1. Find the customer requirements for designing a new car showroom. Show how the design objectives were finalized considering the design constraints?

Objectives – To design a car showroom maintaining a trustworthy, recognized car dealership.

Design Constraints – Glass walls in the car showroom should provide natural lighting and can encourage users to enter the dealership, by offering a glimpse into the showroom itself, from the outside.

The showroom needs to be large enough to accommodate display models

The dealership needs to easily move vehicles in and out of the showroom as floor models are sold to customers

The car showroom should have a good selection of cars, Competitive prices, Knowledgeable staff and Online presence.

Separate spacious and comfortable waiting lounges for sales customers and service customers.

Enough phone lines to handle telephone call volumes, suitable electrical service to power everything in the offices, enough IT & networking capacity to allow high speed and high bandwidth networking capacity, both wired and Wi-Fi, throughout the entire showroom.

All of the factors above add value to customers throughout the car buying experience. In turn, this will lead to dealerships having and retaining a great reputation in the local community.

2. Illustrate the design thinking approach for designing a bag for college students within a limited budget. Describe each stage of the process and the iterative procedure involved. Use hand sketches to support your arguments. A COLLEGE bag as such is a bag that is used to transport different material for COLLEGE - books, exercise books and pen Boxes - on the back

Headphone Port - Keeps devices safe and steady inside the bag so the wearer can listen to music, podcasts or audio books with earbuds. The GSM (Grams per Square Meter) level refers to the weight of the material. The higher the number, the thicker the fabric.

BASIC PARTS- BAG

Padded Adjustable Straps.

Front Pocket.

Side Water Bottle Pocket.

Main Internal Compartment.

Main Compartment Zipper.

Top Grab/Carry handle.

Ventilating Mesh

3. Construct a number of possible designs and then refine them to narrow down to the best design for a drug trolley used in hospitals. Show how the divergent-convergent thinking helps in the process. Provide your rationale for each step by using hand sketches only.

Internal drug carriage External drug carriage

Patient medication trolley

Medicine dispensing Trolley

4. Graphically communicate the design of a thermo flask used to keep hot coffee. Draw the detailed 2D drawings of the same with design detailing, material selection, scale drawings, dimensions, tolerances, etc. Use only hand sketches.

Vacuum flasks are usually made of metal, borosilicate glass, foam or plastic and have their opening stoppered with cork or polyethylene plastic. Vacuum flasks are often used as insulated shipping containers.

A thermos flask can keep liquid hot for long hours of time. It generally contains two walls, an outer and an inner one. These two walls are joined at the neck of the flask. In between the walls, there is a partial vacuum (which essentially means some of the air is taken out of this space). Plastic stopper will reduce heat transfer by conduction and convection.

A partial vacuum minimizes heat loss by conduction and convection, in between the inner and outer walls. Double – walled container can hold vacuum well between the walls. Thus, the fluid held in the flask stays warmer for longer.

The inner wall separates the vacuum and the liquid. The wall material should be one that has a poor thermal conductivity to minimise heat loss.

Materials like metals have a high thermal conductivity. This is why a spoon kept in hot water is hot to touch after a bit. Glass, wood and plastics have poor thermal conductivity.

The inner wall is made of glass to prevent heat loss by conduction. Borosilicate glass is used because it's tougher than normal glass, so it's harder to break. The silvered surface reduce heat transfer by radiation because a shiny/light surface is a poor emitter of radiation and also reflects the heat back into the hot liquid.

5. Describe the role of mathematical modelling in design engineering. Show how mathematics and physics play a role in designing a lifting mechanism to raise 100 kg of weight to a floor at a height of 10 meters in a construction site.

At what rate do you want to lift these 100 kg? Slower the rate, lesser would be the wattage rating.

Let's do a quick calculation here:

power = work/time

work = force x distance

So power = force x distance/time or equivalently,

power = force x speed of lifting (rate)

Force needed to hold 100 kg against gravity = 100*9.8, rounding it up to 1000N.

