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ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes
CHAPTER 6The Importance of Nutrition
(pp. 160-197)
Nutrition isn’t just about food. It covers all the processes involved in the
______________________, _____________ and _________________________ of substances
needed to keep out bodies in good working order.
The three (3) major systems that come into play in the process of nutrition are:
The __________________________ system: To take in ____________________ in
order to use (burn) the nutrients we eat.
The __________________________ system: To ________________________ nutrients
and oxygen to our ________________.
The _______________________ system: To ___________________ the blood and
eliminate ____________________ in liquid form.
1 Food and It’s Use by the Body (p. 160-172)
Human beings must eat food and drink __________________ regularly to stay _____________.
FOOD is any substance that is ___________________
and ____________________ life.
(Examples: meat, _______________, nuts,
_______________ products, ______________,
and vegetables)
1.1 NUTRIENTS IN FOOD (p. 161-166)
A NUTRIENT is a substance found in ________________ that is used by the ____________
to meet important ________________. There are ______ types of nutrients:
_______________________
______________________________
_________________
____________________
________________________
________________________
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NUTRIENT Description Function SourcesProteins Large molecules made up of
long chains of
_____________ _________
________________
and
_________________
cells and tissues
Provide
_______________
Dairy products _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Tofu
Carbohydrates______________________
(single sugars: glucose)
______________________
(double sugars: lactose)
______________________
(complex sugars: starch)
The body’s main
source of
__________________
_
Fruit Candy and dessert ____________ and
pop _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Legumes (beans)
Fats (Lipids) ______________ acids and
___________________ (ex.
cholesterol)
__________________
_ & provide
__________________
_
Building blocks of
__________________
_ and cell
__________________
_
Dairy products
_______________
_______________
Fatty __________
_______________
_______________
WaterH2O – makes up _______%
of human body weight
Transports
______________
and
_________________
Regulates body
__________________
(oC)
Essential in many
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
Coffee and tea
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ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes
chemical __________
Vitamins Substances required in
______________ amounts
Ex. A, B1, B2, C, D
Help with
metabolism
Fight off infections
Repair damaged
tissue
Important chemical
rxns
________________
________________
Dairy products (D)
Whole __________
______________
Minerals Elements (ex. Ca, P, K) that
make up ______% of body
weight. Must be ingested
daily.
Build ______________
Maintain ___________
Muscle contraction
Transporting ________
Dairy, _____________,
seafood and
_________________,
fruits and veggies.
THE ENERGY VALUE OF FOODEating is both a pleasure and a need, but we must ______________________ the energy we
_____________ from food and drink with the energy we __________________ carrying out our
daily activities.
Energy RequirementsThe energy required for a human to undertake all of its daily activities depends on many factors,
such as:
______________
______________
__________________
Level of physical
__________________
State of __________________
Adolescent girl Adolescent boy
______________ to ______________ Cal
______________ to ______________ kJ
______________ to ______________ Cal
______________ to ______________ kJ
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1 Calorie (Cal) = ______________ J or ______ kJ
What do we need energy for?
To maintain our body temperature at ________oC, to breathe, to maintain our ______________
rate, to run, talk and even ________________!
Energy ValueBecause we constantly use energy, we need to replace it regularly. We get the energy we need
from several sources:
__________________________and ___________ are the body’s major source of energy.
____________________ may be used if there aren’t enough carbs and fats or if there is
too ______________ protein in the body.
Water, vitamins and minerals are ___________ sources of energy.
Table 2: AVERAGE ENERGY CONTENT IN NUTRIENTS
Nutrient Energy ContentkJ/g Cal/g
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Water
Vitamins
Minerals
Why is dietary fibre so important?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What types of foods contain dietary fibre?
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______________________________________________________________________________
Nutrition factsNutrition Facts labels on food packaging contain the following information:
Amount of ___________________ in Calories (or kJ)
__________________ content
The percentage of the Recommended Daily Intake (_________) for each
____________________ (in the % Daily Value column)
The label on the right is from a box of Oreo™ cookies.
THE FOOD GROUPSAs indicated in Canada’s Food Guide, most of the food we eat can be
classified
into ______ food groups. We should eat a ___________________ of foods from the ______
food groups every day.
