· Web view5.1.3 Exploring past abundance and habits of the Masked Owl by carbon dating of cliff...

Predicting essential habitat for forest owls in Tasmania

ForewordExecutive SummaryAcknowledgementsOn the subject of the Tasmanian Masked Owl1.0 Introduction2.0 Methodology3.0 Results 4.0 Discussion5.0 RecommendationsReferencesAppendix 1Appendix 2Appendix 3Appendix 4Appendix 5List of Maps (see parts 2 and 3)List of TablesList of Figures

Foreword

Under the National Forest Policy Statement signed by Tasmania in April 1995, the Tasmanian and Commonwealth Governments agreed to a framework and a joint scientific and public consultation process for a comprehensive regional assessment (CRA) of Tasmanian forests leading to negotiation of a Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) for Tasmania.

The CRA information is being gathered in two separate assessment processes:

· a social and economic assessment which covers issues such as social impacts, forest resources including wood, mineral and other resources, forest uses such as tourism and apiculture, and industry development options; and

· an environment and heritage assessment which covers issues such as cultural heritage, biodiversity, endangered species, old growth, wilderness, national estate and world heritage.

Executive Summary

Introduction

Two owl species breed in Tasmania, the Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae castanops and the Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae leucopsis. A third species, the Barn Owl Tyto alba occurs as a vagrant but with no confirmed reports of breeding. Both the Masked Owl and Southern Boobook are forest dependent requiring cavities in eucalypt trees for nesting. Changes to the structure and/or floristics of forests as a result of logging have the potential to influence the distribution and abundance of these species, either directly through the removal or modification of essential habitat, or indirectly through effects on the abundance of their prey species. Recent research in southeastern mainland Australia has provided a considerable addition to our knowledge of the habitat requirements, geographic distributions and abundance of some species of forest owls. However, as ecological studies of owls in Australia are a recent phenomenon, much ground needs to be covered in order to fully appreciate the effects of forestry practices on owls and their prey. There is a dearth of information on the distribution, population status and habitat requirements of the Masked Owl and Southern Boobook in Tasmania. Consequently there is little on which to base assessments of conservation status, reservation status or the effects of forest modification on these species.

Masked Owl

Distribution and habitat

Important Masked Owl habitat in Tasmania occurs on coastal and sub-coastal lowlands in areas of low mean annual rainfall and high mean annual temperature in the north, northeast, east and southeast. Predicted distribution from models based on physical attributes of known nesting habitat identify the east coast between St Marys and Hobart, the Huon and Derwent River valleys, mid north coast and small fragmented patches in the Tamar Valley and the northeast coast as important breeding areas. Masked Owls are associated with eucalypt forest and woodlands, but also occur in non-eucalypt dominated forests and cleared land/pasture in dry lowlands.

Eucalypt forests and woodland containing old growth trees or isolated old-growth trees containing very large hollows are essential for breeding. Roosting sites are usually in trees (among dense foliage or in tree hollows), cliffs (overhangs, potholes and caves) and occasionally human-made structures such as farm sheds and open building. The home range of Masked Owls may be in excess of 1 000ha and the size of the Tasmanian population is estimated to be about 1 300 breeding individuals.

Reservation status

Although there has been substantial loss of old-growth forest in Tasmania since European settlement there is no direct evidence of general decline in abundance or range of Masked Owls. However, it is reasonable to suggest that a decline in number may have occurred as a result of substantial loss of old-growth eucalypts in dry forest and woodlands. The major perceived threat to the Masked Owl population in Tasmania is the loss of old-growth trees and roosting habitat as a result of commercial timber harvesting, land clearing, individual tree removal and natural attrition. The literature and incidental data indicate that collision with motor vehicles, fences or powerpoles and electrocution on powerlines may be an important component of mortality rate. The reservation status based on breeding

sites of the Masked Owl is poor with only small areas of preferred habitat within reserves. This reflects the under-representation of dry sclerophyll forest and woodland types within the existing reserve system.

Recommendations

Given the potential for a large home-range area in conjunction with the association of high owl density and habitat fragmented by development and clearing, the frequent use of cleared land and pasture by owls and preference for a mosaic of forest and non-forest habitats within its home range, reservation alone may not be the most appropriate tool for effective conservation of the Masked Owl. Off-reserve conservation of nesting and roosting habitat may be highly significant. Specific guidelines recommended for the conservation of Masked Owls in production forest include:

(i) the retention of nest trees, with sufficient associated old-growth habitat for ongoing recruitment of nest hollows (to balance the potential for a high nest tree attrition rate) and the retention of sufficient nearby densely foliated habitat for roosting (as catered for in forest streamside reserves). Dissection of habitat by forest roading and the early stages following forest removal may not necessarily disadvantage Masked Owls and to some extent may initially enhance foraging conditions. However, Masked Owls have been shown to be sensitive to direct disturbance at the nest site and this should be strictly avoided;

(ii) standardized surveys for Masked Owls should be undertaken prior to logging within the species’ core habitat range (i.e. old-growth lowland dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands in the southeast, east, northeast and north) to identify the species’ presence and locality of nest sites.

To supplement our limited understanding of the ecology of the Masked Owl and develop effective guidelines for ongoing conservation further research is recommended. Priorities include:

(i) an assessment of home-range size and habitat utilization;

(ii) a large scale monitoring experiment to determine population density and trends in relation to logging, habitat fragmentation and introduced prey abundance;

(iii) assessment of the value of the Masked Owl as an indicator species for biodiversity and forest management.

Southern Boobook

Distribution and habitat

The Southern Boobook occurs throughout Tasmania including mainland and Bass Strait islands. Important habitat occurs in areas of low to moderate altitude, high annual mean rainfall and high annual mean temperature. High probability predicted distribution based on incidental and systematic site records indicate areas of important habitat in the north, northwest, northeast, midlands and east and southeast of mainland Tasmania and on Flinders Island. Including areas were Southern Boobook occurrence is rated as ‘moderate probability’ and ‘low probability’ there are very few parts of Tasmania where the Southern Boobook would not be expected to occur. These are alpine regions and areas of extensive moorland, scrub and rainforest in the west and southwest.

The Southern Boobook has an extremely wide habitat tolerance and in this study was recorded in rainforest, wet eucalypt forest, dry sclerophyll forest and woodland, non-eucalypt dominated forests, scrub and cleared land/pasture. However, the distribution of occurrence rated as ‘high probability’ indicates that drier lowland forests in the east of the State are the preferred habitat. The Southern Boobook may reach its greatest densities in these forest types. Eucalypt trees with hollows are used for breeding though the Southern Boobook’s size allows it to make use of quite small hollows in younger and smaller trees than the Masked Owl. There are also records of nesting in artificial nest boxes and other man-made structures. The Southern Boobook roosts in dense foliage, tree hollows, rocky clefts, caves or man-made structures. It has a small territory size dependent on the quality of habitat (estimates range between 4 and 40ha). Some birds migrate/disperse to mainland Australia during the winter months but evidence of this behaviour is scanty. The Southern Boobook seems highly adaptable to modified landscapes, providing suitable nesting habitat is available. It is a flexible hunter and may take a diverse range of prey including invertebrates and small mammals and birds.

Reservation status

The Southern Boobook is a common species throughout Tasmania. It occurs in a large number and range of reserves across the State reflecting its habitat versatility. The ‘ubiquitous’ nature of this species may explain the general lack of reporting of sightings and hearings. Additional reservation specifically targeting the Southern Boobook is not considered a priority. Given its relatively small home range, conservation security for this species could be met by the adequate representation of wet eucalypt and dry sclerophyll forest communities which support a range of tree age classes (including old-growth forest) within the current reserve system. Conservation of the Southern Boobook in production forest requires some retention of old-growth trees for nesting and associated densely foliated habitat for roosting. This may be catered for in fire protected streamside reserves.

Recommendations

A potential threat to the conservation of the Southern Boobook is the loss of tree hollows and roosting sites as a result of timber harvesting, land clearing and individual tree removal. This species is currently common but any significant reductions in forested habitat on private or public land may affect population size. The hunting strategy most commonly employed by the Southern Boobook makes it a prime candidate for collision with road vehicles. However, as little is known of the size of the Tasmanian population or its productivity it is difficult to assess the importance of this type of mortality at the population level. Competition with introduced Kookaburras and Starlings for tree hollows has been suggested as a potential impact. However, nothing is known of this relationship or its dynamics. To supplement our limited knowledge of the ecology and conservation management requirements of the Southern Boobook in Tasmania the following research is recommended:

(i) assessment of the threat of competition with introduced birds for tree hollows;

(ii) a monitoring experiment to determine the long term effects of decline in hollow abundance on Southern Boobook population size and density (a potential byproduct of proposed Masked Owl research).

Acknowledgements

Funding for the project was provided by the Australian National Conservation Agency (ANCA) and administered by the Australasian Raptor Association (ARA) of the Royal Australasian Ornithologist Union. Jenni Tulip entered the bulk of the site records on TASPAWS (Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service Biological Record System). Mark Holdsworth (President, ARA), Dr. Sally Bryant (CRA Project Team), Dr. Robert Taylor, Forestry Tasmania (FT) and Geoff Larmour (ANCA) as the Project Steering Committee for the CRA provided valuable contributions to the study. GIS data manipulation and analysis was undertaken by the GIS sections of the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service and Forestry Tasmania. Species modelling was undertaken by David Peters (TPWS). Steven Debus (Zoology Department, University of New England) provided advice on owl survey techniques and provided the recordings of Masked Owl calls used in the study. Dr. Richard Loyn (Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Victoria) provided an opportunity to participate in an owl survey in East Gippsland, Victoria. As part of this program, Ed McNabb and Maria Belvedere provided practical field advice on nocturnal bird and mammal survey techniques. Rod Kavanagh (Forestry Commission of NSW) provided advice on habitat modelling techniques. Members of BIRDS Tasmania and the ARA provided numerous site records and assisted in locating sites. Many non-affiliated individuals from the general public provided sighting records. The Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston and the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart provided access to site data related to Masked Owl and Southern Boobook skins and other biological material held in their collections.

On the subject of the Tasmanian Masked Owl

The Masked Owl of Tasmania is not uncommon, although rarely seen. Dead birds are frequently picked up after having struck telegraph wires at night or being killed by road traffic. Sometimes it becomes caught in rabbit traps, and has been known to lift a trap and carry it attached to its foot for nearly half a mile. This feat actually was noted with a bird that was eventually forced down in the courtyard of Entally National House, Hadspen.

Sharland in Tasmanian Birds (1958).

Sheaves of oats were stacked in paddocks and in barns. These attracted many rats and mice on which the owl population fed, along with rabbits. A very large Masked Owl, accidentally caught in a rabbit trap had three claws damaged. It was kept in a barn and hand fed on rabbits until its foot healed. Although free to go, it stayed and laid two eggs on the sheaves. When the threshing machine was due Mr Parsons made a wire netting covered frame, placed oats on it, then the eggs, and put it in a corner of the barn. The owl hatched and reared the two chicks. The parent owls took no notice of the threshing machine working "close by". Owls were often caught in rabbit traps. One morning nine had been caught but fortunately no broken legs. They were looked after if claws were damaged. There would be up to three pairs of owls nesting in one barn. Barn Owls were the very rare birds and seemed more knock kneed than the Masked Owl and didn’t like the Masked Owls "too close to them" in the barn. Both species nested at the same time in the Barn - Barn Owls usually on top ends of the large pole supports and Masked Owls on the sheaves. They were very noisy when young were being fed. One pair of Barn Owls successfully nested on chaff in a draught horse manger. Mr Parsons constructed a partition part way down the manger in order to prevent the owls contaminating the horse’s food.

Accounts from Gwen Holtham (nee Parsons) of her father’s property at Forthside in northern Tasmania during the1940’s (Joan Elliott, pers. comm.).

