ABOUT Shenyang, IN LIAONING PROVINCE:

The city has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei, Anshan, Maanshan, Pingdingshan and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.[11]

Major companies

Numerous major industrial companies have their headquarters in Shenyang. Brilliance Auto is a major Chinese automobile manufacturer, and most of its production plants are also located in Shenyang. Shenyang Aircraft Corporation produces airplanes for civilian use as well as for the PLAAF. Neusoft Group is the biggest software company in China. Shenyang Machine Tool Group is the largest machine tool manufacturer in China. Tyco International, General Motors, and Michelin Shenyang Tire Corporation, are expanding their operations in Shenyang due to a deep pool of skilled technical labor; good transportation; low land-use fees; and solid local support.

GDP and economic data

Statistically, the total GDP of the city of Shenyang is 383.66 Billion yuan in year 2009 (ranked 1st out of the 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province). The GDP per capita of the city of Shenyang is 78490 yuan in 2009 (ranked 3rd out of all 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province).[12]

[edit]Initiatives and special zones

Shenyang Finance and Trade Development Zone

Shenyang Finance and Trade Development Zone was founded ln 1992. It is the only finance and trade development zone except Lujiazui in Shanghai and is the nucleus zone of Shenyang central Business Zone. It covers an area of 1.12 million m², among which there is more than 600,000 m² constructable. The total investment planned is more than 20 billion YUAN and more than 60 high-stories international and multifunctional symbol buildings are planned to be built. So far, the zone has transferred more than 400,000 m² ground, introduced over 40 big projects and actually made use of over 200 million USD foreign investment. It has become the sample zone of international finance and modern service trade and the regional finance, trade and Info center of Northeast China.[13]

Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone

Shenyang High-tech Industrial Development Zone

[edit]Infrastructure[edit]Transportation

Shenyang is served by air, rail, a two-line subway system, and an extensive network of streets and expressways, with bus service throughout the city.

Shenyang is the railway hub of Northeast China. Eight railways connect Shenyang with Beijing, Dalian, Changchun, Harbin and Fushun. The city is also served by the Qinshen Passenger Railway, a high-speed railway connecting Shenyang and Qinhuangdao. In early 2007 a 200 km/h (120 mph) high-speed train decreased travel time between Beijing and Shenyang to around 4 hours. In August 2007 construction work started on the Harbin-Dalian high-speed passenger railway–which is expected to be completed in 2013–connecting Shenyang with other major cities in Northeast China, Harbin, Changchun and Dalian.[14] Shenyang has two major railway stations: Shenyang North Railway Station and Shenyang Railway Station. The Shenyang North Railway Station was built in 1990, replacing the old north railway station, which was built in 1927 and still stands today. The north railway station is used mostly for express and high-speed train service. Shenyang Railway Station (also known locally as the "Shenyang South Railway Station", though the real "Shenyang South Railway Station" is at Sujiatun) has a history of more than 100 years, built by Russian in 1899 and expanded later by Japanese. Today, it focuses on regular service and is being refurbished with a large archway and new terminal, reducing access to the boarding platforms by rerouting customers under and over ground while construction is completed.

In 2011, a direct container rail service carries car parts 11,000 km (6,835 mi) from Leipzig, Germany to Shenyang through Siberia in 23 days every day.[15]

The Qingnian Street bridge over the Hun He leads toShenyang Taoxian International Airport and further points.

The Shen-Da Expressway connecting Shenyang and Dalian is the first expressway built in China. It is the fastest highway (8-lane) linking one of the largest port city to Shenyang. Shendan Expressway is a 4-lane expressway to Benxi and Dandong. It also serves Shenyang Taoxian International Airport. Shenyang is connected by several major expressways. The Jingshen 8 lane Expressway goes to the city of Beijing, some 658 km (409 mi) away. There are other expressways to Fushun, Changchun andXinmin. There are many long-distance and express bus routes to Beijing and other cities in the northeast.

[edit]International airport

The city is served by the Shenyang Taoxian International Airport (沈阳桃仙国际机场, airport code SHE), located in Dongling District. There are three other airports in Shenyang, none of them open to public: Dongta airport is the oldest airport in Shenyang, openned in 1920s and retired in 1980s. Beiling airport is used by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation for test flights. Yuhong airport is for military use only.[citation needed]

[edit]City

In the Manchukuo era, the initial road transportation network was laid out, as is now in the central districts of Shenyang. The roads follow a northwest-to-southeast orientation due to the southern Manchurian railway, which runs in that direction. Lately, Shenyang develops a large beltway system, consisting of three existing beltways, two beltways under construction and a planned beltway.[citation needed] The Middle Loop was planned in as early as 1930s and finally complete in 1985. The 2nd and 3rd Loop (Shenyang Round City Expressway) were finished in 1990s. The southern part of the 2nd Ring and 3rd loop are express beltways.[citation needed] The 3rd loop is an 82 km (51 mi) expressway, the first express beltway in China. The 4th loop will complete in 2013. The 6th loop (also known as G91 or Central Liaoning Express Beltway) is under construction, with a total length of 405 km (252 mi), which make it the longest beltway in the world when complete. 5th loop was also planned.[citation needed] Inside the city there is an east-to-west expressway through the city center, most of which is elevated.

In Shenyang, there are more than 160 bus routes.[16] Shenyang used to have about 20 trolley bus routes, one of the biggest trolley bus networks in China. The entire network was demolished in 1999 after a series of electrocution accidents.

Shenyang has been planning subway system since 1940. On November 18, 2005, the construction of the first Shenyang Metro subway line finally started [17] and the construction of the second line started on November 18, 2006. The first (east-west) line was opened September 27, 2010 and the second (north-south) was opened on January 9, 2012. Construction is difficult due to the rocky ground on which Shenyang is built.

[edit]Health care systems

Shenyang has 731 medical and healthcare centers, 63,000 healthcare staff and 3.02 healthcare worker per 1,000 people. There are 34033 hospital beds and 45680 various kinds of medical and technical personnel, among whom there are 17346 licensed doctors, 1909 assistant licensed doctors, and 16887 certified nurses.[18] The average expected life-span of the people in Shenyang is 73.8.