Let's say the machine lifts it up at a rate of 1 meter per second.

So power needed would be 1000 x 1 = 1kW.

But this is the power needed without frictional and other losses. Fairly assuming that the motor and pulley assembly is 80% efficient, actual power the motor pumps in from the source would be 1000/0.8 = 1.25kW.

This verifies the aforementioned fact that higher the rate with which the weight needs to be lifted, more would be the wattage rating.

Given mass = 100kg, height = 10m,g = 9.8.

We know that Work done W = FD

= > W = (mg)(D)

= > W = (100 * 9.8)(10)

= > W = 9800 Joules.

Given conditions ⇒Mass = 100 kg.

Distance travelled upwards = 10 m.

Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s².

Using the Formula,

Work = Force × displacement.

∴ Work done = 100 × 9.8 × 10 = 9800 Joules

Hence, the Work done to life the mass of 10 kg to a height of 10 m is 9800 J.

• A mathematical model is represented as a functional relationship of the form

Dependent = f independent Variable, variables, forcing parameters, functions

• Dependent variable: Characteristic that usually reflects the state of the system

• Independent variables: Dimensions such as time and space along which the systems behavior is being determined

• Parameters: reflect the system’s properties or composition

• Forcing functions: external influences acting upon the system

6. Show the development of a nature inspired design for a solar powered bus waiting shed beside a highway. Relate between natural and man-made designs. Use hand sketches to support your arguments.

Material: Stainless Steel/Galvanized Steel/Aluminum Frame

Process: Assembly

Condition: New

Light Source: High Brightness LED Light

7. Show the design of a simple sofa and then depict how the design changes when considering 1) aestheticsand 2) ergonomics into consideration. Give hand sketches and explanations to justify the changes in designs.

Aesthetic Sofa – Good art and beauty , aesthetic appeal

Ergonomic Sofa – Imparts good health to human body, body remains fit throughout its usage. Ergonomic sofa is more user-friendly.The ideal seating position

- 90 degree angle of your knees- Feet touching the ground or on a foot stool- Sofa chair with good back support

8. Examine the changes in the design of a foot wear with constraints of 1) productionmethods, 2) life span requirement, 3) reliability issues and 4) environmental factors.

Use hand sketches and give proper rationalization for the changes in design.

An overview of various shoe production methods::

Double-StitchingShoes that are meant to be worn in extremely adverse conditions are made using the double-stitching production method. This method makes shoes remarkably robust and waterproof, in addition to lending them a sturdy look.Double-Stitching

Goodyear WeltingElegant shoes such as the oxford or derby are made using the Goodyear welting production method. Such shoes boast a refined appearance and high durability. Goodyear-welted shoes are also quite easy to repair. This shoe production method has been in use for 400 years.Goodyear Welting

Blake ConstructionOne can recognize Blake-stitched shoes by their soles: the insole is sewn directly to the outsole. Blake-stitched shoes such as loafers don’t have cork bottom fillers or any additional layers of insulation.Blake Construction

VeldtschoenEnglish country and hiking shoes are made using the Veldtschoen shoe production method. The upper is double-stitched onto the midsole. This method produces waterproof shoes that retain their form.Veldtschoen

An overview of broguing types:

BroguesBrogues are shoes that feature subtle to extravagant decorative perforation. When it comes to broguing, it doesn’t matter what type of men’s shoe is used as a base; all of the basic types can feature this kind of decoration.Brogues

Half-BroguesHalf-brogues are distinguished by a subtle pattern of perforations. They embody reserved elegance and pair nicely with suits. Usually they’re made of smooth calfskin.

Half-Brogues

Full BroguesThe Duke of Windsor made them famous; the full brogue, richly adorned with Lyra perforation along the seams, has a sporty feel, and is usually made of scotch grain leather.Full Brogues

Longwing BroguesThe longwing brogue is a variation on the full brogue. Since they feature a wingtip cap that extends to the back of the shoe, longwing brogues go without a heel cap. These shoes always feature open lacing.Longwing Brogues

Design for Reliability is the foot wears designs resistance to climatic conditions or rough usage.