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background1.2 Survey techniques

1.3 Previous studies of environmental correlates and logging practices in Australia

1.4 The Southern Boobook

1.5 The Masked Owl

1.6 Aim of the study

1.1 Background

Owls are grouped into two families, the Hawk Owls (Strigidae) and the Barn Owls (Tytonidae). In Australia two genera are recognised, one from each family, Ninox (represented by four species) and Tyto (represented by five species). Eight species are associated with forest and/or woodlands habitats and five species (Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa, Masked Owl T. novaehollandiae, Powerful Owl Ninox strenua, Barking Owl, N. connivens and Southern Boobook N. novaeseelandiae) are associated with the commercially harvested forests of southeastern Australia. Tasmania’s forest habitats contain only two species, the Masked Owl and Southern Boobook.

Forest owls have a close association with old-growth forest in southeastern Australia (Kavanagh 1991; Kavanagh et al. 1995). They are important nocturnal predators and as such play a major role in the stability of forest ecosystems. Recent studies have indicated that monitoring population and distribution trends of large forest owls may provide not only valuable information on the relationship between owls and their habitats but may also provide useful indices of forest biodiversity and habitat quality, particularly for other hollow dependent species (e.g. Kavanagh 1991; Milledge et al. 1991; Davey 1993; Kavanagh & Peake 1993a; 1993b; Debus 1995;; Kavanagh et al. 1995).

Several surveys of owls have been undertaken in southeastern Australia (e.g. Milledge et al. 1991; Kavanagh & Peake 1993b; Debus 1995; Kavanagh et al. 1995). These studies have provided baseline data on distribution and habitat associations and insights into the effects of logging on owl populations. Results of these surveys are assisting forest managers to develop reservation and management guidelines for the ongoing conservation of forest dependent species (e.g. DCNR 1995). No systematic surveys had been undertaken in Tasmania prior to this study.

1.2 Survey techniques

The most common technique used for large scale survey of forest owls in Australia is based on listening for unelicited calls and/or listening for elicited calls in response to the broadcast of pre-recorded calls. This type of survey provides data on the relative abundance of owls in different habitat types. Debus (1995) considers that the broadcast of calls can more than double the probability of detecting the presence of most owl species. However, difficulties arise in the

interpretation of an owl sightings or hearings by this technique as owls occupy a wide range of habitats some of which may have little importance to their specific ecological needs. Furthermore, as a territorial response to the broadcast of calls, owls may be attracted into habitat that they would not otherwise use. The reciprocal may also occur where owls may be heard from a habitat type quite different from where environmental parameters are being measured (Kavanagh & Peake 1993a). Both intra- and inter-specific variation have been detected in the frequency and timing of unelicited calling and the responsiveness of owls to the broadcast of pre-recorded calls (Milledge 1991; Kavanagh & Peake 1993a; Debus 1995).

Kavanagh and Peake (1993a) and Debus (1995) have assessed the variability in owl detection rates due to factors of time of survey, weather conditions and survey technique. Wet and windy conditions has been found to reduce the detectability of all owl species and strong wind is considered to be the most important influence on their response to the playback of pre-recorded calls. Owl detectability appears to be independent of temperature, cloud cover and the topographic locality of survey sites but there may be influences from moon phase and/or moon visibility (Kavanagh & Peake 1993a). Debus (1995) found that surveys in the early night and pre-dawn are important times to detect spontaneous calling and because large forest owls respond in all months (they are very territorial and generally resident), surveys can be conducted at any time of the year.

1.3 Previous studies of environmental correlates and logging practices in Australia

In a study on the distribution of large forest owls and gliders in the Mountain Ash forests of the Victorian Central Highlands, Milledge et al. (1991) found that the large owls (Powerful Owl and Sooty Owl) were more common in old-growth forest (165 and 250+ year old forest) than in regrowth forest (50-80 year old forest) though they found no apparent association for the Southern Boobook. In the Kioloa State Forest of New South Wales, Davey (1993) found owl habitat could be characterised by the reliability or the predictability of the prey source. For Masked Owls this was interpreted as sites maintaining suitable populations of small mammals and avifauna. Masked Owls also tended to occupy lower nutrient, drier eucalypt forest types. Kavanagh and Peake (1993b) investigated the relationship between the distribution of forest owls and a range of habitat variables. They found altitude, landform and characterization of the forest understorey were the most useful variables to explain the distribution of owls. The Southern Boobook was associated with increased tree basal area on soils derived from shales and silts but generally the species was found to lack association with landform, topography, aspect, geology or altitude. Masked Owls tended to occur on soils derived from granodiorites, were not recorded in forest stands with severe crown damage, were only recorded in unlogged forests or in forests which had been subjected to light selective logging and were frequently recorded at sites with few or no habitat trees.

Kavanagh and Bamkin (1994) compared the abundance of owls between large areas of unlogged and mosaic of logged and unlogged forest in southeastern New South Wales. They found that elevation and predominant vegetation were good indicators of occurrence of owls. They found that Southern Boobooks tended to be more common in logged than unlogged and unlogged mosaic, were more common at lower altitudes and appeared to be distributed independently of forest type. Masked Owls had a strong negative association with rainforest, occurred independently of geology but were bimodal with respect to altitude. Although sample sizes were small they found no significant associations of Masked Owls with logging. Kavanagh et al. (1995) recognised three major gradients to account for the distribution of owls in northeast New South Wales: altitude/longitude, wet

forest with mesic understorey/dry forest with open or sparse understorey and logging intensity. They found that both Masked Owls and Southern Boobooks were significantly less frequent on logged than non-logged sites, though similar numbers of Masked Owls were detected on unlogged and selectively logged sites.

1.4 The Southern Boobook

The Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae is a small owl with a widespread distribution in Australasia and eastern Indonesia (Schodde & Mason 1980; Hollands, 1991; Kavanagh & Peake 1993). It is probably the most common owl in Australia (Olsen & Bartos, in press). Four subspecies are recognised in Australia: lurida in the Atherton region of North Queensland; boobook in the east, ocellata west and north of boobook, and leucopsis in Tasmania (Blakers et al. 1984). The Southern Boobook is considered to have a broad ecological tolerance and is highly adaptable to modified habitats including, parkland, farmland and pine plantations (Schodde & Mason 1980; Olsen & Moon 1990; Strahan 1994). Nonetheless, optimal habitat is described as eucalypt forest and woodland (Schodde & Mason 1980; Blakers et al. 1984).

The Southern Boobook is territorial (Schodde & Mason 1980; Blakers et al. 1984) but considered to be less so during the non-breeding period. Movements are not particularly well understood. Although most are considered resident, some migrate north from Tasmania for the winter while on mainland Australia there is movement from inland to coastal areas and from higher to lower altitudes during the winter (Schodde & Mason 1980; Olsen & Bartos in press). The species occupies a small home range with estimates between 4 and 37ha depending on the quality of the habitat (Schodde & Mason 1980; Loyn 1980; Schodde & Tidemann 1986; Olsen & Bartos in press). Tree hollows are used for nesting and the Southern Boobook’s small size enables it to use hollows unsuitable for large forest owls. It typically roosts in dense foliage but also roosts in tree hollows, on the ground, in rocky clefts and in caves or artificial structures (Schodde & Mason 1980; Strahan 1994).

A diverse range of prey is taken including insects (many caught in mid air), spiders, centipedes, small mammals and birds. The House Mouse Mus musculus appears to be the most common vertebrate prey in areas where this rodent is abundant (Schodde & Mason 1980; Green 1986; Strahan 1991). While clearings and forest edges are favoured for hunting, Southern Boobooks also feed on prey of a relatively small size from a wide range of habitats (Schodde & Mason 1980; Olsen & Moon 1990; Strahan 1994; Bone 1995).

The Tasmanian subspecies of the Southern Boobook is generally smaller and darker than mainland forms and has yellow rather than pale greenish eyes. Its distribution is scattered over a range of forest types including dry sclerophyll and wet eucalypt forest, temperate rainforest, sub-alpine forest, sedgeland and cleared land across subhumid, humid and perhumid effective rainfall zones of Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands and on several offshore islands (Thomas 1979).

1.5 The Masked Owl

The Masked Owl is a large barn owl with an endemic Australian distribution (Schodde & Mason 1980). Four subspecies are recognised: novaehollandiae in the southern part of the mainland, kimberli across the Top End and north of Cooktown on Cape York, melvillensis on Bathurst and Melville Islands and castanops in Tasmania and introduced to Lord Howe Island (Schodde & Mason 1980; Blakers et al. 1984; Mooney 1993). The Tasmanian Masked Owl is the largest form with consistently dark plumage (Schodde & Mason 1980).

On mainland Australia, the southern subspecies is considered to be rare and possibly threatened (Garnett 1992). It is listed as Rare on the Victorian Threatened Species List (DCNR 1995a) and Vulnerable in New South Wales under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. The northern and Melville Island subspecies are considered Insufficiently Known (Garnett 1992) and may be threatened by limited hollow availability as a result of inappropriate firing. The Tasmanian subspecies is currently considered Insufficiently Known (Tasmanian Vertebrate Advisory Committee 1994) because little systematic information has been gathered to date.

In southeastern mainland Australia the Masked Owl occupies coastal and sub-coastal forests and woodlands but extends inland with suitable forested habitat (Schodde & Mason 1980; Kavanagh 1990; Debus 1993; Peake et al. 1993; Debus & Rose 1994). Density appears to be the greatest in diverse forest and woodland habitats (Schodde & Mason 1980; Debus & Rose 1994). Forest edges where forest and heathland, grassland and/or cleared land/pasture meet appear to be favoured. In Tasmania, Thomas (1979) described the distribution as mainly confined to dry sclerophyll forest types of the humid and subhumid effective rainfall zones but absent from the Bass Strait islands.

The Masked Owl is a cryptic species and perhaps the least known of all large Australian owls (Debus 1993; Peake et al. 1993; Mooney in press) though the greatest abundance of data on biology of this species come from Tasmania (e.g. Hill 1957; Green 1986; Mooney 1993; in press). Large tree hollows are used for nesting, however, on mainland Australia caves may be used in areas where trees are absent. There is a single record of cave nesting in Tasmania though Mooney (in press) argues that this habit is extremely rare. Masked Owls roost by day in dense foliage, tree hollows or caves but will also use human-made structures such as barns.

The Masked Owl is sedentary, occupying large well spaced territories (Schodde & Mason 1980; Debus 1993). Home-range on mainland Australia has been estimated at between 400 and 1200ha depending on the quality of habitat (Schodde & Mason 1980; Debus 1993; Kavanagh & Murray in press). Pairs may range over areas which comprise a diversity of disturbed and undisturbed environments (Kavanagh 1996). They are perch and search hunters (Debus 1993) and forage opportunistically in forest, on forest edges or in open country. Small ground dwelling mammals form the bulk of the diet (Green 1986; Debus 1993; Mooney 1993; Kavanagh 1996) though small birds and arboreal marsupials are also taken. Introduced rabbits and rodents are the most abundant prey items where they are locally plentiful though owls nesting in forest interiors far from cleared land feed almost exclusively on native species (Kavanagh 1996). Kavanagh (1996) suggests that the Masked Owl’s association with forest with a sparse ground cover or understorey layer may relate to enhancement of its foraging ability. Masked Owls may breed at anytime of the year on mainland Australia with a tendency for autumn-winter breeding (Hollands 1991; Kavanagh 1996). In Tasmania breeding is considerably more seasonal with most egg laying in late October to early November (Mooney in press). The Masked Owl is considered to have a low population density in southeastern mainland Australia though nothing is known of its population or distribution trends. Most authors suggest a decline in number since European settlement as a result of the loss of old-growth forest habitat but little information has been published.

1.6 Aim of the study

To develop an effective predictive model to identify essential habitat of the Masked Owl and Southern Boobook owl to assist with recommendations for forest

harvest plans, reservation design and biodiversity conservation and management.

The forest owl study was based on the development and analysis of an incidental site record database (including both current and historical site records), supplemented by a brief systematic survey. It was intended that the data collected would provide a basis for achieving the following outcomes:

• A better understanding of the conservation status and essential habitat requirements of Tasmanian owls.

• A quantification of forest requirements and the availability of these forest types across Tasmania.

• Identification of specific management actions for Tasmanian owls as recommendations for use in forest management.