Shenyang is home to China Medical University Hospital, 202 Hospital, China Medical University 1st,2nd and 4th Hospital, Liaoning Tumor Hospital, Shenyang No.7 People's Hospital, Shenyang Orthopaedics Hospital, Shenyang Army General Hospital, and various other hospitals and clinics.

CMU is one of the top 10 medical universities in China and listed with IMED. Its diplomas are accredited worldwide.[19]

[edit]Environment

Shenyang has many parks. Self-organizing groups advocating sustainable travel such as local rail revival, walking and cycling, reduction in energy demand and waste generally, protection of wildlife, cleaning the river and lakes, and the development of environmental technologies in the city, are increasingly popular.

[edit]Military

Shenyang holds the headquarters of the Shenyang Military Region and the Air Force of Shenyang Military Region. Shenyang is also famous for its defense industries.

[edit]Life and culture[edit]Shenyang dialect

People native to Shenyang speak the Shenyang dialect, a variant of Northeastern Mandarin. The Shenyang dialect is similar to the other Northeastern dialects and also to the national standard of Mandarin, Putonghua, but has some words unique to the city. Some people prefer to think of it as a strong accent rather than a different dialect. Shenyang dialect is used heavily by several famous skit actors such as Zhao Benshan in their performance, and has become a stereotype for northeast natives.

[edit]Art

Two northeast folk dances, Er Ren Zhuan and Yang Ge, are very popular in Shenyang. Dawutai Theatre is famous for its Er Ren Zhuan and Chinese skit performances by Zhao Benshan and his students.

Shenyang is home of many performance art organizations, such as Shenyang Acrobatic Troupe of China,[20] Liaoning Song and Dance Ensemble [2], and Liaoning Ballet [3]. Many artists are from Shenyang, such as Zimei, Na Ying and the pianist Lang Lang.

[edit]Museums

9.18 Incident Museum

· Liaoning Provincial Museum, the largest museum in north-eastern China. The museum hold many relics from Manchuria's past, including a selection of inscriptions in Chinese and Khitan.

· Shenyang Steam Locomotive Museum, with 16 steam engines from America, Japan, Russia, Belgium, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia and China.

· The 9.18 Incident Museum, a museum in memory of Mukden Incident. The museum has a shape of an opened calendar, and is located on the site where the Japanese troops destroyed the South Manchuria Railway, the prelude to the invasion of Manchuria.

· The Xinle Relic, located on the location where the Xinle civilisation was first discovered, containing a reconstructed Xinle settlement and housing artefacts discovered there.

[edit]Sports

Shenyang is famous for its football tradition. The local football team is the Liaoning F.C., in the Chinese Super League. Another Chinese Super League team, Shenyang Jinde moved to Changsha in 2007. Shenyang Olympic Sports Centre Stadium was a venue for the football preliminary of 2008 Summer Olympics.

Shenyang Sport University [4] is a famous professional sports university in China. The university is the training base for winter sports in China and has many Olympic champions.

[edit]Religion

· Taiqing Palace, a Taoist temple established in 1663

· Ci'en Temple, a Buddhist temple, first built during Tang dynasty

· Royal Temple, a Tibetan Buddhist temple built in 1636 for Qing royal family

· Sheli Pagoda, a 33m high Buddhist pagoda erected in 1044 during Liao dynasty

[edit]Cuisine

Traditional meals in the region are Suan cai (also called Chinese sauerkraut), stewed chicken and mushroom, and meat pie. Korean food (such as rice cake and cold noodle) is a part of Shenyangers' diet as there is a sizeable ethnic Korean population in the city. Also, as the area was traditionally occupied by Manchus, the cuisine in Shenyang was fundamentally influenced by Manchu food.

Notable people

This article's list of residents may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability or notability policies reliable sources cited within this article showing they are notable and residents or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (March 2011)

· Dr. Min Chiu Li, therapeutic scientist, Albert Lasker Medical Research Award winner, Alfred Sloan Award in Cancer Research winner

· Zhang Zuolin, Chinese/Manchurian politician

· Guo Songling, Chinese/Manchurian general working with Zhang Xueliang

· Tetsuzo Fuyushiba, Japanese/Manchurian politician

· Gong Li, Singaporean/Chinese actress

· Na Ying, singer

· Lang Lang, pianist

· Ai Jing, singer

· Jing Boran, singer

· Zimei, artist and Guzheng player

· Rosamund Kwan, actress

· Seiji Ozawa, Japanese conductor

· Ma Lin, table-tennis player

· Wang Yongzhi, aerospace engineer and academic

· Jin Xing, dancer and actor

· Liu Dongsheng, geological and environmental engineer

· Luan Enjie, engineer, former Administrator of China National Space Administration

· Chang Hsin-kang, professor, the former President of City University of Hong Kong

· Lin Gengxin, actor known for his role in The Scarlet Heart

Tourism Attractions

· Mukden Palace: the former imperial palace of the early Qing Dynasty. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

· Dongling: the tomb of the first Qing emperor, Nurhaci.

· Beiling Park and Zhaoling: the tomb of the second Qing emperor, Huang Taiji. The park covers an area of 3,300,000 sq. meters, and is serviced by trams for visitors who do not wish to (or cannot) traverse the length of the park. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

· World Horticulture Exposition garden: hosted the International Horticultural Exposition in 2006.

· Qipan Mountain, Qipanshan: a recreation resort in the east of Shenyang.

· Liaoning Provincial Museum： It displays a variety of artifacts that include some of the earliest forms of writing known to man.

· Shenyang Botanical Garden, a peaceful garden giving priority to botanical research. The garden is located at Dongling District of Shenyang, and covers an area of 211 ha. There are altogether over 1700 kinds of plants, especially from the northeast (Manchuria) region. There are also several large-scale flower exhibitions every year: tulips in May; peonies and irises in June, lilies in July, dahlias in August, and chrysanthemums in September.

