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BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
POULTRY : SOME IMPORTANT FACTSZoological classification:Kingdom : AnimaliaPhylum : Chordata (with bone)Sub-Phylum : Vertebra (Animal having spinal column)Class : Aves (Feathered, warm blooded vertebrates with 4-chambered heart)Sub-class : Neorniths (without teeth)
Biological data of different poultry species & common terms
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
S.No Species Incubation period (days)
Chromosome number (pairs)
Age at sexual maturity (weeks)
1. Chicken 21 39 18-202. Duck 28 40 28-30
3. Muscovy duck 33-35 40 28-30
4. Goose 28-32 40 28-305. Guinea fowl 27-28 39 28-326. Turkey 28 40 28-307. Quail 17-18 39 6-78. Pigeon 18 39 10-129. Ostrich 42 40 5210 Emu 52-55 40 52
Species Young(0-8 weeks)
Young(9-18 weeks) Adult
Male Castrated
Male Female Male Female
Chicken Chick Cockerel Pullet Cock/Rooster Hen Capon
Duck Duckling Drakelet Ducklet Drake Duck
Turkey Poult Tom Hen
Quail Chick Cock Hen
Guinea fowl Keet Cock Hen
Goose Goosling Gander Goose
Pigeon Squab Pigeon Pigeon
Swan Cygnet Swan Swan
The livestock provides food and non-food items to the people.
1. Food: The livestock provides food items such as Milk, Meat and Eggs for human consumption. India is number one milk producer in the world.
2. Fibre and skins: The livestock also contributes to the production of wool, hair, hides, and pelts. Leather is the most important product which has a very high export potential.
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
3. Draft: Bullocks are the back bone of Indian agriculture. Despite lot of advancements in the use of mechanical power in Indian agricultural operations, the Indian farmer especially in rural areas still depend upon bullocks for various agricultural operations. The bullocks are saving a lot on fuel which is a necessary input for using mechanical power like tractors, combine harvesters etc. Pack animals like camels, horses, donkeys, ponies, mules etc are being extensively used to transport goods in different parts of the country in addition to bullocks. In situations like hilly terrains mules and ponies serve as the only alternative to transport goods. Similarly, the army has to depend upon these animals to transport various items in high areas of high altitude.
4. Dung and other animal waste materials: Dung and other animal wastes serve as very good farm yard manure and the value of it is worth several crores of rupees. In addition it is also used as fuel (bio gas, dung cakes), and for construction as poor man's cement (dung).
5. Storage: Livestock are considered as “moving banks” because of their potentiality to dispose off during emergencies. They serve as capital and in cases of landless agricultural labourers many time it is the only capital resource they possess. Livestock serve as an asset and in case of emergencies they serve as guarantee for availing loans from the local sources such as money lenders in the villages.
6. Weed control: Livestock are also used as Biological control of brush, plants and weeds.
7. Cultural: Livestock offer security to the owners and also add to their self esteem especially when they own prized animals such as pedigreed bulls, dogs and high yielding cows/ buffaloes etc.
8. Sports / recreation: People also use the animals like cocks, rams, bulls etc for competition and sports. Despite ban on these animal competitions the cock fights, ram fights and bull fights & bull racing (jalli kattu) are quite common during festive seasons.
9. Companion animals: Dogs are known for their faithfulness and are being used as companions since time immemorial. When the nuclear families are increasing in number and the old parents are forced to lead solitary life the dogs, cats are providing the needed company to the latter thus making them lead a comfortable life.
The livestock plays an important role in the economy of farmers. The farmers in India maintain mixed farming system i.e. a combination of crop and livestock where the output of one enterprise becomes the input of another enterprise thereby realize the resource efficiency. Livestock production and agriculture are intrinsically linked, each being dependent on the other,and both crucial for overall security. Livestock sector is an important sub0sector of the agriculture of Indian economy.It forms an important livelihood activity for most of the farmers,supporting agriculture in the form of critical inputs, contributing to the health and nutrition of the household, supplementing incomes, offering employment opportunities and finally being a dependable “bank on hooves” .It also acts as supplementary and complementary enterprise.
The livestock serve the farmers in different ways.
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
1. Income: Livestock is a source of subsidiary income for many families in India especially the resource poor who maintain few heads of animals. Cows and buffaloes if in milk will provide regular income to the livestock farmers through sale of milk. Animals like sheep and goat serve as sources of income during emergencies to meet exigencies like marriages, treatment of sick persons, children education, repair of houses etc. The animals also serve as moving banks and assets which provide economic security to the owners.
2. Employment: A large number of people in India being less literate and unskilled depend upon agriculture for their livelihoods. But agriculture being seasonal in nature could provide employment for a maximum of 180 days in a year. The landless and less land people depend upon livestock for utilizing their labour during lean agricultural season.