Table 3: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM CANADA’S FOOD GUIDE FOR 14-18 YEAR OLDSFood Groups Number of
servings per dayServings Other
recommendationsFemales Males
Veggies & Fruit
Grain products
Milk & alternatives
(e.g. Yogurt, cheese, soy beverages)
Meat &
alternatives
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(e.g. eggs, beans, tofu)
1.2 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (p. 167-172)
The role of the digestive system is to _________________ _______________ ingested food into
______________________ that are small enough to be _____________________ by the body.
It also _____________________ undigested food from the body in the form of ______________
waste.
ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system is divided into ________ parts:
THE DIGESTIVE _____________________ THE DIGESTIVE _____________________The passageway for ingested food through the
body.
Produce chemical secretions
(___________________) that are needed to
__________________ food.
Mouth
_______________________
_______________________
Stomach
Small ______________________
Large ______________________ (which
ends with the rectum and anus)
___________________ glands
___________________ glands
(located in ___________________)
__________________
Gallbladder (stores fluids from the
______________ until they are
released into the digestive tract)
_______________________
_______________________ glands
(in small intestine)
The digestion of food involves the following four (4) functions:
1. _____________________ and _________________________ of food along the DT
2. _____________________ of food
3. ______________________ of nutrients
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4. ______________________ of __________________ matter (a.k.a. poo)
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (p. 167)
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INGESTION AND PROPULSION OF FOOD ALONG THE DIGESTIVE TRACT (p. 168)
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Ingestion is the act of taking in substances through the ___________________.
Two mechanisms then ___________________ the substances along the digestive tract.
1. ___________________________ or swallowing
2. ___________________________: muscular _________________________ of the
esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines that ________________ substances
__________________ the digestive tract.
When we swallow, the ______________________ closes the trachea (air tube to lungs), and the
___________________ closes the nasal cavity. This prevents food from going into your lungs
and prevents you from choking. Food goes into the _______________________ instead.
DIGESTION
DIGESTION involves the __________________________ of food into
_________________ that can be _______________ by the body.
Food undergoes two types of transformation in the digestive process:
1. _________________________ transformation
2. _________________________ transformation
Mechanical Transformation (p. 169)
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MECHANICAL TRANSFORMATION consist of ______________________
breaking down food into _____________________ substances in preparation for
______________________ transformation.
There are two processes involved in mechanical transformation:
1. ________________________: crushing and grinding food using the _______________
and ___________________ in the mouth.
2. ________________________: muscle contractions which mix food with digestive
enzymes from ____________________. Takes place mainly in the _________________
and small _______________________.
Chemical Transformation (p. 170)
CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION in the digestive tract breaks down the
____________________ molecules into __________________ molecules with the help
of secretions (enzymes) from the digestive ____________________.
DIGESTIVE GLANDS AND SECRETIONSDigestive glands
Secretions Location Targets
Salivary glands
Gastric glands
Intestinal glands
Pancreas
Liver
The digestion of food ends in the _________________ intestine. When the nutrients are broken
down into their _____________________ components they can pass through the ____________
of the digestive tract and be _______________ by the body.
Carbohydrates simple __________________ (mainly glucose)
Proteins __________________ ________________
Fats fatty _______________ and __________________
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ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS (p. 171)
ABSORPTION is the passage of ___________________ from the _________________
tract into the __________________ or lymph.
Most food absorption occurs in the
_______________ intestine which has many
folds called _________________. Each
_________________ contains blood and
lymphatic _____________ that allow
___________________ to flow into the body.
THE ELIMINATION OF FECAL MATTER (p.171)
Nutrient depleted digestive residue enters the ________________ intestine in _______________
form. It’s here that most of the ________________ is removed and enters the _______________
in solid form. The _______________ are expelled from the _______________ through the
________________.
SUMMARY
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2 Respiration (p. 172-176)
Humans not only have to eat, they also have to breathe _________________. Without
__________________, our cells would not be able to get the ________________ they need from
nutrients.
The reaction between nutrients and oxygen is called _________________ _________________.
NUTRIENTS + OXYGEN __________________ + __________________ + _____________
The carbon dioxide (CO2) formed during cellular respiration is a ________________ product
that must be eliminated from the body. This happens when we ____________________.