· Shenyang Meteorite Mountain Park, located in the southeast of Shenyang in Dongling district. The biggest meteorite lies on the Huashitai Mountain of Lixiang County of Dongling District, and it is 160 m long, 54 m wide, 42 high and about 2 million tons in weight. It is the oldest meteorite in the world which was formed 4.5 billion years ago and fallen into the Earth 1.9 billion years ago.

· Xiaonan Cathedral of Shenyang: the construction of the cathedral started in 1875 and finished in 1878.

[edit]Shopping areas

Shopping and dining on Taiyuan Street

Shenyang has many shopping areas that provide people necessities, luxuries and entertainments. One of the shopping districts is Middle Street which is like the Fifth Avenue in New York City. Middle Street features many western-style stores and restaurants, including Wal-mart, Pizza Hut (which is a fancy restaurant in Shenyang), Louis Vuitton flagship store, Häagen-Dazs retail store, etc. The largest shopping mall in Shenyang is also located on Middle Street, selling products from all around the world.

Taiyuan Street(Chinese: 太原街)is another shopping area which is similar to Middle Street. Taiyuan Street also features many restaurants and theaters for people to enjoy. Many spend their holidays shopping on these two streets.

There is also a very large underground shopping center, offering lots of items, especially fashion jewelries, accessories and clothing.

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Critics Call for Closure of Kaplan University

Written by Matthew C. Keegan  //  01/31/2011  //  College News  //  1 Comment

Founded in 1937 as the American Institute of Commerce, Kaplan University is owned by the Washington Post Company and is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Yet, its accreditation and relationship with one of the most powerful media companies in the world hasn’t kept the school from being targeted for closure by critics who contend the school has defrauded the federal government and students.

Online Petition

Critics say Kaplan U. is putting them deeply in debt.

A group of students has started a petition on Change.org to urge the Washington Post Company to shut down the for-profit university, alleging that the school and others like it have harmed “…millions of…students, [who] end up victims of an industry that siphoned off more than $4.3 billion dollars of federal student aid in 2008-2009 alone.”[1]

The petition was started by Shannon Croteau who says that she was just 11 classes away from completing her degree with Kaplan University Online, deeply in debt and unable to secure financial aid. Croteau claims if she was to get her degree it would be worthless in New Hampshire, her home state, with little chance of securing the promised $65,000 paralegal position her education would have provided she alleges Kaplan told her.

Croteau has been joined by about two dozen other students who say they were educated by Kaplan. The students and petitioners are asking that Washington Post Chairman Donald Graham stop admissions to the school unless “meaningful reform” is put in place. Just one week after the petition was launched, 10,000 people have added their names to the list. Each person who signs the online petition generates an email to Graham

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Center Stage for the 21st Century

Power Plays in the Indian Ocean

By Robert D. Kaplan

March/April 2009

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Robert D. Kaplan answers questions submitted by readers about the rising importance of the Indian Ocean. 

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Arms and Influence at Sea

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Surely this makes Somalia central to the equation in a very interesting way?

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For better or worse, phrases such "the Cold War" and "the clash of civilizations" matter. In a similar way, so do maps. The right map can stimulate foresight by providing a spatial view of critical trends in world politics. Understanding the map of Europe was essential to understanding the twentieth century. Although recent technological advances and economic integration have encouraged global thinking, some places continue to count more than others. And in some of those, such as Iraq and Pakistan, two countries with inherently artificial contours, politics is still at the mercy of geography.

So in what quarter of the earth today can one best glimpse the future? Because of their own geographic circumstances, Americans, in particular, continue to concentrate on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. World War II and the Cold War shaped this outlook: Nazi Germany, imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and communist China were all oriented toward one of these two oceans. The bias is even embedded in mapping conventions: Mercator projections tend to place the Western Hemisphere in the middle of the map, splitting the Indian Ocean at its far edges. And yet, as the pirate activity off the coast of Somalia and the terrorist carnage in Mumbai last fall suggest, the Indian Ocean -- the world's third-largest body of water -- already forms center stage for the challenges of the twenty-first century.

The greater Indian Ocean region encompasses the entire arc of Islam, from the Sahara Desert to the Indonesian archipelago. Although the Arabs and the Persians are known to Westerners primarily as desert peoples, they have also been great seafarers. In the Middle Ages, they sailed from Arabia to China; proselytizing along the way, they spread their faith through sea-based commerce. Today, the western reaches of the Indian Ocean include the tinderboxes of Somalia, Yemen, Iran, and Pakistan -- constituting a network of dynamic trade as well as a network of global terrorism, piracy, and drug smuggling. Hundreds of millions of Muslims -- the legacy of those medieval conversions -- live along the Indian Ocean's eastern edges, in India and Bangladesh, Malaysia and Indonesia...

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Another area, Wu'ai Market, (simplified Chinese: 五爱市场; traditional Chinese: 五愛市場), features a large multi-story shopping center with a size comparable to that of many city blocks. It contains hundreds, if not thousands, of mini or boutique stores that open very early in the morning and close in the early afternoon. It is famous for wholesaling cheap clothes and household items.

The information technology center is in Sanhao street (Chinese: 三好街), in the southern part of the city.

There are also many large superstores located throughout the city that sell everything from meat and dairy to clothes and electronics.

[edit]Research and education

Shenyang has one of the highest concentrations of educational institutes in China. Roughly 30 colleges and universities and numerous research and training institutions are located in Shenyang.

[edit]Research

· Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences

· Shenyang Institute Of Automation ,Chinese Academy Of Sciences

[High schools

· Liaoning Province Shiyan High School

· Shenyang No.2 Senior High School

· Northeast Yucai School, a school founded by the Japanese and is still influenced by Japanese culture. It consists of various departments, such as Nursing Garden, Elementary School, Junior High School, and Senior High School.

