vaji

Village 20 12 12 8 19

Caishitu

Village13 8 10 7 15

Laorigen

Village15 10 9 7 13

Calculated by 1.5g of eclipse per day and 90 days of annual herbivore per

hundred grassland caterpillars, 10.3 (head/m2) × 600,000 (mu) × 667 (m2) ÷ 100 (per

hundred heads) × 1.5 (g/ Day) × 90 (days) ÷ 1000 (g) = 5.55 million kg. That is, the

loss of pasture is 5.55 million kilograms, or 5,550 tons. The value of the grass is about

500 yuan per ton, resulting in a direct economic loss of about 2.775 million yuan. It

has brought great harm to the grassland ecological environment and animal husbandry

production, causing serious economic losses.

2.2.2 Prevention methods:

2.2.2.1 Agricultural control technology

The grassland no-tillage reseeding improvement is carried out. On the degraded

alpine meadow, the grassland no-tillage planter is used to work, and during the soil

thawing period before the spring rainy season, the loose soil is ditched, planted,

covered and repressed, and the fine pasture is replenished. Minimize damage to native

vegetation in degraded meadows. The perennial grasses of grass species in the Qilian

Mountains were selected for sowing in the natural grass group. The combination of

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grass species recommended Elymus nutans, Qinghai Chinese fescue, and Qinghai

grass bluegrass 1:1:1. In the year of re-broadcasting, the grazing ban, from the second

year onwards, when the pastures returned to green, the grazing banned from late April

to early June.

2.2.2.2 Biological control technology application

The biological control measures mainly use the grassland caterpillar nuclear

polyhedrosis virus (GrNPV) which belongs to the U class low toxicity grade of the

WHO pesticide classification standard, which is safe for humans and animals and

does not pollute the environment. The standard for controlling grassland caterpillars is

that the density of insects is 30 heads per square meter, a dose of 50-60 grams, adding

10 kilograms of water, adjusting to a suspension, and spraying; The prevention and

control time is from mid-July to early August, and it is good at 8-11 am and 3-6 pm. It

can be applied on sunny, cloudy and light rain days.

2.2.2.3 Chemical control technology application

Using 1.2% nicotine and matrine as insecticides, it belongs to the U class low

toxicity grade of WHO pesticide classification standard, which is safe for humans and

animals and does not pollute the environment. Spraying in hazardous areas by means

of suspended wind-spreading long-range sprayers, motorized sprayers, knapsack hand

sprayers, etc. The preparation ratio of venom is 20g per mu, and the amount of water

added is determined according to the amount of spray of the sprayer. The venom

requirement is used as needed.

The suitable time for prevention and control is from mid-June to mid-July, and

the terrain is gentle and suitable for large-scale mechanical operation during the

prevention and control. It is operated by a large suspended wind-driven long-range

sprayer. Mountain areas that are not suitable for large-scale mechanical operations are

controlled by manual motorized sprayers and backpack-type manual sprays. When

applying the medicine, the interval between each two application personnel is

required to be 5~8m, the nozzle is 1m away from the ground, and every 20~30 people

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is a group, which is lined up and sprayed synchronously. When the wind is greater

than 5m/s, it will stop operation. If it rains within 24 hours after spraying, it must be

re-sprayed. Forbidden animal husbandry for 15 days after spraying.

2.3 Situation of rodent occurrence and control of the natural

grassland

2.3.1 Situation of rodent occurrence

The main rats attacking the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province are plateau

pika and plateau zokor, damaging an area of 34.349 million mu. Rat attack not only

destroys the grassland vegetation and grassland ecological environment, but also

reduces grassland's capacity of feeding stocks and its economic benefits, which

seriously restricts the development of animal husbandry economy in Qilian County.

As surveyed, in the selected area, plateau pikas attack an area of 2.3 million mu in

Moeller Town's five villages, Caishitu, Laorigen, Hailang, Duolong and Zhasha,

causing damage in a total area of 1.9 million mu where averagely one square

hectometer has 278 occupied lairs. The affected area of plateau zokor in the five

villages of Wajiyu, Caishitu, Laorigen, Duolong and Zhasha covers a total area of

500,000 mu, of which 450,000 mu is damaged where averagely one square

hectometer has 210 occupied lairs.

Characteristics of plateau pika and plateau zokor as follows:

(1) Characteristics of plateau pika

The plateau pika, also known as the black-lipped pika, is a specie of mammal in

the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is a small non-hibernating herbivorous mammal.

Without tails, the round-shaped animals are taupe. Plateau pikas are unique to the

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. They are large in number and inhabit the plateau's hillsides of

loose soil and the river valleys. As considered as the culprit responsible for grassland

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degradation, it has always been a target of killing.

(2) Characteristics of plateau zokor

The plateau zokor is a genus of rodents in the family Spalacidae. Their body are

fat and round, lips are short, eyes are small, tails are short, and limbs are also short

and thick. The adult coat themselves with gray- and brown-colored fur from head to

tail, fur in abdomen is darker gray, and fur of babies and semi-adults are blue-gray or

dark gray. Plateau zokors usually live in lightless, closed lairs without hibernation.

They mainly feed on roots of plants and breed 1 time per year, 1 to 6 babies per litter.

They live mainly in alpine meadows and meadow-turned grassland, grassland-turned

meadows, alpine shrubs, plateau farmland, barren slopes and other relatively humid

places of river bank terraces, mountain basins, bottomland and hillsides. They are

only native to China.

The average grassland yield in the rodent-hazardous area is only about 2000

kg/hm2, or 133 kg/mu. In the hazardous area, the vegetation coverage is only 55-65%,

the ratio of fine pasture is reduced, the poisonous grass is breeding, and the quality of

the grassland is degraded, resulting in degradation of natural grassland. The grassland

production in the rodent control area is about 4000 kg/hm2, which is 266 kg/mu. The

amount of grass in the harm zone of the rodent was reduced by 2000 kg/hm2, or 133

kg/mu. It is estimated that the area of rodent damage in Qilian Mountain area of

Qinghai Province is 1.9 million mu, and the loss of pasture (fresh grass) caused by

rodent damage is 252,700 tons per year. The value of grass per ton is about 500 yuan,

which is a direct economic loss of about 126 million yuan. Grassland rodent damage

has brought great harm to grassland ecological environment and animal husbandry

production, causing serious economic losses and restricting the development of local

animal husbandry.

2.3.2 Prevention methods:

2.3.2.1 Agricultural control technology

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The grassland no-tillage reseeding improvement is carried out. On the degraded

alpine meadow, the grassland no-tillage planter is used to work, and during the soil

thawing period before the spring rainy season, the loose soil is ditched, planted,

covered and repressed, and the fine pasture is replenished. Minimize damage to native

vegetation in degraded meadows. The perennial grasses of grass species in the Qilian

Mountains were selected for sowing in the natural grass group. The combination of

grass species recommended Elymus nutans, Qinghai Chinese fescue, and Qinghai

grass bluegrass 1:1:1. In the year of re-broadcasting, the grazing ban, from the second

year onwards, when the pastures returned to green, the grazing banned from late April

to early June. The forage grows vigorously and vigorously, and the rodents are

reduced accordingly.