Breathing allows _________________ to enter the body and __________ to leave.
The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of _______ and _______ between
the body and the outside world.
2.1 THE RESIPIRATORY SYSTEM (p. 173-175)The respiratory system can be divided into two (2) parts:
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1. The respiratory tract
________________________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________ (that branch into _______________________)
2. The __________________
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure Description FunctionNasal passages Open to the outside through the
_________________ and end at the
_________________
___________________ air with
hairs that coat lining
______________ and moistens
air with ________________
Pharynx (throat) Passageway between the _________________
and ______________________ tracts
Carries air toward ___________
and food toward ____________
Larynx Upper part of __________________
Made of ______________________
Contains vocal _________________
Carries ____________
Produces _______________
(voice)
Trachea _______ cm long
Made of rings of ___________________
Located in front of ______________________
Filters and _________________
air with ________________
(tiny hairs)
Warms and ________________
air with _________________
Bronchi Branch off the __________________
Made of rings of ____________________ Carries air into ______________
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Branch into _______________________
(inside lungs)
Lungs Spongy, elastic organs
Located on either side of _______________
Enclosed in rib ________________
Composed of millions of _________________
(air sacs)
Ensures gas ________________ between body and outside worldO2 ______
CO2 ______
RESPIRATIONThe goal of respiration is to _______________ O2 from the air and ______________ CO2.
Air is a mix of gases. Gases __________________ to fill their container. As the volume of the lungs increases, the pressure inside __________________ and vice
versa. Air flows from an area of ___________ pressure to an area of _________ pressure.
Two structures that play an important role in the mechanics of respiration are:
1. The ________________________ muscles (between the ribs)
2. The _______________________ :muscle that separates rib cage from abdomen
2.2 GAS EXCHANGE WITHIN THE LUNGS (p. 175-176)
Gas exchange takes place in the _________________ of the lungs.
___________________ are miniature cavities filled with air that make up most of the lungs.
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Each one is surrounded by tiny blood vessels called _______________________.
Gas exchange occurs by _______________________ between air in the ______________________ alveoli and the _________________ circulating in the capillaries surrounding them.
When blood reaches the pulmonary
alveoli, it is __________ in O2 and
__________ in CO2, so CO2 diffuses
from the _____________ into the
________________.
The air in the alveoli is __________
in O2 and ___________ in CO2, so
O2 diffuses from the _____________
to the ________________.
3 Blood and Lymph Circulation (p. 177-190)
Blood carries _________________ and __________________ throughout the body to
____________________ the cells, and also removes _________________ products (ex. CO2)
produced by cells.
3.1 BLOOD CONSTITUENTS (p. 177-178)
Blood is the only __________________ tissue in the body.
The average man has ____-____ L of blood, while the average woman has ____-____ L.
Blood cells are called _______________ ______________________ (make up _____%)
The liquid part of blood is called ___________________ (makes up ______%).
Blood can separated by __________________________.
BLOOD CONSTITUENTS
Liquid element Description Functions
_______________________
Yellowish liquid made up of
90% __________________
Transportation of
______________________
______________________
______________________
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______________________
______________________
_______________________(4-6 billion)
Red-coloured biconcave-
shaped cells that have no
_________________ and
few _________________
Transport ______ with the
help of __________________
Transport _______
_______________________(4-11 million)
Transparent cells Provide ________________ and
defence against ______________
_______________________(150-400 million)
Irregular _______________
from large cells in the
___________ marrow.
Help in the blood
__________________ process
3.2 BLOOD TYPES AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS (p. 178-182)There are 4 blood types: _____, _____, _____ & _____ and they are distinguished from one another by the presence or absence of the following three substances:
Antigen ______
Antigen ______
_______________ (Rh) factor
Examples:
Someone who is A+ has Antigen _____ and the Rh factor on their RBCs and carry _____
antibodies (A.K.A. ____________________)
Someone who is AB- has both antigens _____ and _____ on their RBC and carry ______
antibodies.
Someone who is O+ has the ______ factor on their RBCs, no ______ or _____ antigens
on their RBCs, but carries both _____ and _____ antibodies (agglutinins).