• Identification of gaps in knowledge of Tasmanian owls and limitations of specific distribution models.

• Assessment of the reservation requirements of critical habitat.

• A copy of the project brief is contained in Appendix 1.

2.0 Methodology

2.1 Incidental site records 2.1.1 Source of site records 2.1.2 Information associated with site records 2.1.3 Verification of records 2.1.4 Record clustering and owl territories 2.1.5 Vegetation descriptions

2.2 Systematic survey site records 2.2.1 Selection of survey sites 2.2.2 Survey procedure

2.3 Data analysis and modelling 2.3.1 Data storage and manipulation 2.3.2 Statistical analysis 2.3.3 Species modelling 2.3.4 GIS surface overlay of incidental site records and predicted species

distribution maps

2.1 Incidental site records

2.1.1 Source of site records

Masked Owl and Southern Boobook site records were compiled from the following sources: locality information associated with specimens held at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (TMAG); site data contained on an electronic database held by the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery(QVMAG); TASPAWS (Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service Biological Records Scheme); published literature (including the Tasmanian Bird Report, Emu, Tasmanian Naturalist, Technical Reports of the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service and Records of the Queen Victoria Museum); personal field notes and/or sightings made by members of the ARA, RAOU and BIRDS Tasmania, staff of the TPWS and FT, colleagues and the general public. A complete list of published literature sources of site records entered into the Masked Owl and Southern Boobook incidental site record databases is presented in Appendix 2.

2.1.2 Information associated with site records

For each site record the following information was recorded (if available):

• Unique record identifier;

• Title of 1:25 000 or 1:100 000 TASMAP map sheet with site locality;

• Site description;

• Universal Transverse Mercator Grid reference;

• Measure of the accuracy of the site record (linear value estimating the maximum error of the grid reference);

• Sex and age of the bird or birds collected or observed;

• Name of the collector or observer of the record;

• Type of record (e.g. sighting, roost, nest, foraging, calling, calling in response to playback of pre-recorded calls, road killed and/or found dead);

• Date of the original collection or observation;

• If the observation was a nest site a record was made of the nest tree species, height of the nest tree and the height to the nest hole entrance;

• If the observation was a roost site a record was made of the type of roost (e.g. tree, cave, cliff, building) and if the roost was in a tree a record was made of the tree species;

• Description of the habitat associated with the site of the collection or observation;

• Additional information associated with the record such as successful breeding dates, frequency of sightings, cause of death etc.

2.1.3 Verification of records

Where required individual observers were briefed on the diagnostic features of Tasmanian owls (including the Barn Owl). Tape recorded calls of the owls were also used to assist in the confirmation of sighting and/or hearing records. Where a report of a sighting was provided by inexperienced observers (e.g. public etc.) the site was visited at night and attempts were made to elicit calls by playback of pre-recorded calls. Numerous investigations revealed that ‘owl’ sightings could be easily confused with sightings of the Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides (an owl-like nocturnal bird).

2.1.4 Record clustering and owl territories

As an aid to estimating Masked Owl population size and density in Tasmania, site records occurring in close proximity to each other were deemed to have come from the same territory or were multiple sightings of the same bird. The locality of each Masked Owl site record was marked on a 1:100 000 topographic map sheet and allocated to an uniquely numbered territory depending on its proximity to other Masked Owl site records. As a general rule all records within a 2km radius (covering and area of approximately 1200ha) were deemed to belong to the same territory and given the same identifying territory number. This process was repeated for the Southern Boobook except that records falling within 500m of each other (covering and area of approximately 100ha) were allocated to the same territory.

2.1.5 Vegetation descriptions

TASFORHAB profiles developed by David Peters, Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service were used to record vegetation structure and floristics over a 1ha plot area surrounding a large number of incidental site records.

2.2 Systematic survey site records

2.2.1 Selection of survey sites

A stratified random sampling regime was used to ensure a representative sample of sites across mainland Tasmania. Sites were stratified by vegetation class using a Condensed Photo-interpretation Database (CPID) prepared by Forestry Tasmania and by biogeographic region using the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) by Thackway & Cresswell (1994). A detailed account of the vegetation typing and bioregionalisation used in the stratification of sampling is presented in Appendix 3. Survey sites were selected on the basis they fell within 200m of a vehicular road or 4WD track but otherwise were selected at random.

2.2.2 Survey procedure

The owl survey procedure followed Kavanagh and Peake (1993) and Debus (1995). However, a recent survey of forest owls in East Gippsland by the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (Loyn pers. comm.) provided the closest model for the survey protocol used in the present study. Survey sites were visited once during the day to describe habitat, then again at night to survey owls. The following owl survey protocol was repeated at each site:

• 10 minute initial listening period;

• 5 minute broadcast of pre-recorded Southern Boobook calls (repetitive double call) for a period of 5 minutes;

• 5 minute listening period for responses to Southern Boobook calls;

• 5 minute broadcast of pre-recorded Masked Owl calls (including several screeches and occasional chittering calls);

• 5 minute listening period for responses to Masked Owl calls;

• 10 minute spotlight search of the area surrounding the survey site.

A Sony TCM-359V Cassette-Corder Walkman Cassette Recorder connected to a 13W megaphone was used to playback pre-recorded calls. Calls were broadcast from the bonnet or tailgate of the vehicle. It was estimated that, at least for the Masked Owl, the broadcasts could be heard up to 1km away. Spotlighting was conducted using a hand-held (12 volt) spotlight. Pre-recorded Southern Boobook calls were of N. novaeseelandiae boobook recorded in Victoria by Ed McNabb (Ninox Pursuits 1996). Masked Owl calls were of T. novaehollandiae novaehollandiae recorded in New South Wales by Steven Debus (Department of Zoology, University of New England).

At each site a record was made of each owl heard and/or seen and for each species detected the following details were recorded:

• Number of individuals;

• Time of first detection and any subsequent detections (related to the sequence of the survey protocol);

• Whether seen, heard or both;

• Estimation of the distance of the owl from the center of the survey site.

Weather conditions and moon phase

At each survey site the following data were recorded:

• Precipitation (nil; drizzle; rain; heavy rain);

• Wind speed (calm; light, leaves rustle; moderate, moves branches; strong);

• Nightlight (very dark; dark, quarter moon or heavy cloud; detail seen, moon and clear sky; bright, half moon and clear);

• Moon phase (new; first quarter; third quarter; full);

• Time the survey was conducted.

Environmental parameters

At each survey site a record was made of the date (sites were visited on dates between 10 July and 2 September, 1996), time (sites were visited at times between 1745 and 500h), grid reference (using a GARMIN GPS 45 Personal Navigator) and the following physical and biological variables:

• Landform (gully; midslope; ridge; saddle);

• Topography (flat/undulating; moderate slope; steep);

• Live hollow bearing trees (none; few; many);

• Dead hollow bearing trees (none; few; many);

• Tree diameter (percentage of tree stems in each of the following classes: 0-50 cm; 50-100 cm; 100-150 cm; >150 cm);

• Tree density (absent; sparse; medium; dense);

• Abundance of large tree hollows (none; few; many)

TASFORHAB profiles were used to record vegetation structure and floristics over a 1ha plot surrounding each survey site. Other structural vegetation descriptions of survey sites followed Specht (1970).

2.3 Data analysis and modelling

2.3.1 Data storage and manipulation

All incidental and systematic survey site records were entered into an Excel (Excel for Windows 95, Version 7.0a) spreadsheet file and subsequently transferred to an Access (Access for Windows 95, Version 7.0) database file. Summary statistics, species modelling and other analyses were performed on records entered into the Tasmanian Wildlife Atlas via TASPAWS by 10 October 1996.

2.3.2 Statistical analysis

Contingency Chi-squared analysis or Fisher Exact Tests (Zar 1984) were used to determine the effect of time of night and environmental variables on the frequency of owl detections. A probability level <0.05 was used as the criterion for significance. Systematic survey results were reduced to presence/absence data prior to analysis. Thereby an ‘owl present’ record was defined as a site where an owl was either seen or heard and was either close or distant from the designated survey site. Continuous data were converted to categorical data and all categorical data were further lumped to allow statistical analysis.

2.3.3 Species modelling

The modelling technique used is a module of the CORTEX system which was developed by TPWS and is derived from BIOCLIM (Nix 1986) and GARP (Genetic Algorithms for Rule Set Prediction). The environmental data used is based on the abiotic (physical) parameters of climatic, topographic and substrate surfaces developed jointly by TPWS and CRES (Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University).

Species environmental envelopes were formulated as conjunctions of environmental variable ranges (for continuous variables) and variable classes (for categorical variables). Initially, an environmental envelope which encloses all the observations for a species was constructed. Then, one by one, outlying observations were identified and removed and new environmental envelopes were constructed by finding the observation which when removed, maximally increases the certainty of finding the remaining observations in the new, smaller environmental envelope within which they were located. Outlying observations were removed until only an inlying core of observations remained. The result of this process was an ordered set of species-environmental envelopes which reflect an increasing certainty of finding at least one record on any grid cell within each successive environmental envelope. Each grid cell for which a prediction is sought was tested to find the most inlying (highest ranking) environmental envelope within which it fell.

2.3.4 GIS surface overlay of incidental site records and predicted species distribution maps

Predicted distribution models were used to create mapping covers with three categories based on the level of probability of owl occurrence. These probability categories are subsequently referred to as ‘core range’ (areas of high probability owl occurrence), ‘peripheral range’ (areas of moderate probability owl occurrence) and ‘outside core and peripheral range’ (areas of low probability occurrence). Covers of predicted distribution for the Masked Owl and Southern Boobook were overlaid on vegetation, old-growth forest, biophysical naturalness and land tenure layers developed by the RFA Environment and Heritage Technical Committee for the Comprehensive Regional Assessment (CRA) process (PLUC 1996). Analysis involved the calculation of areas of each cover category within core range, peripheral range and outside the core and peripheral range for each owl species.

The biophysical naturalness layer classifies areas according to the intensity and period of timber harvesting, grazing and mining. It uses a six class rating, with classes ranging from 0, which represents cleared land or non-natural land cover, to 5, representing areas that are unlogged and ungrazed. The land tenure layer classifies land tenure into the following four major groups: (i) dedicated conservation reserves which includes all land types reserved specifically for

conservation, (ii) informal reserves or other reserved public land that forms part of the CAR reserve system, (iii) other public land, which also includes deferred forest land not designated as informal reserves and (iv) private land. The old-growth layer identifies old-growth forest in both eucalypt and non-eucalypt community types using a series of decision rules developed specifically for the CRA process. The vegetation layer classifies forest communities into 52 types. Detailed descriptions of the development and classification criteria of each of the GIS layers is presented in the Tasmanian Commonwealth Regional Forest Agreement Background Report Part C (PLUC 1996).

3.0 Results

3.1 Incidental site records 3.1.1 Masked Owl site records 3.1.2 Masked Owl nesting records 3.1.3 Masked Owl roosting records 3.1.4 Southern Boobook site records 3.1.5 Southern Boobook nesting records 3.1.6 Southern Boobook roosting records

3.2 Systematic survey site records 3.2.1 The influence of weather and time of night on owl detection 3.2.2 Response of Masked Owls to playback of pre-recorded calls 3.2.3 Response of Southern Boobook to playback of pre-recorded calls 3.2.4 The influence of environmental factors on the presence of Masked

Owls 3.2.5 The influence of environmental factors on the presence of Southern

Boobooks 3.2.6 Vegetation associations, abundance, and regional distribution of

Masked Owls 3.2.7 Vegetation associations, abundance, and regional distribution of

Southern Boobooks

3.3 Predicted distribution of owls in Tasmania 3.3.1 Predicted distribution of Masked Owls 3.3.2 Predicted distribution of Masked Owls and GIS surfaces 3.3.3 Predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks 3.3.4 Predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks and GIS surfaces

3.1 Incidental site records

3.1.1 Masked Owl site records

Figure 1 shows the distribution of 423 site records for the Masked Owl in Tasmania. Sixty five records were for birds calling (without a sighting). The remainder includes 80 sightings of live birds (without further information associated with the bird’s activity), 18 foraging records, 26 nesting records, 40 roosting records and 192 records of birds found dead (predominantly road killed birds but also birds killed by collision with powerlines and by electrocution). One hundred and fifty eight site records were made between 1 January 1990 and 10 October 1996, 156 between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1990, and 109 were made prior to 1980. One hundred and seventy seven site records had a location accuracy of ± 100m, the remainder ranged from ± 200m to ± 10,000m (i.e. 3 at ± 200m; 35 at ± 500m; 77 at ± 1 000m, 3 at ± 2 000m; 111 at ± 5000m and 17 at ± 10,000m).