·

[Colleges and universities

· Northeastern University (东北大学/東北大學)

· China Medical University (中国医科大学/中國醫科大學)

· Shenyang Agricultural University (沈阳农业大学/沈阳农业大学)

· Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 

· Shenyang Aerospace University (沈阳航空航天大学/瀋陽航空

· Shenyang Jianzhu (Architectural) University (沈阳建筑大学/瀋陽建築大學)

· Shenyang University of Chemical Technology

· Shenyang Institute of Chemical Technology (沈阳化工大学/瀋陽化工學院)

· Shenyang Medical College (沈阳医学院)

· Shenyang Normal University (沈阳师范大学/瀋陽師範大學)

· Liaoning University (辽宁大学/遼寧大學)

· Shenyang Ligong University (沈阳理工大学/瀋陽理工大學)

· Shenyang University (沈阳大学/瀋陽大學)

· Shenyang University of Technology (沈阳工业大学/瀋陽工業大學)

· Shenyang Sport University (沈阳体育学院/瀋陽體育學院)

· Shenyang Institute of Engineering (沈阳工程学院/瀋陽工程學院)

· Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (辽宁中医药大学/遼寧中醫藥大學)

[edit]Defunct universities

FengYong University (Chinese: 馮庸大學): the first private university in China that follows western setups funded by Mr Feng Yong. It contains the departments of Engineering, Law and Education.

[edit]International relations[edit]Consulates in Shenyang

Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United States have consulates in Shenyang's Heping District; North Korea has a consulate in Huanggu District. France recently announced it will open a consulate general's office in Shenyang.[2]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

[edit]

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What is A Level?

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ANSWER #1:

IS U.S. visa needed to provide funding? Yes

The U.S. visa is required to provide funds must be greater than or equal to the sum of the need to spend tuition and living expenses for undergraduate study, completed in the United States American University's tuition and living expenses vary widely, so funds need to be prepared in conformity with the amount of the University of calculation.

If the student is prepared after the completion of summer courses to University of Utah to study the amount of the deposit cannot be less than 600,000 Yuan.

If the student is ready to go to Baylor University or the University of Vermont to study after completing the summer courses, the amount of the deposit can not be less than 700,000 Yuan

If the student is ready to go to Northeastern University after completing the summer courses to study, the amount of the deposit can not be less than 800,000 Yuan

If students are not sure they want to go to schools to learn, the amount of the deposit is prepared not on the high and low basis. For example, students planning to go to the University of Utah or the Baylor University, he needs to prepare a deposit of not less than 700,000 Yuan

 

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BY WHAT CRITERIA ARE U.S. universitIES ranked?

Many rankings, such as "U.S. News and World reports" (U.S. News and World the Report), "Princeton reviews" (of The from Princeton Review,), "Business Week" (the Business Week,), "Wall Street Daily" (Wall, Street, of) each rank are unofficial, and the ranking criteria are not the same.

Ranking is generally measured by the University's international reputation. Professional ranking is to measure the University's academic quality.

Ranking difference of 20 universities is not much difference in the quality of undergraduate teaching. 

D. SAT is important or TOEFL important?

TOEFL is a standard examination. TOEFL must pass the minimum standards of the school, or students will be asked to participate in the study of the language of the school curriculum.

SAT results are 50 universities in the pre-application is very important to the university after 50 is only the icing on the cake to the role. Therefore, we recommend that student’s first security TOEFL Zaigong before the SAT. 

To apply for American universities need to TOEFL results of how many points?

When they go to high school they have to take ESL (they work the devil of those kids), American universities will ask them to provide TOEFL their scores from the Chinese high school in order to apply for university. Each university's minimum TOEFL standards are not the same.

The top 30 universities in general need a TOEFL score of at least 100 points.

The first 30-120 ranked universities require a TOEFL score of at least 75 points score ranging from 61 to 90 minutes minimum, as the general situation. 

American curriculum at Kaplan is helping students helicopter in the United States University as a sophomore

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Climate in KUNMING

Located at an elevation of 1,890 m on the Yungui Plateau with low latitude and high elevation, Kunming has one of the mildest climates in China, characterized by short, cool dry winters with mild days and crisp nights, and long, warm and humid summers, but much cooler than the lowlands. The weather never gets very hot in summer; the temperature has exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) only on a handful of occasions. However, freak snowfalls occur in occasional winters. Controlled by a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb), average highs are around 15 °C (59 °F) in winter and 24 °C (75 °F) in summer. With its perpetual spring-like weather, which provides the ideal climate for plants and flowers, Kunming is known as the "City of Eternal Spring". The city is covered with blossoms and lush vegetation all-year round.[10] The period from May to October is the rainy season and the rest of the year is dry. The city has a mean annual rainfall of 1,010 millimeters (40 in), with an annual sunshine period of 2,250 hours and an annual frost-free period of 230 days. Extreme temperatures in the city have ranged from −7.8 °C (18 °F) to 32.2 °C (90 °F).[11]

[Climate data for Kunming (1971–2000)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

15.4(59.7)

17.2(63.0)

20.7(69.3)

23.8(74.8)

24.4(75.9)

24.1(75.4)

24.0(75.2)

24.1(75.4)

22.7(72.9)

20.5(68.9)

17.5(63.5)

15.1(59.2)

20.8(69.4)

Average low °C (°F)

2.3(36.1)

3.6(38.5)

6.4(43.5)

10.1(50.2)

14.3(57.7)

16.7(62.1)

16.9(62.4)

16.2(61.2)

14.6(58.3)

11.9(53.4)

7.3(45.1)

3.1(37.6)

10.3(50.5)

Precipitation mm (inches)

15.8(0.622)

15.8(0.622)

19.6(0.772)

23.5(0.925)

97.4(3.835)

180.9(7.122)

202.2(7.961)

204.0(8.031)

119.2(4.693)

79.1(3.114)

42.4(1.669)

11.3(0.445)

1,011.3(39.815)

% humidity

68

63

58

59

68

78

83

82

81

79

77

73

72.4

Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)

4.4

4.6

5.5

6.8

12.2

17.4

20.3

19.3

15.8

13.0

7.3

3.8

130.4

Mean monthly sunshine hours

224.5

219.6

255.4

244.8

212.2

135.0

124.3

144.9

123.5

143.7

169.8

200.0

2,197.6

Source: China Meteorological Administration

[edit]Natural resources

Mineral resources include phosphorus, salt, magnesium, titanium, coal, quartz sand, clay, silica, copper. Phosphorus and salt mines are the most plentiful. Proven reserves of phosphorus mine is 2,277 million tons. Kunyang Phosphorus Mine is one of the three major phosphorusmines in the country. Rock salt reserves are 1,222 million tons and mirabilite reserves are 1,908 million tons. Dongchuan is a major copper production base.

