Pea

Plant Protection Measures

A. Major Diseases:-

1. Pea wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi)

· Plants appear stunted and may become discoloured before shriveling and dying.

· Wilt is a soil-borne disease which can occur in any pea growing area.

· It is generally confined to fields with a very long history of peas and may occur in patches or individual plants.

· It can cause substantial reductions in yield, but is effectively controlled by genetic resistance.

Control-

· Treat the seed with 2.5 g of Ceresan or Carbendazim(Bavistin) per kg of seed before sowing.

· Avoid early sowing in badly affected areas.

2. Downy mildew (Peronospora viciae)

· Individual or small groups of plants appear stunted or pale.

· Gray velvety fungal growth develops on the underside of leaves.

· This disease produces resting spores, which persist in the soil and initiate primary infections in young pea plants.

· Secondary infections develop in cool, damp conditions.

· Pods develop yellow patches on the surface and a cottony growth on the inner pod wall.

3. Botrytis, or grey mould (Botrytis cinerea)

· Botrytis produces brown, watery rot with a grey furry mould.

· This can affect stems and pods during wet weather.

· It is initiated when petals stick to plant parts after pod set.

4. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi)

· Powdery mildew is characterized by irregular areas of powdery white fungal growth on the upper leaf surface and pods.

· The disease can delay maturity.

· The disease can adversely affect the flavour of processed peas.

Control-

· Avoid late planting.

· Burn plant residues after harvest.

· 2-3 sprays of any of wettable sulphurs like sulphex, elosal etc. @3kg/ha in 1000 litres of water. 1st spray after the appearance of the disease in the field, 2nd after 14 days, and 3rd only if there is its need.

· Grow resistant varieties like-Rachna, Pant Pea-5, Malviya-15 etc.

B. Insect Pest.

1. Aphids:-

· They suck the cell sap of younger parts , The leaves of attacked plants turn pale dry.

Control:-

· Grow resistant/tolerant varieties.

· Spray phosphomedon(0.03%) or dimethoate (0.03%) at 15 days interval.

2. Pod borer:-

· The young caterpillars start to feed on the surface of the pods, bore in to them and feed on the seeds. They make the pods unfit for consumption.

Control:-

Spray Malathion (0.1%)at regular intervals.

3. Leaf minor:-

· Larvae feed by making tunnels in the leaves. The attack is serious during December – march.

Control:-

· Grow resistant varieties.

· Spray phosphomedon (0.03%).

4. Stem fly:-

· Fully grown larvae attack on the stem just above the ground level. The infected stem swells, cracks and turn brownish. The insect attack on the early sown crop.

Control

· Treat the seed with Bavistin @1g/kg before sowing

· Sowing should be done in second forthnight of October to avoid the attack.

· Apply 8kg Phorate 10gm or 25 kg Carbofuran 3G per hectare in the furrow at the time of sowing

· Spray Dimethoate (0.03%) or Monocrophus (0.04%).

Varieties

Early Maturing varieties of Pea

· Alderman: suitable for freezing.

· Arkel: early wrinkled seeded variety introduced from England. It was tested by IARI.

· Asauji: This was a selection from the material. Collected from Amritsar area made by IARI, New Delhi

· Bonneville: wrinkled seeded variety introduced from US.

· Early badger: dwarf early wrinkled seeded variety evolved at Wisconsin.Resistant to Fusarial wilt.

· Hisar harit:-developed by crossing Bonneville x p-23 followed by bulk pedigree method.

· Matar Ageti-6:-Pods 12-15cm long and borne single or in cluster of two pods .each pods contains 6 grain

· Jawahar matar-4:- developed from cross between T-19 x title Marvel followed by selection.

· Jawahar Matar-3:- It is product of T-19 and early Badger. This variety give the first green pod yield in 50 days

· Jawahar pea-54:-It is double cross of (Arkel x jm-5) x (46c x jp -501). It is an Arkel type variety with sickle –shaped big pods each enclosing 8-10 sweet green ovules.