3.1.2 Masked Owl nesting records

Twenty six nest sites were known historically or currently to be active (confirmed, n=24; unconfirmed but probable, n=2). The distribution of these sites is shown in

Figure 2. All nests were in live or dead Eucalyptus species. Fifty four percent were in E. viminalis White Gum, 27% in E. obliqua Brown-topped Stringy Bark, 4% in E. dalrympleana Mountain Gum, 4% in E. rubida Candlebark, 4% in E. nitida Smithton Peppermint (identification inferred from extant surrounding trees), 4% in E. tenuiramis Silver Peppermint (identification inferred from extant surrounding trees) and 4% in E. ovata Swamp Gum.

3.1.3 Masked Owl roosting records

Forty one roost sites were recorded across Tasmania. Of these, 44% were on external surfaces of trees or shrubs, 37% in cliffs, 17% in buildings or other man-made structures and 3% in tree hollows. Tree and shrub roosts included E. viminalis (2), Exocarpos cupressiformis Native Cherry (2), Allocasuarina littoralis Bull Oak (1), E. obliqua (1), Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle (1), Melaleuca ericifolia Paperbark (1), Nothofagus cunninghamii Myrtle (1), Olearia argophylla Musk (1), Pomaderris apetala Dogwood (1) Leptospermum sp. Teatree (1) and exotic conifers (2). The only tree hollow roost recorded was in an unidentified dead stag. Cliff roosts were predominantly on sandstone (93%) though one site was located on mudstone. Roost sites in man-made structures included a shearing shed, wool shed, horse stable, blacksmiths shed, flour mill in the midlands, the Hobart GPO building and scaffolding on another building in the Hobart central business district.

3.1.4 Southern Boobook site records

Figure 3 shows the distribution of 367 site records for the Southern Boobook in Tasmania. One hundred and three records were for birds calling (without a sighting). The remainder includes 55 sightings of live birds (without further information associated with the bird’s activity), 18 foraging records, 11 nest records, 15 roost records and 165 records of birds found dead (predominantly road killed birds but also birds killed by collision with powerlines and by electrocution). One hundred and thirty eight site records were made between 1 January 1990 and 10 October 1996, 94 between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1990 and 135 were made prior to 1980. Ninety seven site records had a location accuracy of ± 100m, the remainder ranged from ± 200m to ± 10 000m (i.e. 26 at ± 500m; 110 at ± 1 000m; 15 at ± 2 000m; 88 at ± 5 000m and 31 at ± 10 000m).

3.1.5 Southern Boobook nesting records

Eleven sites were known to have been used or are currently being used for nesting. All nests were in live or dead Eucalyptus species. Ten nest trees were identified to species level including three in E. amygdalina Black Peppermint, two in E. viminalis, two in E. obliqua, one in E. globulus Blue Gum and one in E. ovata.

3.1.6 Southern Boobook roosting records

Fifteen roost sites were recorded during the study. Of 13 records where type of roost site was identified, 54% were on external surfaces of trees or shrubs and 46% in buildings or other man-made structures. Tree and shrub roosts included Leptospermum sp. Teatree (3), exotic conifers (2) and exotic garden species (2). Roost sites in man-made structures included barns and other farm buildings.

3.2 Systematic survey site records

Owls were detected at 28 (33%) of 86 sites surveyed across all biogeographic regions and CPID vegetation types (note that a detection included any site where at least one owl was sighted and/or could be heard calling, either unelicited or in response to playback of pre-recorded calls). Only at one site were both Southern Boobook and Masked Owl detected. The Masked Owl and the Southern Boobook were detected at 11 (13%) and 18 (21%) of sites respectively (Figure 4 and Figure 5).

Table 1: Owl detectability at survey sites and time of night, moon phase and weather conditions.

Parameter Categories and counts (present/absent)

Test value and probability

Time

All Owls 1800h-2000h, 8/22; 2000h-2200h, 8/30; after 2200h,12/34

X2=0.38, df=2, P=0.83

Masked Owls 1800h-2200h, 5/47; after 2200h, 6/28 Fisher Exact Test P=0.33

Southern Boobook 1800h-2200h, 10/52; after 2200h, 8/34 X2=0.15, df=1, P=0.70

Wind

All Owlscalm or light wind (leaves rustle), 25/48; moderate (moves branches) or strong (moves limbs), 3/10

Fisher Exact Test P=0.53

Masked Owls calm or light wind, 10/63; moderate or strong, 1/10


Southern Boobook calm or light wind, 16/57; moderate or strong, 2/11


Precipitation

All Owls no precipitation, 22/43; precipitation X2=0.2, df=1,

(drizzle, rain or heavy rain), 6/15 P=0.65

Masked Owls no precipitation, 7/58; precipitation, 4/17


Southern Boobook no precipitation, 16/49; precipitation, 2/19


Moon Phases

All Owls new moon and first quarter, 16/26; last quarter and full moon 13/32


Masked Owls new moon and first quarter, 6/36; last quarter and full moon 5/39


Southern Boobook new moon and first quarter, 10/32; last quarter and full moon 8/36


Night Light

All Owls very dark or heavy cloud and detail seen, 22/51; bright and clear, 6/7


Masked Owls very dark or heavy cloud and detail seen, 7/66; bright and clear, 4/10


Southern Boobook very dark or heavy cloud and detail seen, 15/58; bright and clear, 3/10


3.2.1 The influence of weather and time of night on owl detection

There were no significant associations found between the frequency of Masked Owl or Southern Boobook detections, or the frequency of Masked Owl and/or Southern Boobook detections pooled, and the following parameters: time of night (reduced to 2 categories: 1800-2200h vs. after 2200h), wind strength (reduced to 2 categories: calm or light vs. moderate or strong), precipitation (reduced to 2 categories: precipitation vs. no precipitation), phase of the moon (reduced to 2 categories: new moon and first quarter vs. last quarter and full moon) and brightness of nightlight (reduced to 2 categories: bright and clear vs. very dark or

with heavy cloud). However, the frequency of Masked Owl detections was higher on bright nights than on dark nights (P=0.07) (see Table 1).

Table 2: Description of Masked Owl responses recorded during the systematic survey between July and September, 1996.

Site No. Date Time Timing of response Description of

response

110 27/7/96 2115hMasked Owl Playback Period

2 distant screeches (a few minutes between each)

Masked Owl Listening Period

2 distant screeches (a few minutes between each)

119 26/7/96 2140h Masked Owl Listening Period

1 screech (low and powerful)

Spotlighting Period 1 screech

142 8/8/96 2400h

Masked Owl Playback Period

Chittering started overhead within 15 seconds of start of tape. 2 birds arrived at the site within 1 minute. A large adult female (very dark in colour) perched on power line and chittered regularly in response to the tape. The male flew overhead several times but did not perch.


Female remained on power line

Spotlighting Period Female flew from power line

143 8/8/96 0115h Spotlighting Period 1 distant screech

Table 2 (Cont.):Description of Masked Owl responses recorded during the systematic survey between July and September, 1996.


response


Chittering first heard a few minutes into tape. Adult male bird then seen overhead


Chittering continued, followed by a single screech. An adult male was later observed in a tall E. obliqua

64 11/7/96

Screeching was heard during nights following the survey (reported by local resident <100m from the site)

77 15/11/96 2250h Spotlighting Period 1 bird observed flying off


Chittering began about 2 minutes into the tape and continued for about 20 seconds


1 screech

90 17/7/96 1045h Masked Owl Listening Period

Chittering for about 10 seconds

101 24/7/96 1855h Masked Owl Playback Period

Chittering regularly with 2 screeches


2 birds observed overhead chittering

Spotlighting Period Both an adult male and an adult female observed high in an E. obliqua

118 26/7/96 1050h

Masked Owl Playback Period

1 bird (dark adult male) began screeching within 3 minutes of the start of the tape and continued regularly, sometimes with only a few second between successive screeches


1 bird (presumed to be a female) flew overhead and chittered briefly. The male continued to screech with occasional breaks of 10-15 seconds.

Spotlighting Period The male bird continued to screech while remaining perched in an E. obliqua

Table 3:Description of Southern Boobook responses recorded during the systematic survey between July and September, 1996.


response

65 10/7/96 0100h Initial Listening Period 1 bird calling within one minute of start of tape

Southern Boobook Playback Period

1 bird called occasionally (>100m)

68 11/7/96 2245h Southern Boobook Listening Period

1 bird calling regularly (>500m)

81 16/7/96 1815h

1 bird was heard calling during pre-inspection of the site but not during the actual survey period at 2200h

92 18/7/96 1745h Initial Listening Period 1 bird calling regularly (>200m)

93 17/7/96 1900h Masked Owl Listening Period 1 bird calling regularly (>100m)

94 17/7/96 1750h Spotlighting Period 1 bird calling, 4 repeat calls

100 24/7/96 1745h Southern Boobook Playback Period


114 9/8/96 1930h Spotlighting 1 bird calling regularly (>500m)




1 bird calling, occasional calls (>200m)

Southern Boobook Listening Period

1 bird calling, occasional calls (>200m)


2 birds calling regularly (1<100m)

130 12/8/96 2215h Initial Listening Period 1 bird calling regularly


2 birds calling regularly (1<50m)

Table 3 (Cont.): Description of Southern Boobook responses recorded during the systematic survey between July and August, 1996.


response


1 bird calling (>200m)

133 27/7/96 2245h Initial Listening Period 1 bird called


1 bird called (<100m)


1 bird called

Spotlighting Period 1 bird observed on site

140 9/8/96 2320h Spotlighting 1 bird calling regularly (<100m)



Masked Owl Listening Period 1 bird calling regularly

Spotlighting Period 1 bird calling regularly (<200m)

148 7/8/96 1745h Spotlighting Period 1 bird calling regularly (>500m)


1 bird calling regularly



Masked Owl Listening Period 1 bird calling regularly (>500m)

3.2.2 Response of Masked Owls to playback of pre-recorded calls

No Masked Owls were detected by unelicited calls (i.e. no Masked Owl calls were detected during the initial listening period), 10 of a total of 11 detections were calls and/or sightings in response to the broadcast of pre-recorded calls. Six detections of Masked Owls involved visual sightings in addition to calls and on 3 occasions both an adult male and an adult female owl were observed. One Masked Owl was sighted while we were departing from a survey site (Table 2).

3.2.3 Response of Southern Boobook to playback of pre-recorded calls

Two of 18 detections of the Southern Boobook were unelicited and heard during the initial listening period, 16 detections followed the playback of pre-recorded calls and 1 bird was sighted during the spotlight survey period (Table 3).

Table 4:Relationship between environmental parameters and the presence of owls.

