P4 | APUSH | Ms. Wiley | Project + Add-On Analysis, D___ Name:The images in this document, particularly the maps, are difficult to analyze in printed form. It is recommended that you have this document open on your computer/phone as you work so that you can more effectively analyze the visuals.

Market Revolution, North and West

1. In what ways did the market revolution impact the following:

Class Structure Women Families

2. How did the U.S. government support the transportation revolution and western settlement? Why do you think they made these decisions?

Urban Society in the North

3. Why were Americans so hostile to the Irish?

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This infrastructure was as important to the nation as the railroad network of the late 19th century and the interstate highway and

airport transportation systems of the late 20th century.

4. How is nativism reflected in the cartoon below?

Cartoon title: Uncle Sam’s Lodging House | Source: Puck (an American satirical magazine)

Caption below title reads, “Uncle Sam to Irishman: Look here, you, everybody else is quiet and peaceable, and you’re all the time a-kicking up a row!”

The accompanying editorial stated, “the raw Irishman in America is a nuisance, his son a curse. They never assimilate; the second generation simply shows an intensification of all the bad qualities of the first. . . .They are a burden and a misery to this country. . . . The time had come to clear the Irishman from Uncle Sam's lodging house . . .”

5. Speculate as to why black activist Martin Delaney would have asserted during this period that free blacks “are slaves in the midst of freedom.”

6. Why wasn’t the dream of artisan republicanism realized?

7. How successful were unions during this period?

Religion & the Second Great Awakening, origins in the North but spread nation-wide

8. How does the Second Great Awakening (1790s-1830s) compare to the First Great Awakening (1730s-‘40s) in terms of both religion and societal impact? (revisit Period 2)

Differences Similarities

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9. At a time where regional identities were increasingly opposed, how did the Second Great Awakening help to create more of a national, common identity?

10. To what extent was there separation of church and state in state politics up to 1840ish?

Reform Movements, predominately in the North

11. What role did religion play in the reform movements of this era?

12. Which movement achieved the most success in this period? Explain and clarify what “success” looked like (national vs. state, etc.)

13. What do you suspect was the purpose of this 1846 cartoon? Is it effective? Why or why not?

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14. Did abolitionists help or hurt the situation? Was there something they could have done to prevent the escalation in tension between slave and free states?

15. Miscegenation analysis:

There had been a long history of white American revulsion at the thought of black men and white women sleeping together. The moral outrage that the thought of race-mixing raised had its political uses in the defense of slavery. White abolitionists, a majority of whom were women, were often accused by slave owners of joining the movement to gratify their “lust.” One of the great fears of anti-abolitionists was the certainty that if black men were free there would be widespread intermarriage. The resulting mixed race children, called “mulattos,” were seen as a danger to society. Henry Hughes, in his 1854 Treatise on Sociology wrote that “if the white race is superior, their ethnical progress forbids intermixture with an inferior race.” He warned his educated readers that “Impurity of the races is against the law of nature. Mulattoes are monsters.”

Amalgamation Waltz is the first of many cartoons by Edward Clay published in 1839 showing graphically that emancipation of the slaves would lead to the seduction of white women by black men dancing the Amalgamation Waltz.

The sexual union of black man and white woman was expected to produce the “monstrous mulattoes” such as the girl and the baby shown here who have none of the purity of their white mother.

a. What do you suspect was the larger purpose of Clay’s cartoons? Who do you suspect was Clay’s intended audience? What assumptions might be fair to make regarding Clay’s perspective on the abolitionist movement?

While these issues may seem a relic of the distant past, most states had anti-miscegenation laws prohibiting interracial marriage until after World War II. States of the old Confederacy had these laws until 1967, when the Supreme Court ruled them unconstitutional.

b. Does the continuity presented by this visual surprise you? Why or why not?

16. The Declaration of Sentiments (1848) highlights a push for reform that wasn’t resolved for another 72 years (by the 19th Amendment). Does the “failure” of the Seneca Falls Convention to initiate any political change for women indicate that the women involved used an ill-advised strategy? Was there some other alternative to achieving their goals that might have been more successful at the time?

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Southern Society

17. What elements of slave society in the South are reflected in the Curriur and Ives cartoon, titled The Old Plantation Home? Use specific language from the section on pages 8-10. What prediction would you make regarding the race of the cartoonist? How does the cartoon contrast with the two photographs beside it?

18. What were the key differences in the economies of North and South (labor systems, classes, etc.)? (Revisit market revolution and urban society notes)

Utopian Movements, origins in the North but (some) spread west

19. Do you find any of the ideas endorsed by the “utopian” communities of

this era appealing? Why or why not?

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American Literature and Philosophy, predominately in the North yet helped to create an image of national identity

20. Transcendentalist analysis:

Excerpts from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s “Nature,” an 1836 essay that laid the foundation of transcendentalism in America

I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and what he touches. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. . . . If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these envoys of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.

The stars awaken a certain reverence, because though always present, they are inaccessible; but all natural objects make a kindred impression, when the mind is open to their influence. Nature never wears a mean appearance. Neither does the wisest man extort her secret, and lose his curiosity by finding out all her perfection. Nature never became a toy to a wise spirit. The flowers, the animals, the mountains, reflected the wisdom of his best hour, as much as they had delighted the simplicity of his childhood.

When we speak of nature in this manner, we have a distinct but most poetical sense in the mind. We mean the integrity of impression made by manifold natural objects. . . . The charming landscape which I saw this morning, is indubitably made up of some twenty or thirty farms. Miller owns this field, Locke that, and Manning the woodland beyond. But none of them owns the landscape. There is a property in the horizon which no man has but he whose eye can integrate all the parts, that is, the poet. This is the best part of these men's farms, yet to this their warranty-deeds give no title.

To speak truly, few adult persons can see nature. Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing. The sun illuminates only the eye of the man, but shines into the eye and the heart of the child. The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other; who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. His intercourse with heaven and earth, becomes part of his daily food. In the presence of nature, a wild delight runs through the man, in spite of real sorrows. . . . In the woods, is perpetual youth. Within these plantations of God, a decorum and sanctity reign, a perennial festival is dressed, and the guest sees not how he should tire of them in a thousand years. In the woods, we return to reason and faith. There I feel that nothing can befall me in life, — no disgrace, no calamity, . . . which nature cannot repair. Standing on the bare ground, — my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, — all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.

a. How is transcendentalism reflected in this excerpt?

b. Did you like Emerson’s writing/message? Why or why not?

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