· Pant Matar-2:- Bred from the cross of early Badger x pant Uphar followed by pedigree method.

· Pant sabzi Matar-3:-Developed from a cross between Arkel x GC-141 followed by pedigree method

Mid-Season varieties of Pea

These are high yielding capable of giving 3 green pickings. The first picking can be taken after 90 days and the subsequent two at interval of 15 days.

· Boneville:- The plant type is dwarf attaining s height of 60-70 cm . The pods are big having 8 to 9 green sweet ovules bigger in size.The yield is about 100 q/ha. The variety is being grown in large Areas.

· Jawahar Matar -1:-This variety was developed from a cross of T-19 and Greater Progress. This variety has big Pods with a notch at the base

· Jawahar Matar-2:- This variety was developed by crossing two exotic lines Greater Progress andRussian-2

· Jawahar Pea-83:- It has big curved Pod with 8-10 green sweet big ovules in each Pod

· Jawahar Matar-71:- Bred through double hybridization . Pods are medium sized (7 cm ) and6-7 grains per pod

· Pant Uphar(IP-3):- The pods are about 8 cm long and The Plant height is 75-80 cm Long it has yield potential of 110-120 q per hectare

· P-88:- IT is developed from the cross Single pusa-2 x Morrasis 55. The plants are 75-85 cm tall. The number of seed per pod is range from 7 to 8. The mature seed are wrinkled and bold. High susceptible to powdery mildew.

Edible podded variety (snow pea or sugar pea or snap pea)

Whole pods of this type can be eaten as the pod walls contain less fibre and high sugar.

· Sylvia:- It is an introduced variety from Sweden. Plants are tall; first blossom appears at 14th to 16th node after 60 days of sowing. Pods are borne singly, yeelowish in colour, long (12 cm) and curved without parchment type pericarp. Pods are sweet and have general appearance of a medium sized French bean pod.

· UN-53:- Developed at IIHR which gives 8-9 t pod yield per hectare in a crop duration of 90 days.

Varieties Released from BHU

· Malviya Matar-15 (HUDP-15):- which is a dual purpose variety (for green pod and dhal).

· Malviya Matar-2 (HUP-2):- A suitable variety for NEPZ & EZ for Rabi season, maturing in about 120-130 days.

Varieties Proved Beneficial For Purvanchal Areas

· Kashi Uday:- gives production of about 750-900 kg/ha.

· Kashi Nandini:- gives production of about 900-110 kg/ha.

For more details you may follow the link given below-

http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/3992

This advocates about a farmer from Mirzapur district who used these varieties at his farm and became a lakhpati farmer.

Manures and Fertilizers

General recommendations for getting an optimum yield:-

·  15-20 t/ha of well-decomposed FYM is incorporated into the soil.

· (Urea- 15 kg/ha, DAP- 130 kg/ha, MOP-84 kg/ha)N2 @ 20-30 kg/ha

· P2O5 @ 50-60 kg/ha

· K2O @ 50 kg/ha

Full dose of N, P and K is given at the time of sowing. 

Some facts about fertilizers:-

· Higher dose of nitrogen has adverse effect on nodulation fixation.

· The crop gives good response to phosphorus application as it favours nitrogen fixation by increasing nodule formation. It also increases yield and quality of pea.

· Potassic fertilizers also have effect in increasing the yield and nitrogen fixation ability of the plant.

PEA(Pisum sativum)

Pea is a common nutritious leguminous vegetable crop grown in cool season throughout the world. In India it is grown in winter in the planes of Northern India and as an off season crop in summer in the hills. It is used as vegetable, pulse and processed product (pickle, canning, frozen or dehydrated) to increase the availability during off season. Being a legume it fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the roots and increases the soil fertility. The chromosome number (2n) of cultivated pea is 14. Pisum elativus is the ancestor of cultivated pea.