Parameter Categories and counts (present/absent)

Test value and probability

Slope

Masked Owl flat, 5/37; moderate and steep, 6/38 X2=0.06, df=1, P=0.81

Southern Boobook flat, 7/35; moderate and steep, 11/33 X2=0.9, df=1, P=0.47

Aspect

Masked Owl northerly, 4/24; southerly 4/19 Fisher Exact Test P=1.0

easterly, 2/20; westerly 6/18 Fisher Exact Test P=0.12

Southern Boobook northerly, 6/22; southerly 4/19 Fisher Exact Test P=1.0

easterly, 5/17; westerly 5/15 Fisher Exact Test P=1.0

Altitude

Masked Owl < 700m asl, 10/61; >700m asl 1/14 Fisher Exact Test P=0.68

Southern Boobook < 700m asl, 17/53; >700m asl 1/15 Fisher Exact Test P=0.17

Tree density

Masked Owl absent, sparse, medium, 4/36; dense 7/39


Southern Boobook absent, sparse, medium, 10/30; dense 8/38


Distance to forest edge

Masked Owl <500m, 9/34; >500m, 7/39 Fisher Exact Test P=0.03

Southern Boobook <500m, 10/30; >500m, 8/38 Fisher Exact Test P=0.43

Distance to significant water body

Masked Owl <500m, 6/30; >500m, 5/45 Fisher Exact Test P=0.33

Southern Boobook <500m, 9/27; >500m, 9/41 Fisher Exact Test P=0.43

3.2.4 The influence of environmental factors on the presence of Masked Owls

No significant associations were found between the frequency of Masked Owl detections across survey sites and slope of the site, altitude (though Masked Owls were less frequent at altitudes above 700m), aspect, tree density or distance to a significant water body (Table 4). However, there was a significant association between the presence of Masked Owls and distance to forest edge (Fisher Exact Test: <500m vs. >500 m, P=0.03). Masked Owls were significantly more frequent <500m from moorland, grassland or cleared land of patch size >25 ha.

3.2.5 The influence of environmental factors on the presence of Southern Boobooks

No significant associations were found between the frequency of Southern Boobook detections across survey sites and slope of the site, aspect, tree density, distance to significant water body or distance to forest edge (Table 3.4). However, a significant association was detected between the frequency of Southern Boobook detections and altitude (Fisher Exact Test P=0.17; < 700m a.s.l., 17/53; >700m a.s.l. 1/15).

3.2.6 Vegetation associations, abundance, and regional distribution of Masked Owls

Table 5 shows the frequency of sites where Masked Owls were recorded in each of the CPID vegetation types during the systematic survey. They were detected in wet eucalypt forest, dry sclerophyll forest, non-eucalypt dominated forest, scrub and cleared land or pasture but not in rainforest or pine plantation.

Masked Owls were detected in all IBRA regions except the West and South West region (Table 6). The number of sites surveyed was too low to permit statistical analysis, however, detection rates were above 20% in the Ben Lomond region (3 of 13 sites) and Midland region (2 of 8 sites).

3.2.7 Vegetation associations, abundance, and regional distribution of Southern Boobooks

Table 7 shows the frequency of sites where Southern Boobooks were recorded in each CPID vegetation class. They were detected in all vegetation types, except pine plantation, and appeared to be equally common in each native vegetation type (all detection rates were in excess of 19%).

The Southern Boobook was detected in all IBRA regions except the West and South West. The number of survey sites was too low to permit statistical analysis, however, there was a high frequency of owls in the Woolnorth (9 of 18) and Midlands (3 of 8) regions (Table 8). Southern Boobooks appeared to be particularly common in the Woolnorth region.

Table 5: The occurrence of Masked Owls by CPID vegetation type.

Raw count is presented first followed in brackets by the percentage of sites where owls were detected in each vegetation class. Survey sites from all biogeographic zones are pooled.

CPID vegetation typeNumber of sites where owls were detected

Number of sites surveyed

Rainforest 0 16

Dry sclerophyll Forest 4 (25) 16

Wet eucalypt Forest 1 (8) 13

Teatree scrub or forest dominated by native conifers, Sassafras, Blackwood and/or Silverwattle

4 (15) 27

Cleared land and/or pasture 2 (18) 11

Pine plantation 0 3

Table 6: The occurrence of Masked Owls by IBRA biogeographic region.

Raw count is presented first followed in brackets by the percentage of sites where owls were detected in each IBRA region investigated.

IBRA

regionNumber of sites where owls were detected


Woolnorth 2 (11) 18

Ben Lomond 3 (23) 13

Freycinet 1 (13) 8

Midlands 2 (25) 8

Central Highlands 1 (7) 14

West and South West 0 12

D’Entrecasteaux 2 (15) 13

Table 7: The occurrence of Southern Boobooks by CPID vegetation type.

Raw count is presented first followed in brackets by the percentage of sites where owls were detected in each vegetation class. Survey sites from all biogeographic zones are pooled.

CPID vegetation typeNumber of sites where owls were detected


Rainforest 3 (19) 16

Dry sclerophyll Forest 3 (19) 16

Wet eucalypt Forest 3 (23) 13

Teatree scrub or forest dominated by native conifers, Sassafras, Blackwood and/or Silverwattle

6 (22) 27

Cleared land and/or pasture 3 (27) 11

Pine plantation 0 3

Table 8:The occurrence of Southern Boobooks by IBRA biogeographic region.

Raw count is presented first followed in brackets by the percentage of sites where owls were detected in each IBRA region investigated.

IBRA

regionNumber of sites where owls were detected


Woolnorth 9 (50) 18

Ben Lomond 2 (15) 13

Freycinet 1 (13) 8

Midlands 3 (38) 8

Central Highlands 1 (7) 14

West and South West 0 12

D’Entrecasteaux 2 (15) 13

3.3 Predicted distribution of owls in Tasmania

Predicted distribution maps based on Cortex modelling are shown in Figures 6, 7 and 8. These are based on physical parameters i.e. climate, topography and substrate. Areas shaded black represent those where the probability of owl presence is at its highest (high probability). Areas shaded grey, light grey and white represent those where the occurrence of owls is predicted to be moderate (moderate probability), low (low probability) or extremely low (extremely low probability) respectively.

3.3.1 Predicted distribution of Masked Owls

Figure 6 shows the predicted distribution of Masked Owls in Tasmania including the Bass Strait islands. The model is based on both historic and current Masked Owl incidental site records of all types (n=423) and includes records with a location accuracy within 5 000m. High probability areas are on low elevation with a low annual mean rainfall and high annual mean temperature. High probability distribution can be described as lowlands of the north coast, midlands, east coast, Derwent and Huon river catchments and small fragmented patches on western Finders Island. High probability distribution reflects cleared land and dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. An area of anomaly lies on the mid north coast and hinterland on the Forth and Mersey river catchments between the Rubicon River, Burnie and Mole Creek. This area corresponds with a greater coverage of mixed forest and wet eucalypt forest, though fragmented due to clearing.

Moderate probability areas extend the predicted distribution along the entire northwest coast, northern and central midlands and generally further inland from the coastal bands of high probability. Including low probability areas the distribution is extended further to include the southern Midlands, southeast, southern King Island and a greater penetration inland from a band of moderate probability occurrence along the northwest coast.

Figure 7 shows predicted distribution of Masked Owls based on records of nest sites and/or sites indicative of close proximity to nesting habitat (e.g. fledgling and juvenile birds sighted or regular activity of a pair of owls) and includes records with a location accuracy within 100m (n=87). The predicted distribution is essentially a subset of Figure 6. High probability area occurs as a low elevation band on the east coast between St Marys in the north and Hobart in the south. There is also a fragmented distribution in the Derwent and Huon River valleys. High probability areas in the north of the State identified by the model based on all Masked Owl incidental records, are reduced to small highly fragmented patches. However, a region enclosing Devonport, Latrobe and Railton remains as a distinct ‘hotspot’.

3.3.2 Predicted distribution of Masked Owls and GIS surfaces

Table 9 shows the total land tenure areas and relative proportion encompassed by the core range, peripheral range and outside the core and peripheral range. Most notable is the high percentage of predicted Masked Owl habitat on private land (mean proportion within core and peripheral range =67%). The proportion of core and peripheral range within dedicated reserves is small (mean proportion within core and peripheral range =6%). This represents 106 159ha of the core and peripheral range. The distribution of habitat within dedicated reserves is fragmented and few large reserves encompass preferred Masked Owl habitat (e.g. Douglas Apsley NP, Freycinet NP, Maria Island NP and Mount William NP). Old-growth forest covers an area of 62 820ha of the core range and 67 650ha of the peripheral range. The sum of old-growth forest represents 8% of the total area of the core and peripheral range.

Table 9: Land tenure in the predicted distribution of Masked Owls.

Tenure Core range Peripheral range Outside range

ha % ha % ha %

Dedicated reserves 77 930 8 28 230 4 1 516

000 29

Informal reserves 56 330 6 25 400 3 551 230 10

Other Crown Land 214 560 22 156 020 22 1 482

280 29

Private land 604 440 63 510 030 70 1 574 240 31

Total 953 260

719 683

5 123 743

Table 10: Biophysical naturalness rating in the predicted distribution of

Masked Owls

Biophysical naturalness rating Core range Peripheral

range Absent

ha % ha % ha %

Cleared land or non-natural land cover 454 500 48 328 560 46 818 080 16

Clear-fell logging operations and/or intensive grazing

44 600 5 33 850 5 178 530 3

Light/moderate grazing; repeated selective

2 600 0 3 360 0 58 870 1

logging within the preceding 46 years

Selective single logging; irregular grazing within preceding 46 years

107 170 11 76 110 11 395 960 8

Unlogged and ungrazed for at least 46 years 178 710 19 164 560 23 625 190 12

Unlogged and ungrazed 168 650 18 113 380 16 3 047 620 59

Total 956 230 719 820 5 124 250

Table 11 shows the area and relative proportion of each forest community within the predicted range of the Masked Owl. Forest types well represented within the core and peripheral range are Coastal E. amygdalina dry sclerophyll forest (8.2%), E. amygdalina forest on dolerite (9.1%), Dry E. obliqua forest (8.5%), Tall E. obliqua forest (13.7%), E. pulchella-E. globulus-E. viminalis grassy shrubby dry sclerophyll forest (13.6%) and E. viminalis grassy forest (4.6%).

Table 11 Forest communities in the predicted distribution of Masked Owls

Forest community type Core range Peripheral range Absent

ha % ha % ha %

E. rodwayi forest 170 0.0 10 0.0 6 730 0.1

E. sieberi on granite 9 650 1.0 5 730 0.8 2 330 0.1

Acacia dealbata forest 1960 0.2 7 410 1.0 44 810 0.9

E. sieberi on other substrates 13 300 1.4 9 290 1.3 23 660 0.5

E. subcrenulata forest 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 170 0.2

E. tenuiramis on granite 2 180 0.2 450 0.1 390 0.0

E. tenuiramis on dolerite 430 0.0 3 520 0.5 4 330 0.1

Inland E. tenuiramis forest 9 110 1.0 11 310 1.6 36 550 0.7

E. viminalis grassy forest 9 380 1.0 23 880 3.3 77 570 1.5

Furneaux E. viminalis forest 60 0.0 30 0.0 40 0.0

Wet E. viminalis forest 670 0.1 1 350 0.2 1 600 0.0

King Billy pine 20 0.0 0 0.0 20 140 0.4

Coastal E. amygdalina dry sclerophyll forest

111 490

11.7 25 600 3.6 54 260 1.1

E. amygdalina forest on dolerite 29 530 3.1 36 760 5.1 111 100

2.2

Inland E. amygdalina forest 7 280 0.8 4 920 0.7 9 660 0.2

E. amygdalina forest on sandstone 4 860 0.5 8 520 1.2 19 380 0.4

Allocasuarina verticillata 760 0.1 170 0.0 340 0.0

E. brookeriana wet forest 0 0.0 70 0.0 4 500 0.1

Acacia melanoxylon forest on flats 0 0.0 50 0.0 8 970 0.2

Acacia melanoxylon forest on rises 10 0.0 760 0.1 12 560 0.3

Banksia serrata woodland 0 0.0 50 0.0 30 0.0

E. coccifera dry forest 320 0.0 0 0.0 54 280 1.1

Callitris rhomboidea forest 330 0.0 170 0.0 300 0.1

Dry E. delegatensis forest 3 330 0.4 930 0.1 290 840

5.7

E. viminalis/E. ovata/E. amygdalina/E. obliqua damp sclerophyll forest

7 4200.8 17 480 2.4 15 240 0.3

Tall E. delegatensis forest 1 540 0.2 530 0.1 283 740

5.5

King Billy pine with deciduous beech 10 0.0 0 0.0 840 0.0

E. viminalis and/or E. globulus coastal shrubby forest on Holocene sand

3700.0 180 0.0 790 0.0

Grassy E. globulus forest 7 950 0.8 3 330 0.5 2 240 0.0

Huon pine 80 0.0 20 0.0 8 890 0.2

King Island E. globulus/ E. brookeriana/ E. viminalis forest 20 0.0 20 0.0 2 390 0.1