2.3.2.2 Physical and mechanical control technology

It can be controlled by bow and arrow hunting. When the arrow is thrown, the

bow and arrow must be placed on the straight hole, the hole must be cut, and the

ground at the top of the hole should be leveled. The bow is about 15cm away from the

hole. The arrow should not be exposed to the hole. After the arrow is shot, it should be

in the center of the tunnel. It must extend 100m in the border area, so as not to leave a

dead corner and flatten all the mounds. In order to ensure the control effect, the

project was carried out by the volunteer organization that employs the mouse-trapping

experience.

2.3.2.3 Chemical control technology application

When the rats are harmed and the physical and mechanical control is difficult to

eliminate the rodent damage, the hole feeding method can be used for chemical

control. In this project, the recommended pesticides for plateau pikas are D-type bio-

poisonous toxin which classed U low toxicity grades belonging to the WHO pesticide

classification standard. It is safe for humans and animals and does not pollute the

environment. 10 to 15 poison baits are placed in each hole, and the poison bait is

placed at 7 to 10 cm from the hole, and the rate of hole casting is over 90%. When

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feeding the bait, it is required that the interval between each two bait personnel is 2 m,

every 20~30 people is a group, one word is arranged, the bait is carried out

simultaneously, and a special person is used to signal the flag. In case of special

weather such as strong winds and snowfall, the poison control bait must be applied.

Extend 50 to 100m in the border area.

2.4 Situation of disease, pests and rats in artificial grassland

The disease, pest and rodent damage in artificial grassland mainly refers to the

occurrence of grassland diseases and insect pests in artificial forage grass and forage

varieties. In terms of grass species selection, Qinghai adopted the introduction and

screening test of pasture, and formulated the technical regulations for introduction of

pasture in alpine pastoral area. Based on the experimental research results and the

current status of grass seed industrialization, it is recommended to recommend

Elymus nutans, T. chinensis, and the same De Laomang, Qinghai Chinese Fescue,

Tongde Kochia, Qinghai coldgrass and Qinghai meadow bluegrass are the preferred

grass species for large-scale application in black soil beach management. The

perennial grasses of the excellent forage grasses suitable for the growth of the Qilian

Mountains in this project are Elymus nutans, Qinghai Chinese Fescue and Qinghai

Grass. The recommended forage varieties such as Qingyin 1 oats and Qingyin 2 oats,

Qinghai 444 and other early-maturing oat varieties, and leguminous fine pasture

arrow peas.

2.4.1 Occurrence and control of diseases

The occurrence of grassland pests and diseases of artificially planted forages and

forage species is similar to the natural grassland pests and diseases. The main diseases

are brown spot, powdery mildew and smut, et al. Due to the cold climate in the local

area, the incidence is not serious. For sporadic diseases, artificial removal of diseased

plants and spraying of Trichoderma harzianum biologics for biological control. The T.

harzianum biological preparation belongs to the U class low toxicity grade of the

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WHO pesticide classification standard.

2.4.2 Occurrence and control of pests

Grassland caterpillars that are planted with forage and forage species are

relatively severe. The control method is similar to the natural grassland caterpillar

control method. The grassland caterpillar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (GrNPV) can be

used for biological control, or the chemical control can be carried out with low

toxicity and safe 1.2% nicotine and matrine, and sprayed in the hazardous area by a

motorized sprayer or a knapsack manual sprayer. The GrNPV and 1.2% nicotine and

matrine belong to the U class low toxicity grade of the WHO pesticide classification

standard.

2.4.3 Occurrence and control of rodent damage

Grassland moles and plateau pikas that are planted with forage and forage

species are relatively severe. The control method is similar to the natural grass pest

control method. Mainly using the physical and mechanical control measures of bow

and arrow hunting and the hole feeding method for chemical control, the use of

pesticides is a safe and low-toxic type D meat poison Which belongs to the U-class

low toxicity grade of the WHO pesticide classification standard. It is safe for humans

and animals.

3. China's Policy Standards for Pests and Diseases Management

3.1 Integrated pests management

Integrated pests management (IPM), based on the overall situation of agricultural

production and the whole agro-ecological system, gives priority to preventive

measures, and makes full use of natural factors to establish disadvantageous

conditions for pests and diseases, and coordinates various necessary preventive and

control measures to curb pests and diseases economically, safely and effectively, so as

to achieve stable high yields. The fundamental idea of IPM is to make use of

measures such as agricultural control, biological control, physical control and

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chemical control while maximizing nature's self-balancing capacity, aiming to

establish a disadvantageous ecosystem for pests, so as to push forward the sustainable

development of agriculture and animal husbandry. At the National Plant Protection

Work Conference in 1975, China formulated the guidelines of pests prevention and

control work---“prevention goes first in comprehensive prevention and control”. In

April 2006, the Ministry of Agriculture put forward the concept of “public effort for

plant protection in a green way”, further strengthening the guiding ideology of

continuous nuisanceless control of pests, thus raising China's pests prevention and

control work to a higher level. The lessons drawn from past decades renew our

acknowledgement of pesticides, and teach us to put more emphasis on maintaining

environmental and ecological balance and to use the chemical control as the last

option for comprehensive management of pests and diseases. Comprehensive methods

are needed to enable pests prevention and control work to meet the requirements of

“economy, society and ecology”. The state and local governments have issued and

implemented a series of laws, rules, standards, measures, regulations, and guidelines.

The implementation of these laws and regulations has further promoted and applied

the Integrated Pests Management (IPM).

1) Law of the People's Republic of China on the Quality and Safety of

Agricultural Products (No. 49 of the President of the People's Republic of China, the

Twenty-First Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's

Congress of the People's Republic of China on April 29, 2006 Passed, effective as of

November 1, 2006). This Law is enacted to ensure the quality and safety of

agricultural products, safeguard public health, and promote the development of

agriculture and rural economy. The term "agricultural products" as used in this Law

refers to primary products derived from agriculture, that is, plants, animals,

microorganisms and their products obtained in agricultural activities.

2) Regulations on Pesticide Management of the People's Republic of China

(promulgated by the State Council, implemented on May 8, 1997, revised on

November 29, 2001). The regulations are designed to strengthen the supervision and

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management of the production, operation and use of pesticides, ensure the quality of

pesticides, protect agriculture, forestry production and ecological environment, as

well as maintain the safety of humans and animals.

3) Implementation Measures for Pesticide Management Regulations (released by

the Ministry of Agriculture on April 27, 1999, revised and implemented on January 8,

2008). The implementation method is to ensure the implementation of the Regulations

on the Administration of Pesticides (hereinafter referred to as the “Regulations”),

strengthen the supervision and management of the registration, management and use

of pesticides, promote the technological progress of the pesticide industry, ensure the

stable development of agricultural production, protect the ecological environment and

ensure the safety of humans and animals, according to the relevant provisions of the

"Regulations".

4 ） The Ministry of Agriculture together with the General Administration of

Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine issued the Measures for the

Management of Pollution-free Agricultural Products in 2002. The management

method is formulated to strengthen the management of pollution-free agricultural

products, safeguard consumer rights, improve the quality of agricultural products,

protect the agricultural ecological environment, and promote the sustainable

development of agriculture.