Importance:

Garden pea is rich in digestible protein, vitamin A and C. it is also rich in minerals like calcium, potassium, iron and phosphorus. Fresh green pea is excellent food for human consumption taken as vegetable or in soup large proportion of pea is processed canned, frozen, and dehydrated. The straw of pea is a nutritious fodder. The pea protein is moderately deficient in sulphur containing amino acids methionine and cysteine.

Nutritive value of Pea

Contents

Moisture(G)

Protein(g)

Fat(g)

Fibre(g)

Carbohydrates(g)

Energy(Kcal)

Calcium(mg)

Phosphorus(mg)

Iron(mg)

Carotene(µg)

Thiamine(mg)

Riboflavin(mg)

Vitamin C (mg)

Green

72.9

7.2

0.1

4.0

15.9

93

20

139

1.5

83

0.25

0.01

9

Dry

16.0

19.0

1.1

4.5

56.5

315

75

298

7.05

39

0.47

0.19

0

Area and production:

Pea is commercially cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. In India the area under pea cultivation is 0.27mha and the production is 2.71mt.

Soil:

Pea can be grown on many types of soils from light sandy to clay soils. Highly organic soils are unsuitable for pea as their moisture reserve leads to Excess vegetative growth and poor pod formation. It is very sensitive to saline and alkaline conditions. Most favourable range of pH is between 6 to 7.5

Climate:

Crop grows best in relatively cooler situations seed germination takes Place up to the minimum temperature of 5∙ C. however optimum temperature for seed germination is13- 20∙ C. warm weather seeds up the rate of maturity. Pea is not susceptible to cold but severe frost causes injury to freshly opened Flowers and young pods.

Pods grow best the regions where there is slow transition from cool to warm weather in spring.

Seed rate

If sowing are done in ridges and furrows method, seed rate adopted is 50 to 60 kg/ha. Seed rate also varies with growth habit of varieties for early varieties 100 to 120 kg/ha. Mid late varieties 80 to 90 kg per ha is the general recommendation. Seeds can be sown on flat beds or raised beds either by broadcasting or behind the plough. Seeds are also drilled through pora (Tubes attached to desi plough).

Time of sowing

Pea is grown generally as a Rabi crop. It is sown from the beginning of October to middle of November. In the hills of South India the crop is sown from March to May. In Darjeeling it is sown from June to August.

Irrigation

Crop requires 2 or 3 irrigations. First irrigation is given at 40 DAS, second irrigation at bloom stage 60 DAS.

Method of irrigation:– furrow method

Intercultural Operations

Weed Control:-Keep the field free from weeds up to 35-40 days after sowing by giving two hand weeding at 20 and 35 days after sowing.

The weeds can also be controlled by herbicides like Fluchoralin at 0.75kg/ha as soil incorporation or pedimethalin at 2.0 kg/ ha as pre-emergence spray.

Other Operation like

Staking:- It is an important operation in Pea because plants bears tendrils and have climbing habit. Tall indeterminate varieties require staking to produce better quality pods. To provide staking, erect a wire trellis supported by poles. Plants of 10 to 15 cm height are stacked with sticks by pushing them in to the plants. During pushing the sticks care should be taken that root should not be damaged.

Harvesting

The green and tender pods are harvested before the webbing starts. The early varieties take 45-60days whereas, main –season varieties take 70-100 days to harvest the green pods. The maturity can also be judged with tendrometer. The picking should start as soon as the green ovules are fully developed and pods are still not over mature. Picking should always be done at an interval of 10-25 days. Over mature pods should not harvest to use as green because grain contain low sugar and more of starch and polysaccharides.

Yield:-

Early varieties provide 30-40q and main season varieties 70-80q green pods per hectare. However, the yield depends on variety, climatic conditions and management practices. 30-35 percent shelling is obtained depending upon the type of variety.

Created & Uploaded by:-Vikash Pal

(I.D.-13168)

Reference

· With the help of internet & book

· http://www.pgro.org/index.php/pest-monitoring-services/pests-diseases-peas

· http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bhu-scientists-develop-13-varieties-of-pulses/story-rNxu2YEalgA1oHfpc4gh2M.html

· http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/3992

Page 3