Leptospermum sp./ Melaleuca squarrosa swamp forest 410 0.0 270 0.0 18 280 0.4

Table 11 (Cont.): Forest communities in the predicted distribution of Masked Owls


ha % ha % ha %

Callidendrous and thamnic rainforest on fertile sites 500 0.1 870 0.1 192

5403.8

Thamnic rainforest on less fertile sites 930 0.1 1 190 0.2 380

3007.4

Melaleuca ericifolia forest 40 0.0 0 0.0 560 0.0

E. morrisbyi forest 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 0.0

Dry E. nitida forest 1 430 0.2 2 400 0.3 157 080

3.1

Furneaux E. nitida forest 5 160 0.5 1 490 0.2 23 200 0.5

Notelaea ligustrina and/or Pomaderris apetala forest 30 0.0 20 0.0 250 0.0

Tall E. nitida forest 510 0.1 820 0.1 73 100 1.4

Non forest and woodland 584 040

61.1 365 200 50.7 2 485 000

48.5

Dry E. obliqua forest 30 150 3.2 31 270 4.3 101 350

2.0

Wet E. obliqua forest 25 530 2.7 74 240 10.3 324 510

6.3

E. ovata/ E. viminalis forest 1 970 0.2 1 480 0.2 4 100 0.1

E. pulchella - E. globulus - E. viminalis grassy shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

52 7705.5 45 920 6.4 54 340 1.0

Pencil pine with deciduous beech 3 0.0 0 0.0 190 0.0

E. pauciflora on Jurassic dolerite 610 0.1 0 0.0 18,440 0.4

plantation 22 970 2.4 21 360 3.0 101 740

2.0

Pencil pine 0 0.0 0 0.0 370 0.0

E. pauciflora on sediments 390 0.0 320 0.0 17 680 0.4

E. regnans forest 3 490 0.4 10 190 1.4 62 270 1.2

E. risdonii forest 160 0.0 130 0.0 270 0.0

3.3.3 Predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks

Figure 8 shows the predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks in Tasmania, including Bass Strait islands, based on all available incidental site records with location accuracy within 5 000m (n=367). High probability areas are on low to moderate elevation with a low annual mean rainfall and high annual mean temperature. The predicted high probability distribution can be described as low to moderate altitudes in the north, northwest, northeast, Midlands, east and southeast of mainland Tasmania and Flinders Island. Including moderate and low probability areas there are very few parts of the Tasmania where Southern Boobooks would not be expected to occur. These are alpine regions including Ben Lomond, Western Tiers and Central Plateau and areas of extensive moorland, scrub and rainforest in west and south west Tasmania. It is interesting to note that a Southern Boobook was recorded during the systematic survey calling in rainforest on Mt Barrow at an altitude of 940m and has been recorded roosting in scree near the summit of Mt Wellington. High probability distribution covers a broad range of vegetation types including wet eucalypt forest, dry sclerophyll forest and woodland, and cleared land/pasture across the north coast, Midlands, Derwent and Coal River catchments and the south and southeast; dry coastal vegetation of the north east and Flinders Island and King Island; moorland and scrub of the north west and mixed forest and wet eucalypt forest of the northwest, north coast, Huon River catchment and the southeast coast. There are very few records of Southern Boobooks from alpine vegetation types (forest or non-forest) and from extensive tracts of rainforest.

Table 12 Land tenure in the predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks

Tenure Core range Peripheral range Absent

Area in hectares

%Area in hectares

%Area in hectares

%

Dedicated 134 690 7 117 590 7 1 369 43

reserves 890

Informal reserves 96 420 5 98 410 6 438 130 14

Other Crown Land 445 120 24 493 120 29 914 630 29

Private land 1 196 340 64 1 008

780 59 483 590 15

Total 1 872 550

1 717 900

3 206 240

3.3.4 Predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks and GIS surfaces

Table 12 shows the total land tenure areas and relative proportion encompassed by the core range, peripheral range and outside the core and peripheral range. Most notable is the high percentage of predicted Southern Boobook habitat on private land (mean proportion within core and peripheral range =61%). The proportion of core and peripheral range within dedicated reserves is 7%. Within dedicated and informal reserves pooled this represents 231 110ha of the core and peripheral range. Old-growth forest covers an area of 133 490ha of the core range and 248 360ha of the peripheral range. The sum of old-growth forest represents 22% of the total forested area (i.e. 1 701 870ha) of the core and peripheral range.

Table 14 shows the area and relative proportion of each forest community within the predicted range of the Southern Boobook. Forest types well represented within the core and peripheral range are coastal E. amygdalina dry sclerophyll forest (10.5%), E. amygdalina forest on dolerite (9.4%), dry E. delegatensis forest (3.4), dry E. obliqua forest (7.2%), wet E. obliqua forest (18.0%), E. pulchella-E. globulus-E. viminalis grassy shrubby dry sclerophyll forest (8.1%) and E. viminalis grassy forest (6.0%).

Table 13 Biophysical naturalness rating in the predicted distribution of

Southern Boobooks

Biophysical naturalness rating Core range Peripheral

range Absent

Area in hectares

% Area in hectares %

Area in hectares

%

Cleared land or non-natural land cover 854 200 46 580 980 34 165 960 5

Clear-fell logging operations and/or intensive grazing

81 8004 94 880 6 80 290 3

Light/moderate grazing; repeated selective logging within the preceding 46 years

7 700

0 17 780 1 39 340 1

Selective single logging; irregular grazing within preceding 46 years

184 59010 177 800 10 216 850 7

Unlogged and ungrazed for at least 46 years; excluding clear-felled and intensively grazed areas

356 970

19 345 140 20 266 340 8

Unlogged and ungrazed 390 390 21 501 360 29 2 437

89076

Total 1 875 650

1 717 940

3 206 670

Table 14 Forest communities in the predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks


ha % ha % ha %

E. sieberi on granite 16 180 0.9 1 200 0.1 330 0.0

Acacia dealbata forest 6 940 0.4 25 450 1.5 21 800 0.7

E. sieberi on other substrates 20 320 1.1 19 160 1.1 6 780 0.2

E. subcrenulata forest 0 0.0 650 0.0 9 520 0.3

E. tenuiramis on granite 2 180 0.1 580 0.0 250 0.0

E. tenuiramis on dolerite 4 110 0.2 3 640 0.2 530 0.0

Inland E. tenuiramis forest 17 140 0.9 31 360 1.8 8 470 0.3

E. viminalis grassy forest 23 180 1.2 78 780 4.6 8 870 0.3

Furneaux E. viminalis forest 80 0.0 50 0.0 0 0.0

Wet E. viminalis forest 1 360 0.1 1 740 0.1 540 0.0

King Billy pine 20 0.0 130 0.0 20 010 0.6

E. rodwayi forest 180 0.0 600 0.0 6 140 0.2

Table 14 (Cont.): Forest communities and the predicted distribution of

Southern Boobooks


ha % ha % ha %

Coastal E. amygdalina dry sclerophyll forest

155 610

8.3 23 660 1.4 12 090

0.4

E. amygdalina forest on dolerite 55 210 2.9 104 160 6.1 18

0200.6

Inland E. amygdalina forest 11 910 0.6 8 020 0.5 1 930 0.1

E. amygdalina forest on sandstone 9 300 0.5 18 940 1.1 4 530 0.1

Allocasuarina verticillata 1 120 0.1 90 0.0 50 0.0

E. brookeriana wet forest 1 770 0.1 2 310 0.1 500 0.0

Acacia melanoxylon forest on flats 2 990 0.2 4 710 0.3 1 330 0.0

Acacia melanoxylon forest on rises 3 270 0.2 4 220 0.3 5 840 0.2

Banksia serrata woodland 50 0.0 0 0.0 30 0.0

E. coccifera dry forest 320 0.0 90 0.0 54 190

1.7

Callitris rhomboidea forest 510 0.0 120 0.0 160 0.0

Dry E. delegatensis forest 3 810 0.2 53 890 3.1 237 390

7.4

E. viminalis/E. ovata/E. amygdalina/E. obliqua damp sclerophyll forest

18 9301.0 16 910 1.0 4 290 0.1

Tall E. delegatensis forest 1 710 0.1 50 110 2.9 233 980

7.3

King Billy pine with deciduous 10 0.0 0 0.0 840 0.0

beech

E. viminalis and/or E. globulus coastal shrubby forest on Holocene sand

1 0200.1 170 0.0 150 0.0

Grassy E. globulus forest 10 460 0.6 1 750 0.1 1 310 0.0

Huon pine 90 0.0 110 0.0 8 790 0.3

King Island E. globulus/ E. brookeriana/ E. viminalis forest 20 0.0 2 260 0.1 150 0.0

Leptospermum sp./ Melaleuca squarrosa swamp forest 3 900 0.2 4 780 0.3 10

2800.3

Callidendrous and thamnic rainforest on fertile sites 4 130 0.2 24 140 1.4 165

6505.2

Thamnic rainforest on less fertile sites 7 840 0.4 29 290 1.7 345

29010.8

Melaleuca ericifolia forest 310 0.0 120 0.0 160 0.0

E. morrisbyi forest 20 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

Dry E. nitida forest 9 630 0.5 14 020 0.8 137 250

4.3

Furneaux E. nitida forest 21 390 1.1 5 210 0.3 3 250 0.1

Notelaea ligustrina and/or Pomaderris apetala forest 60 0.0 80 0.0 140 0.0

Tall E. nitida forest 2 990 0.2 5 520 0.3 65 920

2.1

Non forest and woodland 1 144 420

61.0 747 300 43.5 1 542 520

48.1

Dry E. obliqua forest 58 110 3.1 63 980 3.7 40 1.3

690

Wet E. obliqua forest 107 580

5.7 198 620 11.6 118 080

3.7

E. ovata/ E. viminalis forest 3 300 0.2 2 840 0.2 1 510 0.1

E. pulchella - E. globulus - E. viminalis grassy shrubby dry sclerophyll forest

86 0604.6 52 510 3.1 14

4500.5

Pencil pine with deciduous beech 0 0.0 0 0.0 190 0.0

E. pauciflora on Jurassic dolerite 610 0.0 2 920 0.2 15

5200.5

plantation 40 230 2.1 64 660 3.8 41 190

1.3

Pencil pine 0 0.0 0 0.0 370 0.0

E. pauciflora on sediments 630 0.0 8 100 0.5 9 670 0.3

E. regnans forest 11 580 0.6 38 700 2.3 25 670

0.8

E. risdonii forest 160 0.0 320 0.0 90 0.0

4.0 Discussion

4.1 Masked Owl 4.1.1 Distribution and habitat 4.1.2 Nesting 4.1.3 Roosting 4.1.4 Diet and foraging 4.1.5 Home-range and territory 4.1.6 Population estimates 4.1.7 Reservation status 4.1.8 Conservation status

4.2 Southern Boobook 4.2.1 Distribution and habitat 4.2.2 Nesting 4.2.3 Roosting 4.2.4 Home-range 4.2.5 Population estimates 4.2.6 Reservation status 4.2.7 Conservation status

4.3 Owl survey procedure

4.4 Tasmanian owls as forest management indicator species

4.1 Masked Owl

4.1.1 Distribution and habitat

The predicted distribution of the Masked Owl indicates preferred habitat as lowlands (<600m) with a high mean annual temperature and low mean annual rainfall. This distribution reflects the distribution of dry sclerophyll forest and woodland and cleared land in Tasmania and is in accord with stochastic distribution models of the southern subspecies in northeast New South Wales (NPWS 1994). In the model based on systematic survey data (presence and absence data), ‘high probability’ areas were in drier forests and ‘low probability’ areas in mesic forests. With the addition of incidental data and analysed as a presence only dataset the model reinforced the preference for drier forest types but highlighted a preference for wet forest components over extensive tracts of dry forest. It identified a preference for less rugged sites and forest interiors distant from cleared land and fragmented landscapes. A preference for forest interiors was unexpected given the bulk of incidental records were road kills in semi-cleared and cleared areas (Debus pers. comm.) and is in contrast to the results of the present study.