5) The Phytosanitary Regulations (promulgated by the State Council on January

3, 1983, revised and released in accordance with the “Decision of the State Council on

the Amendment of the Plant Quarantine Regulations” on May 13, 1992) these

regulations are formulated to prevent the spread of dangerous transmitted diseases,

insects and weeds that harm plants and to protect the safety of agricultural and

forestry production.

6) Premier Li Keqiang signed a State Council order to announce the newly

revised "Pesticide Management Regulations", which will come into force on June 1,

2017. The use of pesticides is directly related to the quality and safety of agricultural

products and the ecological environment. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen

16

pesticide management. The newly revised “Pesticide Management Regulations” is an

important administrative regulation in China's agricultural sector. The introduction of

the regulations will further strengthen the management of pesticides, and provide a

solid and powerful law to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products and

promote the construction of modern agriculture with resource conservation and

environmental friendliness，provide a solid and strong legal basis.

The Pesticide Management Regulations strictly control the important barriers for

the registration, production and operation of pesticides. It canceled the relatively low

temporary registration of the threshold, and clearly stated that the pesticides produced

and exported to China should be applied for registration; the pesticide production

license system was improved, and the production behaviors such as raw material

procurement, product quality control, and commissioned processing and packaging

were clearly defined. Pesticide manufacturers are responsible for the safety and

effectiveness of the pesticides produced. The production enterprises are required to

strengthen the quality management, strictly follow the product quality standards, and

implement the traceable electronic information code management, so that the whole

process of production can be checked and the quality can be controlled. The

regulations also stipulate the implementation of pesticide business licenses and

restrictions on the use of pesticides in the designated operating system, requiring

pesticide operators to purchase pesticides from legal channels, establish purchase and

sales ledgers, and forbid processing or disposing of pesticides. Once a pesticide is

found to be serious harm or greater risk, the pesticide manufacturer and operator

should recall it in time.

The "Regulations" clearly stipulate that the pesticide users should rationally

apply pesticides according to the scope, methods and dosages marked on the pesticide

labels, and harvest agricultural products at the safe intervals marked by labels. It is

forbidden to use highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides in the production of

vegetables, fruits, tea, fungi and Chinese herbal medicines. Agricultural product

17

manufacturing enterprises, farmers' professional cooperatives and specialized pest

and disease prevention service organizations shall establish records of the pesticide

use. The agricultural sector and related research and teaching units shall provide

technical training and technical services to pesticide users. Pesticides users should

protect the environment and beneficial organisms and rare species. The state gradually

reduced the amount of chemical pesticides by promoting biological control, physical

control and advanced application equipment.

7) Relevant national standards:

a) Standard for the safe use of pesticides GB4285-84;

b) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (1) GB/T8321.1;

c) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (2) GB/T8321.2;

d) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (3) GB/T8321.3;

e) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (4) GB/T8321.4;

f) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (5) GB/T8321.5;

g) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (6) GB/T8321.6;

h) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (7) GB/T8321.7;

i) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides (8) GB/T8321.8;

j) Guidelines for the use of green food pesticides NY/T393-2000;

k) Maximum residue limit of pesticides in food GB2763-2012;

l) Anti-virus procedures for the storage, transportation and use of pesticides GB

12475-2006;

3.2 Pests Prevention and Control

After the implementation of the household contract responsibility system in the

countryside in 1981, the pest control system with more than 20 years history was

dissolved, and the prevention and control of pests and diseases was changed from the

unified prevention and control of the social team to the prevention and control of

scattered sprays by farmers. However, in 1983, the No. 1 Document of the Central

Committee of the Communist Party of China-"Several Issues in Current Rural

Economic Policy" clearly stated that "the social team based on household

management must follow the principle of mutual benefit and meet the requirements of 18

the members in accordance with the principle of mutual benefit. The things that are

unified, such as machine farming, water conservancy, plant protection, epidemic

prevention, seed production, breeding, etc., should be arranged in a unified manner,

unified management, contracting, establishing systems, and serving farmers.”

The“plant protection” mentioned here,“coordinating arrangements, Unified

management, contracting and establishing systems respectively have the prototype of

professional prevention and control. Subsequently, on May 23, 1983, the National

Economic Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries,

the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Chemical

Industry, the Ministry of Machinery Industry, and the Agricultural Bank of China

jointly issued the Joint Notice on Actively Supporting the Development of Plant

Protection Companies. The term "professional prevention" is mentioned. This joint

notice provides a detailed introduction to the organizational form, organizational

development, economic benefits, social benefits, and support policies of professional

prevention and control. Under the government's advocacy and support, specialized

prevention and control organizations have achieved great development in the 1980s.

To fit the modern agricultural development and to improve the systematization

and scale of pest control, the No. 1 Document of the CPC Central Committee in 2008

proposed to “initially establish a specialized prevention and control team to further

comprehensively prevent and control major plant pests and diseases”. This document

marked the initial exploration of specialized prevention and control work. Two years

later, the No. 1 Document of the CPC Central Committee in 2010 clearly stated that

“vigorously promote the specialized comprehensive prevention and control of crop

pests and diseases” which indicated higher requirements for specialized prevention

and control work.

The Agriculture Office under the Ministry of Agriculture issued the No. 31

Document of Agriculture [2010] (Notice on Printing and Distributing “the 2010

Demonstration Work Plan for Specialized Comprehensive Prevention and Control of

Crop Pests and Diseases”), which proposed to follow the Scientific Outlook on

Development in carrying out “prevention goes first in comprehensive prevention and

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control” and "public effort for plant protection in a green way", under the orderly

principle of government-supporting, market-manipulating, farmers-participating, with

an aim to enhance efficiency, reducing costs, minimizing pesticides usage and

ensuring production. Intensive projects, integration efforts, optimized technologies,

innovative services, and standardized management serve as the sally points to

vigorously develop specialized service organizations for pests and diseases,

continuously expand service fields and service ranges, strive to improve the quality

and standard of pests prevention and control, and comprehensively improve the

prevention and control capabilities of major pests and diseases.

4 Integrated Pests Management Plan

4.1 Objectives

(1) Integrating and demonstrating IPM technologies;

(2) Improving farmers' awareness and ability to use IPM knowledge;

(3) Qualifying farmers to reasonably use pesticides and establish a specialized

prevention and control team.

4.2 Key tasks

(1) Carefully monitoring and evaluating pests and diseases in the selected area,

precisely forecasting and reporting the information of pests, accurately judging the

information on pests and diseases, and guiding farmers to comprehensively,

reasonably and effectively perform integrated pests prevention and control task.

(2) According to the actual agricultural production in the project area, during the

project implementation, the prevention and control of agricultural technical measures

(Grassland no-tillage reseeding improvement), biological control (Trichoderma

harzianum fungicides control disease, nuclear polyhedrosis virus control grassland

caterpillar. It belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO pesticide

classification standard.), physical and mechanical control (Bow and arrow hunting

and killing rodents), chemical control (Using 1.2% nicotine and matrine to control

20

grassland caterpillars and D-type bio-bolus toxins to control Rodent. It belongs to the

U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO pesticide classification standard) and

integrated pest and disease control of grassland pests and diseases will be carried out

to control the degree of pests and diseases and reduce the harm of pests and diseases

to grassland and animal husbandry. Actively promote the application of integrated

pest management techniques and specialized prevention and control.

