Chapter 9 Section 2 Revolution Becomes RadicalForeign Reactions to the French Revolution: Diverse Reactions

-Many countries feared and detested French Revolution

http://www.anselm.edu/academic/history/hdubrulle/modernbritain/text/generalinfo/gallery02.htm

http://thedisorderofthings.com/2014/02/27/ah-ca-ira-ca-ira/

-Declaration of Pillnitz-Prussia and Austria threatened to invade France and restore Monarchy

-Brunswick Manifesto-Commander of Prussian Military threaten to destroy Paris if King is harmed.

External Threats and Internal Threats to Revolution

Outbreak of War and Panic-France responded to this threat by declaring war on Austria, Prussia

-Early defeats and widespread panic-King and family try to flee France, deemed a traitor

-King cannot be trusted and is trying to abandon people.Rise of Paris Commune

-Radical local government created in Paris-Formed to protect revolution

-Create New Government: National Convention-Younger and More Radical Members-Elected on Universal Suffrage

-Arrested and Imprisoned King For Treason

Trial of King Louis XVI

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Marks the 2nd Revolution: Rapid RadicalizationNational Convention declares France a Republic

i. Political Divisions:1. Girondists (Moderate)2. The Mountain (Radical) led by Maximillien Robespierre and Georges

Danton

http://nobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/800px-Danton_Marat_Robespierre_Lambinet.jpg

Example: Fate of King For Treason-Girondists- King is guilty, NO EXECUTION-Mountain- King is guilty, MUST BE EXECUTED

Rise of The Mountain -The Mountain aligned themselves with Sans Culottes

Sans Culottes- Radical Militant Working Class of Paris- Men wore trousers, not knee breeches- Mob Violence: ex Bastille- Capture leading Girondist Members

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-culottes

January 21, 1793King Louis is executed by Guillotine

January 21, 1793, King Louis is Executed by Guillotine-Truly marks a massive change to Republic-Example:

“Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité” – Motto of the French Revolution

Total War and Total Terror-France was at war seemingly with entire Europe

-First Coalition: Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Sardinia, and Holland-Walls were closing in on all sides

http://www.napoleonicsociety.com/english/benjaminwlderhy1.html

Committee of Public Safety: Handling Threats Since 1793

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-Created by National Convention-Run by Maximillien Robespierre-Protect France and Revolution from External and Internal Threats

1. Planned Economy (Socialism in a sense)-Prepare France for War

-Heavy Government Regulation1. Prices fixed on bread2. All worked, produced weapons and ammunition3. Government rations, requisitioned raw materials, nationalized shops

2. Reign of Terror:

“Terror is nothing more than prompt, severe, inflexible justice”

-Tried and punished all enemies of the nation/revolution

-Enemies of Robespierre -Danton

-Marie Antoinette -Girondists

Totals-300,000 Arrested-40,000 Executed (Guillotine)

-8% Nobles-14% Bourgeoisie-6% Clergy-70% Peasants

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https://freeman-pedia.wikispaces.com/file/view/Reign%20of%20Terror.png/351691144/223x150/Reign%20of%20Terror.png

Reforming French Life-Eliminate all threats and ideas of traditional France-Patriotic Revolutionary Art, Songs, Holidays, etc.-New Calendar:-10 day weeks- Day/Year 1: Birth of Republic- New names for months-Dechristianization- Eliminate Catholicism- Cult of Reason-Churches and Land Sold-Religious Symbols Destroyed-Clergy Persecuted-Notre Dame: Temple of Reason http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Reason

3. Inspired Nationalism- France’s war effort became an all-out effort-800,000 Man Army, outnumbered opponents 4:1-Victory by overwhelming numbers-France is saved from external invasion

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http://www.executedtoday.com/images/Robespierre_executed_1.jpg

The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory: Thermidor 9- “Down with the Tyrant”

-The leader of the Terror and Mass Executions: Maximillien Robespierre is guillotined-Ends the Reign of Terror

-Economic Controls were loosened-Catholicism was returned-New Government from National Assembly: The Directory

-5 Man Executive Council -Weak and paves way for a new charismatic leader