Proven reserves of Coal bed gas is about 500 billion cubic meters, equal to 720 million tons of standard coal.[12] Geothermal resources are widely distributed.

[edit]Environment and horticulture

Kunming has 2,585 hectares of lawns, trees and flowers averaging 4.96 square meters per capita. The green space rate is 21.7%. The city's smoke control area is 115 square kilometers and noise control area 87 square kilometers.

Kunming is a significant horticultural center in China, providing products such as grain, wheat, horsebeans, corn, potato and fruit such as peaches, apples, oranges, grapes and chestnuts. Kunming is world-famous for its flowers and flower-growing exports. More than 400 types of flowers are commonly grown in Kunming. The camellia, yulan magnolica, azalea, fairy primrose, lily and orchid are known as the six famous flowers of the city.

The camellia was confirmed by the Municipality of Kunming as its city flower in 1983.

The Kunming city government plans to create an environmental trial court to deal with environment-related lawsuits. It is to be part of the city's intermediate people's court and will have jurisdiction over appeals by companies that have been found guilty of violatingenvironmental laws in cities throughout Yunnan province.[13]

[edit]Paleontology

Among Chinese fossils that were discovered in 2002 was an important new invertebrate animal species from Early Cambrian deposits atChengjiang near Kunming. Didazoon haoae represented an entirely new phylum of metazoans (multicellular animals), the phylumVetulicolia. The specimen had a series of gill slits, which suggested that this new group illustrates an early stage in the diversification of thedeuterostomes, one of the major animal divisions. Other deuterostome groups are the chordates (which includes the vertebrates),hemichordates, and echinoderms. Also reported was a Devonian Chinese fossil fish, Styloichthys changae, that has features linking thelungfish to tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates).

In 2004, newly discovered well-preserved soft-bodied fossils of deuterostomes from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang deposits near Kunming represented a new group of echinoderms (a group of marine animals). Named vetulocystids, these deuterostomes were a diversesuperphylum that included the chordates, hemichordates, and echinoderms. The find shed some light on the origin of the echinoderms. See also Myllokunmingia.

[edit]Demographics

Of the more than five million people registered as residents in Kunming in 2006, more than four million were Han. The Yi people were the most prominent minority in the city, with more than 400,000 residents. The least-represented ethnic minority in Kunming were the 75 Dulong people living in the city.

Registered ethnic populations of Kunming as of 2006:[14]

· Han (汉族): 4,383,500

· Yi (彝族): 400,200

· Hui (回族): 149,000

· Bai (白族): 73,200

· Miao (苗族): 46,100

· Lisu (傈僳族): 17,700

· Zhuang (壮族): 14,000

· Dai (傣族): 13,200

· Hani (哈尼族): 11,000

· Naxi (纳西族): 8,400

· Manchu (满族): 4,800

· Buyei (布依族): 3,400

· Mongol (蒙古族): 2,500

· Lahu (拉祜族): 1,700

· Tibetan (藏族): 1,500

· Yao (瑶族): 1,100

· Jingpo (景颇族): 1,100

· Va (佤族): 1,000

· Blang (布朗族): 441

· Primi (普米族): 421

· Sui (水族): 294

· Achang (阿昌族): 263

· Nu (怒族): 156

· Jino (基诺族): 135

· Derung (独龙族): 75

[edit]Cityscape

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reasonhas been specified. Please help improve this section if you can. (July 2010)

Kunming Square

The city center has three major squares and five major streets: Jinma Biji Square, Nanping Square and Dongfeng Square along with Nanping Jie, Jinbi Lu, Renmin Lu, Zhengyi Lu and Jingxin Jie. Qingnian Lu, Zhengyi Lu, and Renmin Lu are the main commercial areas in Kunming; the most popular pedestrian streets are Nanping Jie, Jingxing Birds-Flowers' Market, and Jinma Biji Fang.

Kunming's public focus is the huge square outside the Workers' Cultural Hall at the Beijing Lu-Dongfeng Lu intersection, where in the mornings there are crowds doing taijiquan and playingbadminton. Weekend amateur theatre are also performed in the square. Rapidly being modernized, the city's true center is west of the square across the adjacent Panlong River (now more of a canal), outside the Kunming Department Store at the Nanping Lu/Zhengyi Lu crossroads, a densely crowded shopping precinct packed with clothing and electronics stores. The river is polluted, black and oily. Surrounding the area are plenty of new high-rises.

The center is an area of importance to Kunming's Hui population, with Shuncheng Jie, one of the last old streets in the center of the city, previously forming a Muslim quarter. Until shortly before 2005, this street was full of wind-dried beef and mutton carcasses, pitta bread and raisin sellers, and huge woks of roasting coffee beans being earnestly stirred with shovels. Under Kunming's rapid modernisation, however, the street has been demolished to make way for apartments and shopping centers. Rising behind a supermarket one block north off Zhengyi Lu, Nancheng Qingzhen Si is the city's new mosque, its green dome and chevron-patterned minaret visible from afar and built on the site of an earlier Qing edifice.

Running west off Zhengyi Jie just past the mosque, Jingxing Jie leads into one of the more bizarre corners of the city, with Kunming's huge Bird and Flower Market convening daily in the streets connecting it with the northerly, parallel Guanghua Jie. The market offers many plants such as orchids that have been collected and farmed across the province. In the small grounds of Wen Miao, a now vanished Confuciantemple off the western end of Changchun Lu, there is an avenue of pines, an ancient pond and pavilion, and beds of bamboo, azaleas and potted palms-a quiet place where old men play chess and drink tea.