(3) Demonstrating and promoting new types of high-efficiency pesticides and

new technologies in the selected area. For the control of grassland caterpillars in this

project, the recommended pesticides are: 1.2% nicotine and matrine insecticides,

composition of 0.7% nicotine and 1.5% matrine, and the chemical components are

C10H14N2 and C15H24N2O, which are extracted from the alkaloid in plant, awhite

powder, and the commonly used agent is 1.2% nicotine/matrine emulsifiable

concentrate. Safe for animals and fish. It belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade

according to WHO pesticide classification standard.

In this project, the recommended pesticides for plateau pikas are: D-type bio-

poisonous toxin. The D-type bio-poisonous toxin has been registered in Chinese

Pesticide Information Network, named as D-type Clostridium botulinum toxin, is a

rodenticide, which is divided into two types: water agent and concentrated bait.

Commonly used products are formulated into 0.1 ~ 0.2% bait, and the bait is 35 ~ 50

g. Type D biobotulinum toxin belongs to biological pesticides and is used as a

rodenticide. It is a low-toxic pesticide and is especially safe for cattle and sheep. It

belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO pesticide classification

standard. (4) Appealing socialized services for specialized preventive plants

protection in the selected area while following the principle of “prevention goes first

in comprehensive prevention and control”. Approving service organizations that are

lawful and boast professional technology for plant protection to do the work and

encouraging them to adopt advanced equipment and technology to deal with grassland

pests and diseases prevention and control work in a safe, effective and comprehensive

manner.

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4.3 Agency for performing tasks

4.3.1 Managerial organization

Figure 1 Diagram of pests and diseases management organization

4.3.2 Organizational structure and responsibilities

The National Project Management Office hires national and local experts to set

up a plant protection expert consultation team.

The national expert group is mainly responsible for: formulating pest

management plans and technical solutions for pesticides cut, guiding project

construction units of cities and counties to implement pests and diseases prevention

and control plans, helping arrange activities of visiting and learning, engaging in

international projects of pests and diseases management plan, writing field operation

instruction manuals and doing other work related to the project.

The Local Expert Group is mainly responsible for: assisting in formulating

technical solutions for pesticides cut, providing technical support for pests and

diseases management plans, and participating in the training of project personnel.

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Task-performing Units at County Level: Municipal and county-level plant

protection stations are responsible for organizing specific implementation. County-

level agricultural technology promotion centers are responsible for technical training

for township (town) technicians and adopting effective methods and measures to

ensure the implementation of local pests and diseases management plans.

The Township (Town) Agricultural Technology Promotion Stations are

responsible for assisting the professional personnel of the national expert group to

complete the monitoring and investigation of local diseases, insect pests and weeds,

and assisting the national project office to provide technical guidance and training to

farmers in the project area.

Agricultural Cooperatives and Farmers' Associations: performing the tasks of

preventing and controlling local crop pests and diseases.

4.4 Implementation content

4.4.1 Pest monitoring and evaluation

Monitoring and evaluation of diseases and pests shall be carried out in the selected

area. The forecast for information of harmful organisms shall be strengthened.

Relevant information of pests shall be accurately diagnosed and obtained. Farmers

shall be guided to carry out comprehensive management and unifying control of pests

in a timely, reasonable and effective manner.

4.4.2 Agricultural control and physical control technology application

The prevention and control of agricultural technical measures is to grasp the key

points in the process of planting and managing grassland and in the complex

relationship between pests, pasture plants and environmental conditions, and

purposefully improve the cultivation and management measures to create adverse

effects on the development of pests. It is a method of directly or indirectly destroying

23

or inhibiting the harm of a pest. In this project, the grassland no-tillage reseeding

improvement is carried out. On the degraded alpine meadow, the grassland no-tillage

planter is used to work, and during the soil thawing period before the spring rainy

season, the loose soil is ditched, planted, covered and repressed, and the fine pasture

is replenished. Minimize damage to native vegetation in degraded meadows. Physical

and mechanical control is the use of various physical factors, mechanical equipment

to control pests.

In this project, the method of bow and arrow hunting is mainly used to control

grassland rats. When the arrow is thrown, the bow and arrow must be placed on the

straight hole, the hole must be cut, and the ground at the top of the hole should be

leveled. The bow is about 15 cm away from the hole. The arrow should not be

exposed to the hole. After the arrow is shot, it should be in the center of the tunnel. It

must extend 100 m in the border area, so as not to leave a dead corner and flatten all

the mounds. In order to ensure the control effect, the project was carried out by the

volunteer organization that employs the mouse-trapping experience.

4.4.3 Application of Biological Control Technology

Biological control is a method of using beneficial organisms or biological

metabolites to control grassland pests. Its advantages are safety to human, animals and

plants, and low environmental pollution. In this project, the biological preparations of

spore bacterium and Trichoderma harzianum (It belongs to the U-class low toxicity

grade according to WHO pesticide classification standard) are used for prevention and

control of the possible pasture diseases, and it is safe for humans, animals and plants,

and has no pollution to the environment. The grassland caterpillar nuclear

polyhedrosis virus (It belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO

pesticide classification standard) is used to control grassland caterpillars, which is safe

for humans and animals and does not pollute the environment.

4.4.4 Application of Chemical Control Technology

For the control of grassland caterpillars in this project, the recommended

24

pesticides are: 1.2% nicotine and matrine insecticides, composition of 0.7% nicotine

and 1.5% matrine, and the chemical components are C10H14N2 and C15H24N2O, which

are extracted from the alkaloid in plant, a white powder, and the commonly used agent

is 1.2% nicotine/matrine emulsifiable concentrate. Safe for animals and fish. It

belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO pesticide classification

standard. In this project, the recommended pesticides for plateau pikas are: D-type

bio-poisonous toxin. The D-type bio-poisonous toxin has been registered in Chinese

Pesticide Information Network, named as D-type Clostridium botulinum toxin, is a

rodenticide, which is divided into two types: water agent and concentrated bait.

Commonly used products are formulated into 0.1 ~ 0.2% bait, and the bait is 35 ~ 50

g. Type D biobotulinum toxin belongs to biological pesticides and is used as a

rodenticide. It is a low-toxic pesticide and is especially safe for cattle and sheep. It

belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade according to WHO pesticide classification

standard.

4.4.5 Integrated management of pests and diseases and unified defense technology

Integrated pest management is a strategy of disease, pest and weed management.

From the perspective of the whole ecosystem , and based on the interrelationship

between pests and the environment, coordinately apply various measures such as

physical, biological and chemical controls to keep pests development below the

permitted level of economic loss, by the role of natural control factors in the

ecosystem. Prevention is only carried out when the harm of the pest may cause

economic loss, that is, a certain number of germs or pests are allowed, as long as their

population is insufficient to reach the level of economic harm.

Carry out special protection of plant protection in the project area, implement

social protection services for plant protection, follow the policy of “prevention first,

comprehensive prevention” in the project area, and use legal equipment and

technology to provide legal services to the grassland. Pests and diseases are

implemented in a safe and efficient unified prevention and treatment.