BLOOD TYPESBlood Type A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-
A n ti A
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Agglutinogens
ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes
gen
pres
ent
on
RBCs
BRh
Illustration of RBC
BLOOD COMPATIBILITY means that one person __________ receive blood from another person.
BLOOD COMPATIBILITY CHART (from Héma-Québec)
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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONSPeople require blood transfusions when:
They have certain blood diseases They lose blood (injury or surgery)
The primary rule governing blood transfusions is:
The donor’s RBC membranes must NOT carry any __________________ that __________________ from those on the RBC membranes of the recipient.
ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes
People with blood type _______ can donate blood to anybody. They are known as
______________________ __________________.
People with blood types _______ can receive blood from anybody. They are known as
______________________ _____________________.
3.3 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (p. 182-186)
The cardiovascular system is the transportation __________________ used by the _________. It includes the:
_____________________
___________________ vessels
____________________
BLOOD VESSELSThe body’s blood vessels form a __________________ circuit in which blood circulates.
Blood vessels are divided into three (3) categories:
1. _______________________
2. _______________________
3. ____________________
Arteries An ARTERY is a blood _________________ that carries blood from the
_______________ to other parts of the _______________.
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What would happen if a person with A- blood received a transfusion of B+ blood?
The Anti-B and Anti-Rh antibodies (__________________)
in the recipient would attack the ______ and
______antigens (______________________) on the
donor blood and cause is to clump
(_______________________________) which will
____________ the blood vessels and potentially
____________ the recipient.
Vessels containing oxygen-rich blood (O2)
Vessels containing carbon dioxide-rich blood (CO2) or oxygen _________
ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes
__________________ blood vessels in the body
__________________ walls
Carry ____________- pressure O2 ________ blood
(except _____________________ artery)
Capillaries
A CAPILLARY is a blood vessel with a _______________ diameter and very ________
walls in which exchanges of _______________, _______, _______, and other substances
occur between the ________________ and the cells of _____________.
Arteries _____________________ (smaller arteries) ____________________ (smallest
blood vessels)
Veins
A VEIN is a blood vessel that carries blood ____________ to the _______________.
carries O2 __________ __________ pressure blood (except _____________ vein)
_______________ keep blood from flowing backwards
___________________ contractions (______________ muscle)
THE HEART
the _______________ of the cardiovascular system
Size of a ____________
Located in the _________________ cage between the _______________
A hallow __________________ with ______ chambers (cavities)
1. Right ________________
2. Right __________________
3. Left ________________
4. Left ___________________
Blood between the right and left side of the heart do ________ mix. They are separated by the
_________________.
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The function of the heart For blood to enter the heart (atria), it must be
at_________ with the muscles _________________.
This filling phase is called ___________________.
For blood to move from the atria to the ventricles,
ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes
CIRCULATION ROUTES
The heart works like a ________________ pump, pumping blood out of each ___________
along _____ different routes:
1. _______________________ circulation (right side of heart, CO2 _________, O2 ______)
2. _______________________ circulation (left side of heart, O2 _________, CO2 _______)
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The function of the heart For blood to enter the heart (atria), it must be
at_________ with the muscles _________________.
This filling phase is called ___________________.
For blood to move from the atria to the ventricles,
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ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes
Pulmonary circulation (right side of ) Systemic circulation (left side of ) Circulates through _______________ _______________ route Blood is rich in _________ Blood leaves the rt. ventricle through the
pulmonary ______________ and goes to the ___________________ in the _______________
Sheds _________, picks up ________ Returns to heart via left _____________ through
the pulmonary ____________________
Circulates through _______________ _______________ route Blood is rich in _________ Blood leaves the lt. ventricle through the
______________ (the mother of all arteries) Splits into _________________ and then
_____________________ in the organs Sheds _________, nutrients, etc. and picks up
________ and other waste Returns to heart via right _____________ through
the ______________ cavas
3.4 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (p. 187-190)Exchanges of gases, nutrients, hormones, etc. do NOT occur directly between the blood and the
organ cells. They take place in the liquid that surrounds our cells, called ___________________
fluid.
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID is a _____________ liquid that surrounds our cells and
contains ________________ and other substances from blood _____________. It also
contains ______________ blood cells.