The Tasmanian systematic survey revealed a significant association between the frequency of Masked Owl detections and their distance from forest edge, indicating a preference for proximity to areas of cleared land, moorland, grassland

or heathland habitats. Nearly all systematic survey sites where Masked Owls were detected were on forest edge or in cleared land/pasture. Only at one site was a Masked Owl detected far from the forest edge. This was in an extensive patch of dry sclerophyll forest in State Forest near Lake Leake though close to a major forestry road. Unfortunately the Tasmanian Masked Owl incidental database is highly biased towards forest edges and cleared land and would be unlikely to provide support for a preference for forest interiors. Our knowledge of owls dwelling in forest interiors will remain poor until an intensive systematic survey in undertaken and the data used to describe and model habitat preferences.

From the analysis of incidental site records of T. n. novaehollandiae in Victoria, Peake et al. (1993) suggests a preference for ecotones, as nearly all nocturnal sightings were within 300m of a boundary between two vegetation types. Peake and his associates found that the most prominent habitat type was lowland sclerophyll forest, almost half of which were associated with wet heathland and/or riparian forest. Analysis of incidental site records of T. n. novaehollandiae in New South Wales by Debus (1993) indicated that Masked Owl sites were most numerous in open forest and woodland with diverse vegetation structural types and a mosaic of dense and sparse covers and their occurrence is marginal in dense forests. Where we have detailed descriptions of vegetation associated with sighting records in Tasmania, and these are nest and roost sites only (see Table 15 & 16), there is some support for the predominance of lowland dry sclerophyll forest, closeness to forest edge (natural ecotones or forest edge/cleared land) and a mosaic of understorey component from open to densely vegetated. Nonetheless, there are occasional records from wet forest (e.g. one nest site in mixed forest on the Franklin River though close to buttongrass moorland and one response to playback of pre-recorded calls in tall wet forest near Lake Barrington, though close to extensive farmland) these forest types do appear to be marginal. Over the last 20 years no Masked Owl records have been reported from areas of current forestry operations in wet forest types (Mooney pers. comm.). Nonetheless, wet gully and riparian forest, where it occurs in otherwise dry forest types, may be preferentially sought for its roosting and nesting attributes, as well as its ability to support a greater diversity of prey species.

4.1.2 Nesting

Mooney (in press) summarised the habitat of 18 current and past nest sites in Tasmania. He found that nests were in either live or dead standing eucalypts. Fifty percent of holes were in trunk side hollows, the remainder in limb spouts and down chimneys in trunks. Trees had a mean height of approximately 27m and nest height of approximately 10m. The present study represents an extension of Mooney (in press) in that all 18 nest sites he described are incorporated in the Tasmanian Masked Owl database. We can add little other than complement the theme of observations and summary by Mooney (in press) except to emphasize that all data are incidental and some caution must be exercised in extending observations to generalisations regarding the habitat and biology of the Masked Owl in Tasmania. Of a database consisting of 26 nest sites (including 2 unconfirmed but probable sites) the mean nest height was 24m (n=16; R=15-36m) with a mean nest height of 10m (n=19; R=2.5-16). These and other measurements are consistent with Mooney (in press). Nests were in live or dead eucalypts varying in their state of decay. The age range of trees supporting nests is probably large, however, based on observations of extant nest trees, most would be in excess of 150 years old. E. viminalis nest trees tended to be more youthful, robust and on average had suffered less crown damage than E. obliqua nest trees which tended to have suffered considerable crown damage and were more often dead. Although E. viminalis is a common species with a similar distribution to that predicted for the Masked Owl it is also the most common living tree used for nesting. The reason for this may lie in a differential large hollow forming potential among eucalypt species i.e. E. viminalis with a high potential, E.

obliqua with less potential and other species such as E. globulus, E. amygdalina and E. tenuiramis with low potential.

There is no little substantiated evidence of cave nesting in Tasmania even though the record by Sharland (1958) is difficult to ignore. Mooney (in press) found no evidence of breeding even though during the known breeding season, he examined during subsequent years (1977-1996) more than 20 cliffs from which owls had been flushed and a number of other cliffs showing evidence of occupation by owls. Cave nesting is suspected in Victoria and suggested as likely in treeless areas (Peake et al. 1993). Furthermore, the closely related Sooty Owl is known to use caves for nesting in areas lacking suitable tree hollows (Hollands 1991). Perhaps worthy of note is one anecdotal account of Masked Owls nesting in a barn on a rural property near Devonport in the 1940’s. This record was associated with what appears to be a high density of Masked Owls and Barn Owls occurring together and an extremely high density of rats, mice and rabbits. Barn nesting in this situation may have been an extraordinary response to high prey abundance in a rural/ fragmented forest landscape with limited nest hollow availability. Although there is scant evidence to suggest cave nesting in Tasmania it is unlikely that this habit would be expressed unless under the extreme conditions associated with high levels of introduced prey and limited hollow availability. Sharland’s report of cave nesting may have occurred under similar unnatural conditions. For the purposes of conserving the Masked Owl in Tasmania it is probably safer to assume tree hollows are essential for breeding.

Table 15 shows the vegetation associated with 20 known nest sites in Tasmania (past and present) and summarizes the general theme of Masked Owl habitat in Tasmania. One nest is known from wet forest on the Franklin River (i.e. WA647). Five are in open and closed forests in gullies supporting a dense understorey of mesic species such as Pomaderris apetala, Olearia argophylla, Zieria arborescens, Bedfordia salicina and Monotoca glauca. The remainder are open woodlands and closed forests with dry and generally sparse understories of shrub and heath species. Seven sites are largely unmodified woodlands and open forests with a sparse understorey of shrubs including Allocasuarina littoralis, Exocarpos cupressiformis and Acacia dealbata over dense heath. Seven occur in ‘open woodland’ to ‘woodland’ habitats that may have been structurally modified at the tree density, understorey and/or ground cover level. All currently have a pasture grass understorey. Mooney (in press) suggests that isolated nest trees in substantially cleared farmland are invariably very old and part of the original forest/woodland canopy prior to clearing and as such they may also have been used for nesting prior to clearing.

Mooney (in press) notes that most known nest trees occur in environments subject to development. This reflects the co-occurrence of preferred Masked Owl habitat with human habitation in eastern Tasmania (dry forest types in coastal lowlands) and this observation is likely to be upheld as a generalisation for the Masked Owl. The very nature of Masked Owl nest trees on or near cleared land and the species’ preference for forest edge habitats must increase the likelihood of nest destruction. Nest trees are usually very old or dead and often fragile. They are trees typically targeted for felling during landscaping, firewood collection and landclearing activities. For example a dead E. viminalis nest tree, the last remaining tree in a large farm paddock that now provides little shelter for stock and continues to drop limbs, waits for its inevitable felling and removal; an E. viminalis nest tree was removed during subdivision development near Hobart to make way for housing and an E. obliqua nest tree on the Tasman Peninsula was targeted for firewood and felled without the knowledge it harboured nesting owls. These are probably common fates for nest trees near or on developed lands.

To add to the risk of targeted felling and land clearing on nesting habitat is the problem of natural attrition. Several authors have recognised the fragility of

Masked Owl nest sites [e.g. nest tree collapse has been noted by Mooney (in press) and Hollands (1991)] and empirical studies indicate the life expectancy of trees supporting large hollows may be short (e.g. Lindenmayer et al. 1990b). The fragility of nest trees increases the probability of their destruction by fire and wind and isolated nest trees are particularly susceptible to collapse through wind exposure (Lindenmayer et al. 1990a; Debus 1993).

Another expanding problem may be the colonization of nest trees by honey bees. This excludes Cockatoos from nest hollows on mainland Australia. Also competition with Kookaburras and Brush-tail Possums must be fierce where hollows are in short supply.

4.1.3 Roosting

Masked Owls appear to be highly versatile in their requirements for roost sites. Hollow roosting is noted by several authors for mainland subspecies but this habit is not well represented among the Tasmanian incidental site records. However, the incidental record database is unlikely to adequately reflect reality given that owls roosting on vegetation are far more likely to be flushed than those within tree hollows. Mooney (in press) suggests that Masked Owls commonly use cliffs as roost sites and these birds are non-breeding and/or those participating in breeding in nearby trees. The use of human-made structures for roosting is well known and typical in areas lacking a dense vegetation coverage such as farmland and urban areas.

Dense understorey vegetation or heavily foliated shrubs are the most commonly represented roost type in the Tasmanian Masked Owl database (assuming that cliff roosts are disproportionately represented because of research bias). Owls have been flushed from a range of trees some representative of dry forest understorey while many are found in mixed forest, wet forest, wet gully and riparian forest understories. During the present study a male Masked Owl was flushed from a small Exocarpos cupressiformis in an otherwise dry woodland with a sparse understorey of shrubs offering little shelter. The owl was roosting at a height of only two meters.

Table 16 summarizes the vegetation surrounding tree and shrub roosting sites in Tasmania (only those sites described during the present study are included). Outside this selection of sites is a roost in Nothofagus cunninghamii in mixed forest near Mt Maurice in northeast Tasmania. It appears that the densest canopy covers are favoured for roosting (e.g. Melaleuca ericifolia closed scrub and Acacia dealbata closed forest), the densest understorey components in gullies and along water courses (e.g. mesic species such as Pomaderris apetala and Olearia argophylla) or in extensive areas of dry forest/woodland in undulating country with few gullies or damp creek lines, the most heavily foliated understorey shrub species is targeted (e.g. Exocarpos cupressiformis and Allocasuarina littoralis). The use of dense heavily foliated vegetation (usually associated with wet forest) may help to explain the apparent preference for a mesic forest or mesic understorey component as part of the home-range, as opposed to extensive areas of dry forest.

4.1.4 Diet and foraging

The diet of the Masked Owl in Tasmania is probably the best known aspect of its biology (e.g. Hill 1955; Green 1986; Mooney 1993). All studies identify the importance of introduced species. Mooney (1993) highlighted the preponderance of juvenile rabbits and black rats in the present diet and native rats, phalangerids and macropods in the pre-historic diet. In a study of a single nesting pair, Hill

(1955) observed that juvenile rabbits were taken almost exclusively during the early nestling stage (between September and November) but were later replaced by rats and mice.

The Masked Owl/rabbit breeding overlap may provide the linchpin by which increased owl density can be achieved in rural/ fragmented forest landscapes. Conversely, lower owl densities may occur in areas distant from rabbit populations and improved pasture. Much of our dietary knowledge comes from owls living on forest/woodland fringes, or at least capable of foraging in open country abounding in introduced prey, while little is known of owls that live, breed and forage entirely within forested habitats. Not only do we know little of the diet of these birds but we know even less about their home-range requirements. Knowledge of forest ‘interior dwellers’ in addition to the ‘fringe dwellers’ may be important to the successful long term conservation of this species.

The broad distribution of the Masked Owl in Tasmania is best described as lowland dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands. Within this range there appears to be little further detectable floristic association. On the limited data available Masked Owls do not appear to favour a particular eucalypt species, vegetation community or a particular floristic understorey composition. A finer model of distribution might best be described in terms of the abundance and stability of the prey resource (introduced and native). However, it is probably dangerous to assume long term owl population stability amid volatile introduced prey populations in fragmented forest/cleared land environments.

Clear-fell logging can lead to a decrease in the abundance of small native ground dwelling mammals but may be an advantage for rabbits, mice and introduced rodents (Debus 1993). Accessibility of Masked Owls to prey in post-logging regeneration may be enhanced by a increase in forest edge habitat but may be later reduced by dense even-aged regrowth. Debus (1993) suggests that partial logging of forest may have a different impact on Masked Owls than that of complete clearing, though no data are available. The extent to which Masked Owls can tolerate habitat disturbance may relate to the beneficial effects of the disturbance in terms of the abundance and accessibility (the extent to which they can be more easily captured) of prey. Where prey are abundant Masked Owls may be able to tolerate a greater level of habitat disturbance (Hollands 1991). In New South Wales there is anecdotal evidence of Masked Owl’s eventually deserting a traditional forested territory after gross habitat disturbance and decline in native mammal prey (Debus 1993).