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5 Use and Management of Pesticides in the Project Area

5.1 Recommended pesticides in the project area

During the implementation of the project, the use of pesticides is combined with

agricultural, physical and biological measures, and their use must follow the

principles of economy, safety and effectiveness. Select and use pesticides according to

the following criteria:

1) Harmless to human health;

2) High biological activity against control targets;

3) Less impact on non-control targets and the environment;

4) Do not reuse the same drug so that the drug resistance of pests can be avoided;

5) It is a high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-residue or residue-free biopesticide.

The pesticides planned to be purchased and used in this project are to comply with

the World Bank's reference to the WHO Recommendations for Classification of

Pesticides Based on Hazard and Classification Guidelines (Geneva, WHO, 2009).

This project only recommends the use of U and III pesticides, and will not procure

prohibited use, no registration, and WHO Class I and II pesticides.

Pesticide toxicity classification：

The toxicity classification of pesticide products determines the scope of use of

pesticide products， the production and sales of pesticide and the degree of attention

of users., thus affecting their safety. The classification criteria for pesticide hazards

recommended by the World Health Organization were adopted at the World Health

26

Legislative Assembly in 1975. The hazards of pesticide products were classified

mainly based on the acute oral and percutaneous LD50 values of pesticides.

Table 2 World Health Organization's pesticide hazard grading standards

Toxicity level Level symbol LD50 rat oral

(mg/kg)

LD50 Rat

percutaneous

(mg/kg)

Ia Very toxic <5 <50

Ib High toxicity 5-50 50-200

II Middle toxicity 50-2000 200-2000

III Low toxicity >2000 >2000

U

No acute toxicity

≥5000

Note: The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard，2009

For the pasture diseases that may occur in natural grassland and artificial

grassland in this project, it is recommended to use the biological preparations of spore

bacterium and Trichoderma harzianum (both U class low toxicity grades of WHO

pesticide classification standard) for prevention and control, safe for humans, animals

and plants and friendly for envirenment. In the project to control grassland

caterpillars, biological control measures are recommended to use the biological agent

grassland caterpillar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (U class low toxicity grade belonging

to the WHO pesticide classification standard) to control grassland caterpillars, safe for

humans and animals, and not pollute the environment.

In addition, the recommended pesticides for chemical control measures are: 1.2%

nicotine and matrine are insecticides, the composition is 0.7% nicotine and 1.5%

matrine, and the chemical components are C10H14N2 and C15H24N2O, which are

extracted from the alkaloid in the plant is pure white powder, and the commonly used

agent is 1.2% nicotine/matrine emulsifiable concentrate. Safe for animals and fish. It

belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade. In this project, the recommended pesticides

for plateau pikas are: D-type bio-poisonous toxin. The D-type bio-poisonous toxin is

27

registered in the Chinese Pesticide Information Network as the D-type Clostridium

botulinum toxin, and the pesticide category is rodenticide, which is divided into two

types: water agent and concentrated bait. Commonly used products are formulated

into 0.1-0.2% bait, and the bait is 35-50g. Type D biobotulinum toxin belongs to

biological pesticides and is used as a rodenticide. It is a low-toxic pesticide and is

especially safe for cattle and sheep. It belongs to the U-class low toxicity grade.

It is recommended to strengthen the safety protection measures when applying

the medicine, pay attention to the following points: (1) choose the medicine without

wind or breeze, it is not suitable for spraying when it is windy, rainy or rainy, so as to

avoid the loss of medicine and rain washing, reduce the efficacy. (2) The application

time is generally around 10 am and 4 pm. It is not suitable for application under

strong sunlight or high temperature. (3) The application personnel should wear

protective clothing, use the application equipment correctly, and pay attention to the

safe storage and transportation of the medicine. (4) Place a warning sign in the area

where the medicine has been applied to prevent other people and livestock from

entering the area.

5.2 Rational use of pesticides

The rational use of pesticides is based on a comprehensive understanding and

scientific analysis of pesticide properties, dosage forms, biological characteristics of

prevention and protection objects, and environmental conditions. It is realized by

selecting appropriate pesticide varieties, dosage forms, dose, and determining

reasonable application methods and periods.

5.2.1 Select the right pesticides

Accurately identify the types of pests and diseases, and select the most

economical, effective and safe pesticide varieties and dosage forms according to the

key targets of prevention and control, so as to scientifically use drugs and choose the

right agent based on symptoms. The control effect of the same pesticide species can

28

be obviously different due to different dosage forms. Generally speaking, emulsifiable

concentrate is the best, wettable powder is the second, and powder is the worst.

5.2.2 Use pesticides at appropriate times

In the key control period, the pest and disease damages should be controlled

before causing economic losses by applying pesticide according to the control index.

In general, the prevention and control of pests should be carried out in the young

larval stage. Prevention and treatment of diseases should follow the principle of

protection first and treatment second.

5.2.3 Use appropriate amount of pesticides

On the premise of ensuring the prevention and control effect, low dose should be

selected as far as possible for prevention and control within the effective dose range

of the pesticide. The application times shall be determined according to the

occurrence period, occurrence amount of the pests and diseases and effective period

of the pesticides, so as to effectively control the pest and disease damages without

causing pesticide hazard and polluting the environment.

5.2.4 Appropriate application

First of all, different application methods should be adopted according to the

formulation of pesticide. Generally, emulsion and wettable powder are mainly sprayed

and poured. Dust powder is mainly by dusting. Granules are mainly by broadcast or

groove fertilization. Systemic strong pesticides can be applied by dusting, spraying,

pouring and smearing. In addition, different application methods are selected,

according to the location of the disease, the activity rhythm of pests and different

pesticide formulations.

29

5.2.5 Alternative application

Pesticides with the same action mechanism should be avoided in continuous and

repeated use, for pests can develop drug resistance, thus reducing the control effect.

Instead, alternative application should be adopted to delay and overcome the drug

resistance and improve the service life of pesticide. Systemic fungicide is extremely

susceptible to drug resistance and should be alternatively used with protective

fungicide. Since organophosphorus pesticides, pyrethroid pesticides, carbamate

pesticides and organic nitrogen pesticides differ in mechanism of action, alternative

use of them is effective in killing insects.

5.2.6 Mixture application

The occurrence of crop pests and diseases is often caused by multiple pests or

diseases at the same time or at a certain stage of growth. Reasonable mixture

application can achieve treatment with increased efficacy. However, pesticides should

not be mixed randomly. Generally, agents unstable in alkaline substances cannot be

mixed with alkaline substances, especially when the mixing can produce such

chemical reactions as flocculation, precipitation, stratification.

5.2.7 Application according to weather

Pesticides are generally applied in windless or breezy days, and are not suitable

for application in windy and rainy days or when it is going to rain, for wind and rain

can cause liquid loss, thus reducing efficacy. Within a certain temperature range, the

drug effect increases as the temperature rises. Whether the pesticide is applied in open

field or protected cultivation, the application time should generally be controlled at

about 10: 00 a.m. and 4: 00 p.m. Pesticide injury increases when pesticide is applied

in such conditions as strong sunlight or high temperature.