Jinbi Lu runs roughly parallel to and south of Dongfeng Lu, reached from Beijing Lu. Two large Chinese pagodas rise in the vicinity, each a solid thirteen storeys of whitewashed brick crowned with four iron cockerels. The West Pagoda was built between 824 and 859, during theTang Dynasty; its original counterpart, the East Pagoda, was built at the same time, but was destroyed by an earthquake in 1833 and rebuilt in the same Tang style in 1882. South down Dongsi Jie, past another mosque, the entrance to the West Pagoda is along a narrow lane on the right. In the tiny surrounding courtyard, sociable idlers while away sunny afternoons playing cards and sipping tea in the peaceful, ramshackle surroundings. The East Pagoda is a more cosmetic, slightly tilted duplicate standing in an ornamental garden a few minutes' walk east on Shulin Jie. The temples associated with both pagodas are closed to the public.

Central Kunming

[edit]Parks

Cuihu Park (Green Lake Park) is one of Kunming's major park and is predominately a lake surrounded by greenery. It has a large and elaborate network of waterways and winding paths, with broad, lotus-covered pools and overhanging willows. It is a place where thousands exercise, do taijiquan, sing and feed the flocks of black-headed gulls. Located in the west side of the park is the statue of one of Yunnan's most famous patriots - Nie Er, the composer of China's national anthem.

Daguan Park lies on Dian Chi in Kunming's southwestern limits. Originally laid out by the energetic seventeenth-century Qing emperor Kangxi, it has been modified over the years to include a noisy funfair, food stalls and emporiums, and is a favourite haunt of Kunming's youth.

Kunming's zoo, founded in 1950, is adjoined to Yuantong Park. The zoo houses 5,000 animals from 140 species and receives 3 million visitors a year.[15]

Other parks in Kunming include Black Dragon Pool, and the Kunming Botanical Gardens in the north, and Wenmiao Tea Garden in Wuhua District.

[edit]Landmarks

The "Garden of the World Horticultural Exposition", located in the northern suburbs of Kunming, is six kilometers from central Kunming. From May 1 to October 31, 1999, Kunming held the 1999 World Horticulture Exposition, with the theme of "Man and Nature-Marching Toward the 21st Century". In the garden, visitors can see gardening and horticultural works from all over China and East Asia. All the horticultural works in the garden concentrate on the theme of "Man and Nature", with pavilions, towers, terraces, banks, islets and bridges.

The "Golden Hall Scenic Zone", located on the Mingfeng Hill in the northern suburbs of Kunming, is eight kilometers from central Kunming. Constructed in 1602 (the 30th year of the Wanli reign period of the Ming Dynasty), all of its beans, pillars, arches, doors, windows, tiles, Buddhist statues, and horizontal inscribed boards are made of copper, weighing more than 200 tons. It is the largest copper building in China.

There are two major museums in Kunming, Yunnan Provincial Museum and Kunming City Museum. A third which opened in November 2006, is the Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology. Completed in 1995 is the Yunnan Ethnology Museum.

Yuantong Temple, the largest Buddhist complex in Kunming

Yuantong Si is northern Yunnan's major Buddhist temple and an active place of pilgrimage. It is Kunming's largest and most famous temple with the original structure being first constructed more than 1,200 years ago during the Tang Dynasty. The temple sits on the southern slopes of Yuantong Park. Northwest about 12 km from the city center is the Qiongzhu Si (Bamboo Temple) built in 639 and rebuilt in 1422 to 1428.

Huating Temple (华亭寺) in theWestern Hills near Kunming

South Asian Gate will be Kunming's first supertall skyscaper.

[edit]Administrative divisions

See also: List of administrative divisions of Yunnan

The prefecture-level city of Kunming has jurisdiction over 14 subdivisions; five districts, one county-level city, five counties and three autonomous counties.

Kunming is bounded by Qujing City to the east, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture to the southeast and Yuxi City to the southwest, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture to the west andZhaotong City to the northeast. Kunming also borders with Panzhihua prefecture level city andLiangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan province.

Kunming plans to add two new districts to its existing four urban districts (Panlong, Wuhua, Guandu, Xishan) over the next few years.

Map

#

Name

Hanzi

Hanyu Pinyin

Population(2003 est.)

Area (km²)

Density(/km²)

City Proper

1

Panlong District

盘龙区

Pánlóng Qū

600,000

340

1,765

2

Wuhua District

五华区

Wǔhuá Qū

810,000

398

2,036

Suburban

3

Guandu District

官渡区

Guāndù Qū

750,000

552

1,359

4

Xishan District

西山区

Xīshān Qū

850,000

791

1,075

Satellite cities and district

5

Dongchuan District

东川区

Dōngchuān Qū

300,000

1,674

179

6

Anning City

安宁市

Ānníng Shì

270,000

1,313

206

Rural

7

Chenggong County

呈贡县

Chénggòng Xiàn

160,000

541

296

8

Jinning County

晋宁县

Jìnníng Xiàn

270,000

1,391

194

9

Fumin County

富民县

Fùmín Xiàn

140,000

1,030

136

10

Yiliang County

宜良县

Yíliáng Xiàn

410,000

1,880

218

11

Songming County

嵩明县

Sōngmíng Xiàn

340,000

1,442

236

12

Shilin Yi Autonomous County

石林彝族 自治县

Shílín Yízú Zìzhìxiàn

230,000

1,777

129

13

Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County

禄劝彝族苗族自治县

Lùquàn Yízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn

450,000

4,378

103

14

Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County

寻甸回族彝族自治县

Xúndiàn Huízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn

500,000

3,966

126

[edit]Society and culture

[edit]Leisure and entertainment

Within Kunming, the entertainment district has its focus around Kunming Square, with many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants. Eating out is the main pleasure after dark in Kunming. Food aside, one feature of less formal Yunnanese restaurants is that they often have a communal bamboo water pipe and tobacco for their customers. Nightlife has improved recently, thanks to rising incomes and tourist population. There are plenty of student bars and clubs. The city has several operatic troupes and indigenous entertainments which includehuadeng, a lantern dance. Although indoor performances are lacking, there are often informal shows at the weekend outside the Workers' Cultural Hall and in Cuihu Park. There are similar shows at the Yunnan Arts Theater on Dongfeng Xi Lu. Kunming's main cinema house is on the south side of the Dongfeng Lu/Zhengyi Lu intersection. The other main multiplex, the XJS, at the junction of Wenlin Jie and Dongfeng Xi Lu.