Capillaries constantly __________ water and other substances from blood _______________
through ______________ in their membranes ( _____ L/day!).
White blood cells also leave the capillaries using _______________________.
LYMPH AND LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION (p. 187-188)
LYMPH is the ________________ derived from _______________________ fluid as it
circulates inside ____________________ vessels to evacuate cell _______________.
So that they don’t die, cells expel their
________________ products into
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___________________ fluid which is returned to
the _______________ by the lymphatic system.
The blood transports the __________________ to
various organs that ________________ them from
the body.
Since the lymphatic system has no pump, it relies
on __________________ contractions to keep the
lymph _________________.
IN DEFENCE OF OUR BODIES (p. 188-190)The human body treats ________________ and _________________ as “invaders”.
They can be found in _______________________ fluid, __________________ or blood,
all of which contain ________________ blood cells (the body’s
“____________________”).
Lymph travels through lymph _______________ situated at various locations around the
body (ex. neck, arm pits, pelvis).
Lymph _______________ contain high concentrations of ________________ blood
cells battleground for fighting infections.
White blood cells defend the body in two (2) ways:
1. Ingesting and destroying invaders by ______________________________
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ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes
2. Neutralizing invaders by secreting _______________________
1. Antibodies recognize __________________ on invaders (ex. bacteria and viruses)
2. Antibodies attached themselves to the ___________________ thereby
________________________ them and preventing them from ____________________
or attacking other cells.
3. The invader is then ___________________________.
An ANTIBODY is a substance secreted by _____________ blood cells to
_____________________ invaders.
An ANTIGEN is a substance recognized as ___________________ by the body and
triggers the WBCs to produce __________________________.
Antibodies have two (2) characteristics:
1. They are _____________________ to a certain antigen (ex. chicken pox virus)
2. They provide ______________________ from disease for years or for life (ex. measles
and Hepatitis B).
Complete p. 113-114 in your Activity Book.
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ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes
4 The Elimination of Waste (p. 190-191)
Waste products are eliminated from the body by ________________________.
The elimination of waste is carried out mainly by:
__________________
___________________
________________ glands
If these organs can’t do their jobs, you will die in minutes or days.
THE SWEAT GLANDS
We have approx. __________________________ sweat glands on the surface of our skin.
Sweating (or __________________________) is a mechanism which helps maintain our
body ___________________ in hot weather or when we _________________ ourselves (ex.
exercise).
Sweat is composed of _________________ and other ________________ materials from the
blood (ex. salts).
4.1 THE URINARY SYSTEM (p. 191-192)The urinary system includes the:
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
THE URINARY SYSTEM
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Structures of the urinary system Description Functions
_____ reddish bean-shaped organs
_________________ waste and maintain blood ________________ by producing _____________ (excess water, toxic products - _________)
_____ tubes that link the kidney to the _____________
___________________ urine to the bladder
BladderPear-shaped ______________ with elastic walls
_________________ urine (up to ______ L)
3-4 cm long channel (women) 20 cm long channel (men)
_________________ urine ______________ the body
4.2 THE COMPOSITION OF URINE (p. 192-193)
Kidneys are the organs that ________________ blood.
_______________ is the main waste product from blood. It is created when cells use
_______________ to produce energy and ______________ acids are oxidized according to the
following equation:
______________ acids + oxygen → energy + water + _____________
The kidneys also keep the blood in balance by:
Stabilizing the amount of _______________ in the blood
Keeping the _________________ concentration constant
Urine is made up of the following components:
___________________ (95%)
_______________ (2.5%) and other waste
___________________
Substances that are in ________________ in the blood
It may also contain:
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ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes
_________________, __________________, fats andor _______________ (Go see a
doctor!)
Traces of _______________________ or drugs. (Ex. Athletes’ urine is sometimes tested
to check for doping products.)
If the concentration of minerals is too low (ex. you drank too much water), the kidneys excrete
___________ water.
If the concentration of minerals is too high (ex. you ate a lot of chips), the kidneys excrete
___________ water and you feel ________________.
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END OF CHAPTER 6 NOTES
Complete p. 116-120 in your Activity Book and questions #1-20 on p.194-197 in your textbook.