30

5.2.8 Safe application

In accordance with the national regulations on pesticide management, the use of

highly toxic pesticides is controlled, pesticides with high residues and "triple effects"

(carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity) are banned, and the regulations on

safe use of pesticides and safety intervals for crops are implemented, so as to ensure

safe use of pesticides, avoid environmental pollution and prevent human and animal

poisoning.

5.3 Recommended technologies and equipment for pesticide

application

Pest control shall be carried out with pesticide application equipment

conforming to FAO’s, ISO’s or China's national standards. Manual sprayers include

China-made WS-16P, WS-16, WS-20, Malaysia-made PB-16 and Spain-made

MATABI series. Power-operated knapsack sprayers include 3WFB-18AC, 3WF-2.6;

Power-operated jet sprayers include WSJ-36A, 3WZ-34, and so on. In addition to the

conventional pesticide spraying equipment mentioned above, there are also other

application technologies widely used in pest control.

5.3.1 Boom sprayers

Boom sprayer is an efficient equipment for the prevention and control of pest

diseases and weeds in large-scale planting plots. Its main function is to spray

insecticide and foliar fertilizer, which can be used for the prevention and control of

crop and forage grass diseases and for soil treatment before sowing. Wide-width boom

sprayer possesses good mechanical properties. It meets the demands of modern

agricultural production, as it ensures high degree of medicament atomization, saves

water, oil, and medicament and is safe to use with high efficiency and convenient

31

operation. As this equipment becomes widely applied, it will play a vital role in

promoting the unified control of crop diseases. The successful demonstration of

efficient plant protection equipment can provide momentum for agricultural and

animal husbandry industries, for the productions can be standardized, mechanized and

modernized in large scale.

5.3.2 Electrostatic spray technology

Electrostatic spray technology is able to spray droplets charged by a high-

voltage electrostatic generator, in a way to increase the amount of liquid pesticide

deposited on the surface of plant leaves. This technology can increase the pesticide

efficiency to 90%. Electrostatic spray technology uses high-voltage static electricity to

establish an electrostatic field between the nozzle and the spray target. After the

pesticide liquid flows through the nozzle and is atomized, it is charged by different

charging methods to form group charged droplets. Then under the combined action of

electrostatic field force and other external forces, the droplets make directional

movement and are adsorbed on various parts of the target. In this way, good

performances are achieved such as high deposition efficiency, less droplet loss, and

improvement of ecological environment. Electrostatic sprayers include China-made

"Mistystar" electrostatic prayers and US-made ESS electrostatic sprayers.

5.3.3 ULV and Low volume spray technology

ULV spray is a new technology vigorously promoted in plant protection in

recent years. Only 330mL or less of emulsion pesticide needs to be sprayed per mu

(0.0667 hectares). Due to the small droplet diameter, the spraying is both labor and

time saving, and there is no need for water. So it is especially suitable for

mountainous areas and water-deficient areas. For low-volume spray (i.e. mist

spraying), the diameter of mist particles is smaller than that of constant spray but

larger than that of ULV spray. A large number of research results have proved that

low-volume spray, compared with high-volume spray, can save labor and pesticide,

32

improve pest control effect, and make more ecological, economic and social benefits.

5.3.4 UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) low-attitude pesticide application technology

Aerial spray features as an important prevention and control technology for the

area that suffers from large scale of diseases and pests. Its working efficiency can

reach 200 hectares per hour. Especially for large-scale outbreaks of diseases and pests,

aerial spray stands out as a timely and effective method of application. Moreover,

UAV low-attitude pesticide application is a new technology that meets the demand of

modern agricultural industry and plant protection. Compared to the traditional

spraying methods, UAV has high efficiency, lower cost, and also highly spray

uniformity. Manual spraying of pesticides can only spray about 1 mu of land per hour

per person. This labor intensive spraying cannot apply for intensive crop farming.

UAV spraying can save 50% of pesticide use and 90% water consumption. This low

cost spraying has high working efficiency, which is 5 times that of ground machinery

and over 60 times that of conventional manual spraying.

5.3.5 Drift reduction technology

The drift and sedimentation loss of the droplets are unavoidable in the spraying

process, and the pesticide waste caused by drift and sedimentation can reach 70% to

80% of the application amount. It is common in foreign countries to install drifting

nozzles on sprayers to reduce the pesticide loss caused by the drift of droplets. There

are fewer droplets with medium and small diameters in the nozzles, which can reduce

the drift loss of droplets by 33% ~ 60%. In addition, spray shields attached to the

spray bar on the sprayer can reduce the interference of natural wind on droplets

effectively. There are two types of spray shields: mechanical and pneumatic. Tests

have shown that the use of spray shields can reduce drift loss of conventional spray

bars by 65% ~ 81%.

33

5.4 Pesticide waste disposal

There are two main types of pesticide wastes that have the greatest impact on the

agricultural environment in agricultural production. One is pesticide waste liquid

(remaining liquid or container rinse) produced during spraying application, and the

other is pesticide packaging (packing bottles or bags). The packaging of remaining

pesticides are discarded in the field, and the pesticides are diluted and released in case

of rain or watering: the pesticide in the package scattered in the river will pollute

waters after being diluted. Pesticide wastes is a main source of agricultural diffused

pollution. Pesticide waste liquid and pesticide packaging including glass bottles, metal

cans, metal barrels, plastic containers, paper packaging and recycling should receive

centralized harmless treatment.

The disposal of pesticide waste liquid can be strictly controlled during using

pesticides, including the principle of using pesticide of appropriate amount to reduce

the amount of pesticide waste liquid. Pesticide distributors recycle the pesticide

packaging and give bonuses to farmers who actively recycle pesticide packaging.

6. Project Monitoring and Evaluation

During the implementation of the project, on-site monitoring and benefit

evaluation shall be carried out on the implementation of the integrated pest

management plan, the use mode of pesticides. After the implementation, the quality

and yield of crops, the dynamic impact of major pests and natural enemies shall also

be monitored and evaluated.

6.1 Implementation of the monitoring plan

Monitoring should be carried out in all villages and towns where implement the

34

project by municipal and district (county) agro-tech extension and service center,

project office panels and growers. Once pests and diseases are found, they must be

reported and dealt with in a timely manner. The members of the project office panels

should help establish appropriate monitoring systems and sampling procedures as

early as possible, and provide training for the implementation and analysis of the

monitoring system.

6.2 Monitoring point settings

According to the condition of pests and diseases in the demonstration villages

and towns of the project, the following monitoring points shall be set up in the

project: (1) disease monitoring points, with emphasis on monitoring the types, area,

severity of diseases and control measures. (2) Pest monitoring points, with emphasis

on the types, area, severity of occurrence and control measures. (3) Monitoring points

for rat damage, with emphasis on the occurrence, area, severity of rat damage and

control measures.

Monitoring objects: 10 demonstration households and 4 control households (5

demonstration households with natural grassland, 5 demonstration households with

artificial grassland, 2 control households with natural grassland and 2 control

households with artificial grassland, for a total of 14 households) .The average

grassland area per household is about 1 mu.

Monitoring period: 1 monitoring per year, for a total of 5 times.