[edit]Arts

In October 2006, artists from China, Taiwan, the US, Canada, Japan and elsewhere adopted a constitution for the newly formedInternational Folk Arts and Craft Union (IFACU). The stated mission of IFACU is to organize and promote cooperation among the world's artists to promote and preserve folk arts and crafts. The organization will be based in Kunming, ostensibly because of the ethnic diversity in Yunnan and the variety of folk art and crafts found throughout the province. The first IFACU general assembly is scheduled to take place in Kunming sometime in 2008.

[edit]Art galleries

· YunArt Gallery, highlights leading and up-and-coming artists from Yunnan.[16]

· TCG Nordica, an international art gallery and culture centre situated in the heart of the artist community at Chuang Ku/LOFT in Kunming.[5]

[edit]Language

Further information: Kunming dialect

The Kunming dialect is very similar to that of Sichuan and Guizhou but uses the third tone much less than standard Chinese. Many terms are used only in Kunming dialect, such as 板扎 meaning 'terrific'.

[edit]Cuisine

Kunming at night

Kunming's cuisine is distinctly Yunnanese and combines fresh ingredients afforded by the moderate climate with mild herbs and spices giving its cooked dishes sufficient flavour but lacking the pungency associated with food from other regions of the country. The city's climate fosters the growth of literally hundreds of species of mushroom which are consequently a predominant feature of many dishes. There are other regional Chinese cuisines, with a few upmarket restaurants serving international dishes. Back lanes running north off Dongfeng Xi Lu or Jinbi Lu have the famous stalls and restaurants where the locals offer specialties such as grilled cheese, hotpots, fried snacks rolled in chilli powder, loaves of meat-stuffed soda bread, and rich duck and chicken casseroles. The special dish of Kunming is guò qiáo mĭxiàn, a boiling, chicken soup with rice noodles under a very thin layer of oil. Raw meat and vegetables are added by the consumer to ensure the ingredients are fresh and the ingredients will be cooked in the hot soup since the cut of the raw meat and vegetables are extremely thin. The legend behind "crossing bridge noodles" involves a student studying for the imperial exam (which was given once per year). He went to study on an island a short way from his wife and village. Every day his wife would bring him food, but because of the distance (she had to cross a bridge) the food would get cold. The student's wife figured out that by layering the broth with oil, she could keep the food hot.

Some of the most famous Kunming food is as follows:

· Over the Bridge Rice Noodles Guo qiao mi xian 过桥米线

· Steam Potted Chicken 气锅鸡

· Er Kuai (Rice Cake)

· Smoked Smelly Bean Curd, a popular night stall snack 臭豆腐

· The Eight Treasures of Yunnan, a type of stuffed cake

[edit]Sports

Every year, many Chinese and international athletes come to Kunming for high-altitude training. The city has been China's national high-elevation training base for more than 30 years. There are two major training complexes, Hongta Sports Center and Haigeng National Training Center.[17]

Haigeng National Training Center is located on Lake Dianchi near Kunming's award-winning Lakeview Golf Club and new condominium developments, and is relatively isolated. It contains eight basketball courts, weight rooms, indoor and outdoor tennis courts, a dozen football pitches, two running tracks, a pool for swimming and one for diving. It also has a large snooker hall, a room for table tennis and a volleyball gym. Athletes, coaches and team managers stay onsite in the complex's many dormitories and hotel rooms.[17]

Hongta Sports Center was built in 2000 by one of Yunnan's largest corporations Hongta cigarette company with a cost of US$58 million. Near Haigeng Park, the complex is mostly used by professional athletes but also acts as a sports club for the general public. The general public can use all of its extensive facilities and every weekend, it hosts amateur football matches. Aside from about 10 football pitches, including one surrounded by a running track, Hongta also has a 50 m swimming pool, a badminton gymnasium, tennis courts and a basketball court. It also has one of China's few ice hockey rinks, and a workout room with treadmills and weightlifting machines. There are also game rooms for air hockey and pool tables, and a basement bowling alley. Hongta also has a 101-room hotel and restaurant.[17]

[edit]Golf

Golf is a major attraction in Kunming. There are four golf courses within an hour's drive of downtown. For the last six years, Spring City Golf and Lake Resort in nearby Yiliang County has reigned as the best golf course in China and Hong Kong according to US Golf Digest. In 2004, it was named Asia's best golf resort by Asian Golf Monthly.[9] It hosts the Kunming Leg of the Omega China Tour.

Kunming has attracted foreign investment in golf course development. "Spring City" Golf Resort is a US$600 million project that began as an investment led by Singapore's Keppel Land Group in 1992. Today it is not only ranked by some as China's top golf course, but also one of the top golf destinations in all of Asia. Much of this is attributable to Keppel's financial backing in addition to having golf legend Jack Nicklaus and eminent golf course designer Robert Trent Jones, Jr design the two courses.[9]

[edit]Sport facilities

Major sports facilities include:

· Tuodong Sports Center, a multi-purpose venue

· Golf: Spring City Golf and Lake Resort, its 'Mountain Course' was designed by Jack Nicklaus

· Lakeview Golf Villa

· Cuihu Park tennis courts

· Kunming Municipal Athletic Center

· Kunming Gymnasium

· Yunnan Provincial Stadium, home to Hongta Yunnan Football Club

· Wuhua District Stadium

[edit]Media

Hong Kong China International and Dianchi National Tourist Resort will jointly invest and construct a new television and film base in Kunming. The Kunming TV, Film and New Media Industry Base (昆明影视与新媒体产业基地) or "Dream City" will be built by a joint venture created for the project with an investment of three billion yuan (US$418 million) allocated for the base's first phase, which will cover three square kilometers. The base will feature television and film studios, shooting stages and equipment, state-of-the-art production facilities andvideo game production, and a film school established by Peking University and Beijing Film Academy.The whole project is expected to be completed by 2013 with a total investment of 17 billion yuan ($2.3 billion).[18]

[edit]Film festivals

· BigScreen Festival (or "BigScreen Italia"), focuses on Chinese and Italian cinema

· Yunnan Mulicultural Visual Festival ("Yunfest"), focuses on Chinese documentaries in Yunnan [6]

· Kunming Anime Festival

[edit]Tourism

Panlong Jiang River

Kunming attracts domestic and foreign tourists all year round. At the center of Yunnan province and as its capital, Kunming is also a transport hub for tourists heading to other parts of Yunnan such as Dali,Lijiang and Shangrila.