9. Describe the how to estimate the cost of a particular design using ANY of the following:

i) a website, ii) the layout of a plant, iii) the elevation of a building, iv) an electrical or electronic system or device and v) a car. Show how economics will influence the engineering designs. Use hand sketches to support

arguments.

Web Design $12,000 to $150,000 / design

Website Maintenance $400 to $60,000 / year

Website Marketing $2,500 to $12,000 / month

Website Design Services

(Agency, Freelancer, or Website Builder) $0 to $100,000

Website Maintenance Services

(Agency, Freelancer, or Website Builder) $0 to $5,500 / year

Web design cost Annual maintenance cost

Informational or Small Business Website $2,000 - $9,000 $400 - $1,200

Corporate Website $10,000 - $35,000 $2,000 - $15,000

Ecommerce Website $5,000 - $55,000 $15,000 - $30,000

Database Driven Website or Website Application $6,000 - $75,000 $30,000 - $60,000

Costs Associated With Plant Layout:

The costs associated with a decision on plant layout are;

Cost of movement of materials from one work area to another.

The cost of space. Cost of a production delay, if any, which are

indirect costs. Cost of spoilage of materials, if any, when the

materials are stacked or stored in conditions which deteriorate the quality of the material.

The cost of labor dissatisfaction and health risks. Cost of changes required, if the operational

conditions change in the future. This is a long-term cost.

A good layout should minimize all these costs put together.

Fixed Capital Investment: Cost of equipment and facilitiesFCI = (Direct Costs) + (Indirect

Costs)Direct Costs:1. Purchased equipment: Columns, Heat Exchangers, pumps, tanks, etc.2. Equipment Installation3. Piping (includes insulation)4. Instruments and Control5. Electrical Equipment.6. Buildings: Process, Administration, Maintenance shops, etc.7. Site Preparation8. Service Facilities: steam, water, air, fuel, etc. Waste treatment, fire control, offices, etc.9. LandIndirect Costs:1. Engineering and Supervision: Administrative andDesign. Supervision and Inspection.

2. Construction Expenses3. Contractor's fee4. Contingency.5. Start up expensesa) Project Cost Estimation based on Unit CostsExample – 1:Cost of construction of a classroom – US $2000

Total number of classroom planned – 12

Therefore, Cost of primary school building -$24000/-

Example – 2:Cost of one furnished room in a 3-star hotel- Rs. 3 Lakhs

Total number of rooms – 100

Cost of hotel – Rs.3 crore

Cost Estimate for Buildings based on Area of ConstructionExample:

Cost of hospital, fully equipped per square feet of floor area- US $100

Total floor area – 30000 square feet

Cost of hospital – $100 x 30000 = $3000000 = USD 3 Millions

Cost Estimates of Bridges based on Estimated QuantitiesExample:

Cost of a 30m railway B.G. girder bridge (2 panels)- steel work

Steel work weight= 60×2= 120 tonnes

Cost of supply, fabrication and erection per tonne- US $300

Cost of steel work – $300 x 120 = $36000.

Follow these steps for finding the annual energy consumption of a product, as well as the cost to operate it.

1. Estimate the number of hours per day an appliance runs. There are two ways to do this:

- Rough estimateIf you know about how much you use an appliance every day, you can roughly estimate the number of hours it runs. For example, if you know you normally watch about 4 hours of television every day, you can use that number. If you know you run your whole house fan 4 hours every night before shutting it off, you can use that number. To estimate the number of hours that a refrigerator actually operates at its maximum wattage, divide the total time the refrigerator is plugged in by three. Refrigerators, although turned "on" all the time, actually cycle on and off as needed to maintain interior temperatures.

- Keep a logIt may be practical for you to keep a usage log for some appliances. For example, you could record the cooking time each time you use your microwave, work on your computer, watch your television, or leave a light on in a room or outdoors.