Monitoring content: the condition of diseases, pests and rats in natural grassland

and artificial grassland of demonstration households; the condition of diseases, pests

and rats in natural grassland and artificial grassland of control households.

Monitoring method: 5 points per household for sampling of diseases, pests and

rats. A total of 70 sampling points.

Significance of the monitoring: through monitoring and early warning of

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diseases, pests and rats in natural grassland and artificial grassland, one can timely

know the condition and regularity of local diseases, pests and rats, select fast and

effective prevention measures, thus timely preventing the spread of diseases, pests and

rats, and ensuring the healthy and sustainable development of pastoral areas.

6.3 Monitoring content

The monitoring of the occurrence of pests and diseases of natural grassland and

artificial grassland in the project area mainly includes:

1) Monitoring the diseases species, occurrence area, severity and control effect of

natural grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.

2) Monitoring the pests species, occurrence area, severity and control effect of natural

grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.

3) Monitoring of the Rodent occurrence, occurrence area, severity and control effect

of rodents in natural grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.

6.4 Content of inspection

1) Check the registration of pesticides in using;

2) Right use of pesticides;

3) Implementation of the monitoring plan;

4) Problems arising during the implementation of the pest and disease management

plan.

6.5 Monitoring and inspection plan

1) Pest management and monitoring: farmers and all levels of project offices shall

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cooperate to report and deal with pests and diseases in a timely manner;

2) Inspection plan: project offices at all levels shall be responsible for the inspection

at ordinary times, and Plant Protection and Plant Inspection Stations shall be

responsible for inspection and prevention during the peak period of pests and

diseases;

3) Responsibility: Plant Protection and Planting Inspection Stations at all levels are

responsible for guiding and training staff to implement the pest and disease

management plan and are also responsible for inspecting and monitoring the

implementation of the plan; Plant Protection and Planting Inspection Stations at all

levels and project implementers are liable and responsible for the timely discovery

and report of pests, and the implementation of the pest and disease management plan;

4) Required Professional Technology: Plant Protection and Plant Inspection Stations

at all levels provide plant protection experts and the pest and disease management

plan and methods.

5) Budget: The pest and disease management of the project shall be included in the

daily management of the project offices at all levels, and the required funds shall be

included in the monitoring and evaluation budget.

6.6 Assessment content and submitting reports

1) Monitoring the diseases species, occurrence area, severity and control effect of

natural grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.

2) Monitoring the pests species, occurrence area, severity and control effect of natural

grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.

3) Monitoring of the Rodent occurrence, occurrence area, severity and control effect

of rodents in natural grassland and artificial grassland in the project area.

4) Submit a comprehensive assessment report on pest and disease investigation and

monitoring before December 31 of each year, one in both Chinese and English. The

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content includes the area of pests and diseases, the assessment of the degree of

damage; the evaluation of pest control effects after the implementation of the pest

management plan and the impact assessment of natural enemies; the evaluation of

new pesticides, new technology demonstration effects and the impact on the

population of natural enemies.

5) Submit the mid-term progress report as required, one each in both Chinese and

English. The content includes a comprehensive progress report on monitoring and

evaluation of pests and diseases in the middle of project implementation.

6) Submit the final summary report as required, one in both Chinese and English. The

content includes a comprehensive summary report on the monitoring and evaluation

of pests and diseases at the end of the project implementation.

7. Pest Management Training Program

7.1 Training objectives

Farmers are the main body of project implementation. Farmers' training is an

important part of pest and disease management. Through training, IPM knowledge

and plant protection skills of trained farmers will be enhanced, and their sense of

ownership in protecting the environment and participating in IPM activities will be

enhanced.

Annual objectives and tasks of project area training:

Farmers' professional technical training: 200 person/year;

Farmers' universal training: 1,000 person/year;

7.2 Training methods

The training includes professional technical training for farmers and universal

training for farmers. Agricultural professional technical training, organized and

implemented by the national expert group. The main training is agricultural

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technology demonstration model science and technology demonstration households,

agricultural technicians, etc., and the national expert group organizes the writing of

training materials; the general training of farmers is organized and implemented by

the county-level implementation units: the main training and demonstration areas of

farmers and radiation drive neighboring farmers. The national expert group organizes

experts and county-level implementation units to jointly write training materials.

Pest management training activities should do the following:

First, do a good job in the centralized training of agricultural technicians, and

adopt various forms such as centralized teaching by experts and professors, and

questions and answers from experts to improve the comprehensive quality and

demonstration driving ability of agricultural technicians.

Second, each farmer accompanied the demonstration to drive 20 farmer model

households, and through the form of technical demonstration and technical

consultation, give full play to the role of demonstration and lead to improve the

management level of IPM.

The third is to take experts and technicians into the village to give lectures at the

scene, print technical materials and use radio, television stations, newspapers and

other forms to increase the training of farmers to ensure the quality of training.

7.3 Training plan and content

(1) Integrated pest management

(2) Identification, occurrence and prevention methods of common pests and

diseases

(3) Modern pest and disease monitoring technology and prevention methods

(4) Common agricultural control, physical control, biological control and other

technologies

(5) Reasonable use of chemical control technology

The training work plan and contents are detailed in Table 3.

Table 3 Training Work Schedule

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Pest monitoring and management technology training and services

Activities Specific activity content Activity output

1). Preparation of agricultural technicians and farmers training materials

1) Preparation of training materials for pest and disease monitoring;2) Prepare commonly used plant protection technology training materials;3) Compilation of training materials for good agricultural practices;

1) Completion of 3 training materials;2) Complete 3 training materials and revisions;

2). Organize agricultural technicians and farmers training activities

1) Preparation of training materials for pest and disease monitoring;2) Prepare commonly used plant protection technology training materials;3) Compilation of training materials for good agricultural practices;

1) 1,000 copies of training materials;2) Training 200 agricultural technicians;3) Training 2,000 farmers;

3). Pest and disease database, poster production

1) Database, information reporting and release system for pests and diseases in the project area;2) Production of common pest and disease maps;3) Pest management technology poster production;

1) Establish a database of pests and diseases in the project area, information reporting and release system;2) Make 500 copies of common pest and disease maps;3) 500 copies of pest and disease management technology posters.

8. Public participation

8.1 The purpose and role of public participation

Public participation is a two-way exchange between the project construction unit

and the evaluation unit and the public at the location of the construction project.

Through public investigation of the surrounding areas of the project, the project can

be fully informed by the public, and the public's suggestions on the environmental 40

protection work of the project construction and requirements. Since public

participation is conducive to the project to maximize the environmental and economic

benefits, help the public to understand the project content in detail. Therefore, by

solving the focus problems of public attention, the project planning and design can be

further improved and rationalized, so that the construction project can minimize the

impact on the local environment and gain more understanding and support from the

local people. At the same time, the implementation of public participation in the

process of environmental impact assessment can improve the effectiveness of

evaluation, raise public awareness of environmental protection, promote the

improvement of environmental impact assessment system, improve environmental

quality, and ensure the implementation of sustainable development strategies. Public

participation is an indispensable part of the project evaluation. It is required to fully

consider the opinions, suggestions and requirements of the groups, community

members and local non-governmental organizations (NGO) of the proposed project in

the project construction.