Over 24 million domestic tourists visited Kunming in 2007, with 800,000 foreign tourists visiting annually.[19] Kunming's total revenue from tourism in 2007 was 16.8 billion yuan, an increase of 8.0% over 2006.

Kunming hosts the China International Travel Mart every two years.

Conference and exhibition venues in Kunming include the Kunming International Convention and Exhibition Center and the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Hall.

[edit]List of tourist attractions

· Kingdom of the Little People, a theme park featuring performers with dwarfism, is also located near Kunming.[20]

[edit]Economy

Kunming industrial zone on the west coast of the Lake Dian

Kunming has three distinct economic advantages over other cities in southwest China: abundant natural resources, a booming local consumer market and the mildest climate in the region. Kunming's economy was ranked 12th of all Chinese cities in

Due to its position at the geographical center of Yunnan, one of China's largest producers of agricultural products, minerals and hydroelectric power, Kunming is the main commercial hub for most of the province's vast resources.

Kunming's chief industries are copper, lead and zinc production. Its iron and steel industry has been greatly expanded. Salt and phosphate mines around Kunming are some of the largest in China. Yunnan Copper Company Limited, based in Kunming, is one of Yunnan's largest mining corporations. From the late 1970s, Kunming's main industries also came to include food and tobacco processing and the manufacture of construction equipment and machines.

In May 1995, the State Council approved Kunming as an Open City. By the end of that year, the city had approved 929 overseas-funded enterprises with a total investment of 2.286 billion US dollars including 1.073 billion U.S. dollars of foreign capital. More than 40 projects each had an investment of more than nine million U.S. dollars.

Kunming is also a center of engineering and the manufacture of machine tools, electrical machinery, equipment and automobiles (including heavy goods vehicles= truck with a gross combination mass (GCM) of over 3,500 kilograms (7,716 lb).

). It has a major chemical industry, as well as plastics, cement works and textile factories. Its many processing plants, which include tanneries, woodworking and papermaking factories, use local agricultural products. In 1997, Yunnan Tire Co. opened a tire plant in Kunming, with a capacity to produce two million tires per year.

Because of its location in the southwest of China, Kunming missed out on China's rapid economic growth in the 1990s. However, the city has recently received renewed attention, becoming an international commercial hub for South and Southeast Asia. The Kunming economic authorities are active participants in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), promoting trade throughout China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar,Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam.

Several railroads and highways have been planned to connect Kunming to areas of Thailand, Vietnam and Laos, providing access to seaports.

In 2006, the Chinese government approved a 2912 km oil pipeline to be built from the Indian Ocean coastal town of Sittwe, Myanmar to Kunming. This pipeline will carry African and Middle Eastern petroleum to China, bypassing some oil shipments through the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. The pipeline will cut oil transport time by two weeks. In addition, Kunming is also said to be the site for an oil refinery for the incoming oil.

[edit]Development zones

Kunming has two major development zones, Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone (biological medicine, new materials, electronic information, photoelectron, agriculture) and Kunming Economic and Technology Development Zone (mechanical equipment production, biological science and food industry, information industry, software).

Kunming Economic & Technology Development Zone

First established in 1992, Kunming Economic & Technology Development Zone is a national-level zone approved by State Council. Kunming is located in east-central Yunnan province with preferential location. After several years' development, the zone has formed its pillar industries, which include tobacco processing, machinery manufacturing, electronic information, and biotechnology.[21]

Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone

The Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone (KMHNZ), is a state-level high-tech industrial zone established in 1992 to the northwest of downtown Kunming. It is administratively part of Kunming City. It has covers an area of 9 square kilometres (3.5 sq mi). KMHNZ is located in the northwest part of Kunming city, with 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from Kunming Railway Station, and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Kunming Wujiaba International Airport.[22]

[edit]Industrial parks

There are 30 key industrial parks promulgated and recognized by National Development and Reform Commission in Yunnan Province.[23]

The largest include:

· Chenggong Industrial Park

· Anning Industrial Park

· Songming Yanglin Industrial Development Zone

· Dongchuan Special Industrial Park

· Xundian Special Industrial Park

· Kunming Haikou Industrial Park

[edit]Statistics

For the fiscal year of 2009,[24]

· Kunming's gross domestic product (GDP) was 180.9 billion yuan;

· Fixed asset investment was 160.1 billion yuan;

· Real estate investment was 36.9 billion yuan;

· Retail sales was 86.5 billion yuan;

· Per capita disposable income within Kunming's urban areas grew to 16,496 yuan;

· Kunming's average farmer outside of the city earned 5,080 yuan.

[edit]Companies

As of 2008, Kunming is home to 65 of the Top 100 Enterprises in Yunnan Province. The top 100 enterprises were based on their revenues for 2007. Hongta Group, with revenues of some RMB39.88 billion for 2007 topped the list, while Hongyun Group took the third place with revenues of RMB39.23 billion. The tobacco sector remains the largest sector in the province.

Top 10

Top 10 Kunming-based companies, according to Yunnan Provincial Enterprise Association:[25] (company; annual operating revenue; primary business)

1. Hongta Group (红塔集团): 40,798,100,000 yuan; tobacco

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