2. Find the wattage of the product. There are three ways to find the wattage an appliance uses:

- Stamped on the applianceThe wattage of most appliances is usually stamped on the bottom or back of the appliance, or on its nameplate. The wattage listed is the maximum power drawn by the appliance. Many appliances have a range of settings, so the actual amount of power an appliance may consume depends on the setting being used. For example, a radio set at high volume uses more power than one set at low volume. A fan set at a higher speed uses more power than one set at a lower speed.

- Multiply the appliance ampere usage by the appliance voltage usageIf the wattage is not listed on the appliance, you can still estimate it by finding the electrical current draw (in

amperes) and multiplying that by the voltage used by the appliance. Most appliances in the United States use 120 volts. Larger appliances, such as clothes dryers and electric cooktops, use 240 volts. The amperes might be stamped on the unit in place of the wattage, or listed in the owner’s manual or specification sheet.

- Use online sources to find typical wattages or the wattage of specific products you are considering purchasing.

1.

2. Find the daily energy consumption using the following formula:

(Wattage × Hours Used Per Day) ÷ 1000 = Daily Kilowatt-hour (kWh) consumption

3. Find the annual energy consumption using the following formula:

Daily kWh consumption × number of days used per year = annual energy consumption

4. Find the annual cost to run the appliance using the following formula:

Annual energy consumption × utility rate per kWh = annual cost to run appliance

Examples:

I. Following the steps above, find the annual cost to operate an electric kettle.1. Estimate of time used: The kettle is used several times per day, for about 1 total hour.2. Wattage: The wattage is on the label and is listed at 1500 W.3. Daily energy consumption:

(1,500 W × 1) ÷ 1,000 = 1.5 kWh4. Annual energy consumption: The kettle is used almost every day of the year.1.5 kWh × 365 = 547.5 kWh5. Annual cost: The utility rate is 11 cents per kWh.547.5 kWh × $0.11/kWh = $60.23/yearII. Following the steps above, find the annual cost to operate a paper shredder.1. Estimate of time used: The shredder is used for about 15 minutes per day (0.25 hour).2. Wattage: The wattage is not listed on the label, but the electrical current draw is listed at 3 amperes. 120V × 3A = 360W3. Daily energy consumption:360 W × .25 ÷  1000 = 0.09 kWh4. Annual energy consumption: The shredder is used about once per week (52 days per year).0.09 kWh × 52 = 4.68 kWh5. Annual cost to operate: The utility rate is 11 cents per kWh.4.68 kWh × $0.11/kWh = $0.51/yearEstimate cost of a houseNumber of Floors to be Constructed including Basement*

Parking*

Material SelectionSelect Appropriate Types/Brands of Material for your House ConstructionCement*

Steel*

Bricks*

FinishesSelect Suitable Finishes to give Classy look to your BungalowFlooring*

 Vitrified Tile Flooring Wooden Flooring Marble Flooring

Marble Flooring*

1

Single Car Parking

Economical

Economical

Red Clay Bricks

Windows*

Door*

Electrical Wires, Switches and Sockets*

Painting*

Bathroom Fixtures (per bathroom)*

KitchenGive Fabulous look to your Home made Food FactoryModular Kitchen*

 Yes No

Modular Kitchen*

Counter Top*

Kitchen Sink & Accessories*

Home Automation* Yes No

Home Automation*

Compound wall and Landscaping*

OutputTotal Cost of House Construction

Cost of a Car depends upon its Make, Manufacturing costs, Alloy Wheels, Engine cost, Automation (Fully Automatic / Geared Machine),Vehicle Tax, Accident and Insurance coverage plan and maintenance cost.

@ Rs. 160/Sft

Aluminium 19mm series main frame

Teak Wood Frame & Flush Door Shutters laminate finish ,40 mm

Anchor (Basic Series)

Emulsion Oil Paint

Economy

@ Rs.60,000

Granite @ 150/S.ft

Double sink Bowl with Drainer & Faucets

Video Door Phone

Economical

1 lakh