8.2 Public participation methods and content

(1) Project feasibility study preparation stage

In the project feasibility study preparation stage, the first public participation was

carried out, and the experts and the local department heads of the symposium and the

field survey of the farmer representatives in the project area were widely adopted. The

symposium will be introduced by the project office and expert group of the Ministry

of Agriculture to the project area to introduce the main implementation contents of the

project to the responsible persons of relevant departments of the local government and

answer the principles of the specific content, allocation and use of funds in the

project. The leaders of the project area very much welcome the project establishment

and implementation. The responsible persons of relevant departments have expressed

their active cooperation with the material preparation and implementation of the

project design. The symposium mainly talked about the feasibility of the project

implementation content and solicited suggestions from relevant departments. The

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relevant departments mainly consulted on the use of funds. The experts introduced the

principles of the use of the Bank's funds, and entrusted the project area to arrange for

the project area and the materials needed for feasibility study in the project area to be

collected and organized. The environmental assessment and social evaluation experts

held discussions with the village heads and village representatives in the project area.

The village heads and village representatives in the project area actively participated

in the discussion. In addition to the main labor force, some women and the elderly

actively participated. Actually understand the problems and related needs in the

production practices of local farmers and herdsmen. After the experts introduced the

implementation content of the project, the villagers said that this is a good thing, and

they expressed their willingness to participate in the project.

The time, places and personnel of public participation are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Summary of public participation forms

Date Place The

form

of

Public

partici

pation

Participants submit

questions

solutions

2018.7.13 Xining

Agriculture

and Animal

Husbandry

forum Expert group, leader of the

Agriculture and Animal

Husbandry

Grassland

caterpillars and

rodents have

serious

problems, lack

of control

personnel, lack

of protective

articles, lack of

technical

The relevant departments

concerned will focus on solving

grassland caterpillars and rodent

problems, increase prevention and

control personnel and protective

articles, and strengthen technical

training. For the control of

grassland caterpillars, biological

control measures are

recommended to use biological

2018.7.14 Qilian

County

Government

forum Expert group, county

government leaders and

related staff

2018.7.14 Arou

Township,

Qilian

Site

investi

gation

Member of the expert

group, village secretary,

Qingyanggou Village,

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County Baishiya Village herdsmen personnel and

related training.

agents, grassland caterpillar

nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The

recommended pesticides for

chemical control measures are:

1.2% nicotine and matrine are

insecticides. For the prevention

and control of plateau pika, the

recommended pesticide is: D-type

bio-poisonous toxin. The

recommended agents are all Class

U low toxicity grades of the WHO

pesticide classification standard.

2018.7.15 Ye Niugou

Township,

Qilian

County

Site

investi

gation

Expert group and farmers in

Dalang Village and Daquan

Village, the “black soil

beach” management

personnel in Salon Beach

2018.7.16 Moller

Town,

Qilian

County

Site

investi

gation

Members of the expert

group, town government

staff, village secretary, Kash

beach management

personnel, villagers in

Wagiri Village and Caishitu

Village

(2) Project feasibility study stage

In the project feasibility study stage, two forms of public participation were

conducted.

Field Farmer Survey: The project team conducted a field survey in Moler, Qinghai

Province on July 13-25, 2018, and November 19-24, 2018.

Visiting Survey: In the first four months of 2019, Moler Town investigated the

farmers in the project area according to the requirements of the experts. On May 9-11,

2019, a survey of farmers in the project area was conducted. The survey contents are

summarized in Table 5.

Table 5 Summary of survey contents

village Society(a)

Group(a)

Herder(household)

cooperative(a)

Cooperative

pastoral (househol

d)

Pastoral opinion

solutions

Wave 6 29 408 - - The

grassland is

seriously

It is recommended

to carry out no-

tillage remediation Duolong 4 16 260 1 44Variga 4 20 216 - -

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degraded;

the

caterpillar

and rodent

problems

are serious;

the

protective

materials

and

professional

technicians

are lacking.

improvement;

formulate pest and

disease monitoring

and management

plans, use

recommended

biological and

chemical control

measures to

strengthen pest

control; and

strengthen

technical training.

Caishitu 4 16 193 - -Laorigen 5 25 265 1 42Zhasha 4 10 165 - -Total 27 116 1507 2 86

(3) Project publicity

Project area publicity: May 14-22, 2019, the project will be posted in the town of

Mole, Qinghai Province.

The villages to be implemented in the Moerle Town Project in Qilian County, Qinghai

Province: Zhasha Village, Caishitu Village, Duolong Village, Laorigen Village,

Wariga Village, and Hailang Village. The public photos are as follows:

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Zhasha Village

Caishitu Village

Wariga Village Duolong Village

Laorigen Village Hailang Village

9. Budget

The implementation of diseases and pest management plan includes monitoring,

assessment of diseases and pest and the pesticide use and Pest Management Training

Program, with a total budget of 171100 USD. The detailed budget sees Table 6.

Table 6 Budget table

ActivitiesActivity content

Budget (USD)

GEFSupporting fund

Budget details

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Monitoring and assessment of the pests and diseases

Monitoring and assessment of diseases, pests and rodent damage

76800 0

Monitoring and assessment of diseases, pests and rodent damage: 76,800. Specifically includes: travel expenses: 900 USD/time/person * 2 people * 1 time / year * 5 years = 9000; labor costs: 60 USD/time/person/day * 4 people * 4 days * 5 times =4800; relevant material costs: 500 USD/time/household*5 times*14 households=35000; relevant testing costs: 400 USD/time/household*5 times*14 Household = 28000.

Monitoring and assessment of pesticide use

11800 0

Monitoring and assessment of pesticide use: 11800 Specifically includes: labor costs: 60 USD/time/person/day * 4 people * 4 days * 5 times = 4800; relevant materials costs: 100 USD / time / household * 5 times * 14 households =7000.

Monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of integrated diseases and pests management

Monitoring and assessment of demonstration of new pesticides and new technologies;

39800 0

Monitoring and assessment of demonstration of new pesticides and new technologies: 39800. Specifically includes: labor costs: 60 USD / time / person / day * 4 people * 4 days * 5 times = 4800; relevant materials costs: 300 USD/ time / household * 5 times * 14 households = 21000; relevant testing costs: 200 USD/time/household * 5 times * 14 households=14000.

The cost of training agricultural technicians and farmers

Training agricultural technicians and farmers

40000 0 The cost of preparing and printing training materials and training agricultural technicians and farmers is USD 40,000.Specifically: expert lecture fee: 500 USD / time / person / day * 2 people * 1 day *

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3 times = 3000yuan; expert travel expenses: 900 US dollars / time / person * 2 people * 1 time / year * 3 years = 5400yuan; material preparation costs: 1000 USD / volume * 3 volumes = 3000yuan; material printing costs: 5.72 USD / book * 5000 books = 28600yuan

Other

Travel expenses for meetings involving project researches, mid-term progress, and final reports

2700 0

Travel expenses for meetings involving project research, mid-term progress, and final reports: 2700 Specifically includes: travel expenses for participating in relevant conferences: 900 USD/time/person*1 person*3 times=2700

Total 171100

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