3. Food: The livestock products such as milk, meat and eggs are an important source of animal protein to the members of the livestock owners.
4. Social security: The animals offer social security to the owners in terms of their status in the society. The families especially the landless which own animals are better placed than those who do not. Gifting of animals during marriages is a very common phenomenon in different parts of the country. Rearing of animals is a part of the Indian culture. Animals are used for various socio religious functions. Cows for house warming ceremonies; rams, bucks and chicken for sacrifice during festive seasons; Bulls and Cows are worshipped during various religious functions. Many owners develop attachment to their animals.
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Standings of India in the worldRanking Sector
1st
Total Livestock Population, Milk Production, Cattle Population, Buffalo Population, Carabeef Production, Goat Milk Production, Total Bovine Population
2ndGoat Population, Bristle Production (a pig industry by-product), Fish Production
3rd Sheep Production, Egg Production4th Chicken Production5th Poultry Meat Production, Poultry Production8th Duck Production9th Camel Population, Wool Production
Animal Products StatisticsCommodity Total Production (per
year) Per Capita Availability ICMR Recommendations
Milk 165.4 MT 355 grams/day 280 grams/dayMeat 7.4 MT 2.96 kg/year 11 kg/yearEggs 88.1 billion 69 eggs/year 182 eggs/year
Total Wool Production in India: 43.5 million Kg
Leading States in India for Livestock Production
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Feature State
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Highest milk producing state Uttar Pradesh (25,198 L)
State with highest per capita availability of milk Punjab (1075 g)
State with highest per capita availability of eggs Andhra Pradesh (312 eggs)
Highest meat production Uttar Pradesh
Highest goat meat production West Bengal
Highest poultry and sheep meat production Andhra Pradesh
Highest wool production Rajasthan
Highest indigenous milch cows Madhya Pradesh
Highest Cross-bred or exotic cows Tamil Nadu
Highest number of poultry birds Andhra Pradesh
Highest number of mules Jammu & Kashmir
Highest number of livestock Uttar Pradesh
Highest cattle population Madhya Pradesh
Highest buffalo population Uttar Pradesh
Highest sheep population Andhra Pradesh
Highest goat population Rajasthan
Highest pig population Assam
Highest camel population Rajasthan
Highest mithun population Arunachal Pradesh
Highest yak population Jammu & Kashmir
Highest horses and ponies population Uttar Pradesh
Highest donkey population Rajasthan
Share of Uttar Pradesh in Total Milk Production in India: 16.8% Share of Tamil Nadu in Total Egg Production in India: 18.9%
Share of Uttar Pradesh in Total Meat Production in India: 18.23% Share of Rajasthan in Total Wool Production in India: 32.9%
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Growth Rates of Livestock ProductsProduct Growth Rate
Meat 5.21 per cent
Broiler production 11 per cent
Egg production 6.28 per cent
Milk production 5.3 per cent
Wool production -0.08 per cent
Highest growth rate in milk production: Andhra Pradesh (12.6%) Highest growth rate in egg production: Himachal Pradesh (18.2%)
Highest growth rate in meat production: Daman & Diu (65.4%) (Among states: Maharashtra (25.2%))
Highest growth rate in wool production: Arunachal Pradesh (63.17%)
Value Output from Livestock RearingSector Percentage of total output
Milk and Milk Products 65.05 per cent
Meat and Meat Products 19.83 per cent
Dung 6.93 per cent
Eggs 3.77 per cent
Increment in Livestock 3.35 per cent
Wool and Hair 0.2 per cent
Percentage Distribution of Total LivestockSpecies Percentage
Cattle 37. 28 per cent
Buffalo 21.23 per cent
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Sheep 12. 71 per cent
Goat 26.40 per cent
Pigs 2.01 per cent
Others 0.37 per cent
Species Wise Milk Contribution to Total Milk Production in India
Species Percentage of Total Milk
Buffalo indigenous 35 per cent
Buffalo non-descript 14 per cent
Cow indigenous 11 per cent
Cow non-descript 9 per cent
Cow cross-bred 26 per cent
Cow exotic 1 per cent
Goat 3 per cent
Species Wise Egg Contribution to Total Egg Production in India
Species Percentage of Total Eggs
Improved fowl 86.80 per cent
Desi fowl 11.96 per cent
Desi duck 0.96 per cent
Improved duck 0.28 per cent
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Species Wise Meat Contribution to Total Meat Production in India
Species Percentage of Total Meat
Poultry 47.05 per cent
Buffalo 19.80 per cent
Goat 14.25 per cent
Sheep 7.68 per cent
Pig 6.50 per cent
Cattle4.72 per cent
BASICS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
**Reasonable efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of the data used in the notes, however the students are requested to check latest data and figures released by different govt. agencies time to time .