4.1.5 Home-range and territory

Schodde and Mason (1980) estimated the home-range of the Masked Owl to be 500-1000ha based on Hill (1955) of observations on a pair of Masked Owls in northern Tasmania. However, Kavanagh and Murray (in press) represents the only radio-telemetry based study of home-range of this species (one adult female during the non-breeding period). The home-range of their study comprised about 24% bush, 69% residential and 8% open country. About 77% of the bird’s time was spent in bushland or near bushland edge and 23%, >100m from bushland. Greater than half of its time was spent at bushland ecotones and over 80% in or near areas substantially modified by man. Both Kavanagh and Murray (in press; for T. n. novaehollandiae) and Hill (1955; for T. n. castanops) note that foraging activity occurred mainly towards the center of the owl’s home-range and the probable and known nest site respectively were located on the edge of the home-range (Kavanagh & Murray in press).

Radio-tracking studies to evaluate the home-range and habitat composition are warranted for T. n. castanops in both fragmented forest in human modified

landscapes and relatively undisturbed forest. Kavanagh & Murray (in press) suggest that Masked Owl home-range may be considerably larger than initial estimates (e.g. Schodde & Mason 1980). Therefore an assessment of home-range parameters in Tasmania may be important for appropriate conservation management of this subspecies.

4.1.6 Population estimates

There are no population estimates for the Masked Owl in Tasmania beyond a TPWS estimate based on distribution and density of ‘more than 260 pairs’ (Mooney unpub.) and ‘about 500 pairs’ given in a presentation at the 1981, RAOU Conference in Canberra (Mooney unpub. data). Peake and his associates (1993) provided an estimate of 600-800 breeding individuals for Victoria (assuming Masked Owls were far more common than incidental records indicate and the number of records may be a magnitude less than the number of territories). They estimated 60 breeding pairs for Gippsland and the East Gippsland Plains. The Comprehensive Regional Assessment for East Gippsland (1996) used an estimate of 85-275 pairs and, based on a median of 180 pairs, they calculated a density of 1 bird per 1 389ha for that area (Joint RFA Team 1996).

Based on the number of site records in the Tasmanian Masked Owl database and eliminating possible duplication at the individual and territory level (by allocating all records within a 2km radius of each other to the same territory) there are 199 ‘territory’ records for Tasmania. If we follow a similar method to Peake et al. (1993) and suggest that we know of about half the actual number of territories then a crude estimate of the size of the Tasmanian Masked Owl population is about 800 breeding individuals.

The most reliable calculation of a Masked Owl home-range is 1017-1178ha [for an adult female owl in a fragmented mosaic of urban bushland (Kavanagh & Murray in press)]. There are no previous calculations of density or home-range in Tasmania [although Mooney (1993) calculated a density/home-range minimum of about 400ha based on a minimum inter-nest distance of 1.5km] and there are no substantive reasons to suggest that the home-range or density of Masked Owl breeding sites in Tasmania is less than that for other sub-species on mainland Australia. So, to provide a crude initial starting point for the purposes of argument and further refinement the following calculation is proposed: (i) Assume that the predicted ‘core range’ and ‘peripheral range’ of the Masked Owl has a mean density of 1 bird per 546ha or 0.0018 birds per ha calculated from Kavanagh & Murray’s home-range figure for T. n. novaehollandiae during the non-breeding season (using the midpoint of 1017-1178ha divided by 2 and treated as a density estimate); (ii) Nothing is known of the variation in density among ‘cleared land’, fragmented forest/cleared land and extensive unfragmented forest habitats but for the purposes of this calculation we will assume non-forested habitats are unsuitable habitat. On this basis we estimate the size of the Tasmanian Masked Owl population to be 1331 breeding individuals or 615 breeding pairs. As Masked Owls are known to live and breed on ‘cleared land’ and outside the ‘core and peripheral range’ albeit at a very low density the population estimate is considered to be a minimum value.

4.1.7 Reservation status

If logging were to occur, only 4 of 18 known Masked Owl nest trees in Tasmania would have been conserved in forest streamside reserves (Mooney, in press). Of the additional nest sites identified in the present study none would have fallen within the boundary of a forest streamside reserve, however, one nest site would have been protected in a local council water catchment reserve.

By far the greatest proportion of preferred Masked Owl habitat lies on private land. About 6.3% of the core range and peripheral range is included in dedicated reserves. If informal reserves are included in the calculation then the proportion is increased to 11.2%. The area of suitable habitat for the Masked Owl within dedicated reserves is 106 159ha and if informal reserves are included in the assessment the area is increased to 187 887ha. Using a simplistic mathematical model for the determination of minimum habitat area for a species’ persistence (see Possingham 1996) the value for T. n. castanops based on a home-range estimate of 1 000ha and an estimated life span of 10 years is 316 455ha. Considering both the minimum viable habitat model as a guide to the minimum reservation requirement and the large home-range requirement, Masked Owl habitat is inadequately reserved in Tasmania. Even if habitat fragmentation is ignored (Masked Owl habitat within dedicated and informal reserves is a composite of a numerous number of often small reserves), the area of Masked Owl habitat within dedicated and informal reserves does not satisfy the estimated minimum viable habitat area.

4.1.8 Conservation status

The recent East Gippsland survey highlighted the general rarity of Masked Owls T. n. novaehollandiae in much of Victoria (Lyon pers. comm.) and Kavanagh and Murray (in press) consider that the density of T. n. novaehollandiae in New South Wales may be less than initially thought. Kavanagh and Murray (in press) also expressed concern at the rare status of T. n. novaehollandiae amid a lack of knowledge of the threatening processes.

We recommend that the status of T. n. castanops in Tasmania remains as Insufficiently Known until further surveys have been conducted and there is a better appreciation of density, population status and trends. It is known that Masked Owls are sensitive to direct disturbance at the nest site during breeding (Mooney in press) but we have little understanding of the effect of long term decline in hollow availability and increase in forest fragmentation. Nonetheless, there is little doubt that an education campaign and incentives for landowners to retain mature trees supporting large hollows and to protect known nest sites would be advantageous to the long-term survival of T. n. castanops.

4.2 Southern Boobook

4.2.1 Distribution and habitat

The predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks in Tasmania covers a broad habitat range. This is supported by data from the systematic survey which suggests that this species is as common in wet forest, and rainforest, as in dry forests, non-eucalypt dominated forests and scrubs and cleared land. Nonetheless, the predicted distribution based on incidental site records highlights the drier eastern half of Tasmania as the area of ‘high probability’ occurrence and the ‘high probability’ distribution falls within a low to moderate altitudinal range (<1000m). These results are in contrast to stochastic modelling using data derived from systematic surveys of N. n. boobook in northeast New South Wales (NPWS 1994). Their models identified a preference for forests of cooler and higher elevation tablelands. Warmer escarpment forests and lowland forests were identified as moderate probability and the warmest dry sclerophyll forests were identified as least likely to support this species. In the present study wet forest is

a component of the ‘high probability’ range but most of the range is cleared land or covered by dry forest and woodland communities. There is a positive relationship between the annual mean temperature and the probability of Southern Boobook occurrence. Wet forest communities do form a considerable component of the ‘moderate probability’ range. The difference in habitat preference between N. n. leucopsis in Tasmania and N. n. boobook in northeastern New South Wales may in part be explained by latitude and altitude. The Southern Boobook is known to undertake local migrations from higher to lower altitude and from inland to coastal regions during winter in New South Wales. In Tasmania there may well be a similar movement from wetter and colder to warmer and drier areas and even north to mainland Australia during the winter suggesting that wetter and colder areas may not provide a reliable prey resource throughout the year.

4.2.2 Nesting

The Southern Boobook database includes few current nest site records. However, considering both current and historic records, it appears that requirements for nest hollows can be satisfied on average by smaller, and probably younger trees, than needed by Masked Owls. A broader range of tree species is also represented (e.g. E. viminalis, E. globulus, E. amygdalina, E. ovata and E. obliqua). Surprisingly for such a common and vocal species, the location of only two current nest sites is known (see Table 17); both in E. obliqua and adjacent to cleared land.

Whereas the Southern Boobook’s nesting requirements are considered to be more easily met (i.e. a greater habitat tolerance range and an ability to use smaller hollows for nesting) than those of the Masked Owl in Tasmania, extensive old-growth habitat removal and land clearing can threaten the long term survival of a population. This is clearly evidenced by the demise of the Norfolk Island subspecies resulting from logging, land clearing, shooting and introduction of exotic plants and animals (Olsen & Moon 1990).

Given that introduced Starlings Sterna vulgaris are a common prey of the Southern Boobook (e.g. Green 1986) it seems surprising that they would be in direct competition for tree hollows. However, Starlings are extraordinarily persistent when competing for nests and conceivably could drive Southern Boobooks away from marginal nest sites The Kookaburra is a more formidable contender for nests given its large size and tree hollow requirements. Additional nest sites need to be identified and their productivity monitored over several years to assess the effect, if any, of competition among these species. Increasing numbers of Corellas (Peter Brown pers. comm.) and Brushtail Possums (Greg Hocking, pers. comm.) may also be a problem.

4.2.3 Roosting

Schodde and Mason (1980) suggest that the Southern Boobooks roost in a number of pre-selected sites which they rotate over a period of days or weeks. Pairs may also roost together (Olsen & Bartos in press). A huge range of roosting sites have been identified in previous studies (e.g. Schodde & Mason 1980; Strahan 1994) but there are few records in the Tasmania database on which to make a useful summary. Most are from modified habitats and in exotic tree and shrub species. Only three native vegetation roosts are recorded, all in closed teatree scrub (Leptospermum and Melaleuca). In rural areas with little remaining native habitat, human-made structures and pine trees are commonly used and are well represented in the Southern Boobook database.

4.2.4 Home-range

There are few reports of density and/or home-range for the Southern Boobook in Australia. Schodde and Mason (1980) estimated a home-range used by a hunting pair of Southern Boobooks to be about 8ha. Olsen and Bartos (in press), using radio telemetry, found a male of a non-breeding pair ranged over 37ha in dry forest and woodland on the urban fringe of Canberra, though it spent most of its time in an area of about 8ha.

4.2.5 Population estimates

There are no population estimates for the Southern Boobook in Tasmania. Eliminating duplicate individual and territory records the Southern Boobook database contains 290 incidental site records. However, the relationship between the number of known records (most of which are current for the period of the present study) and the actual number of territories in Tasmania is not known, nor to be guessed at. One impression gained from conversations with a large number of farmers and other residents of rural areas is that the Southern Boobook (easily recognised by its double call) is a well known ‘caller’ in most areas (in all biogeographic regions excepting West South West and Central Highlands). For argument and a first attempt at estimating the size of the Tasmanian population we suggest the following calculation: (i) within the predicted ‘core range’ and ‘peripheral range’ the density of Southern Boobooks occurs at a rate of 1 bird per 20ha [using the home-range estimate by Olsen and Bartos (in press) as an estimate of density]. (ii) ‘cleared land’ is not suitable habitat for the Southern Boobook. On this basis we estimate the size of the Southern Boobook population in Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands to be 85 093 breeding individuals or 42 546 breeding pairs.

4.2.6 Reservation status

About 7% of the predicted core range and peripheral range of the Southern Boobook is included in dedicated reserves. If informal reserves are included in the calculation then the area is lifted to 12%. The area of suitable habitat for the Southern Boobook within dedicated reserves is 252 280ha and if informal reserves are included in the assessment the area is increased to 447 110ha. Using a simplistic mathematical model for the determination of minimum habitat area for a species’ persistence (see Possingham 1996) the value for N. n. novaeseelandiae based on a home-range estimate of 40ha and an estimated life span of 10 years is 12 650ha. In view of the apparently large area of preferred habitat within dedicated and undedicated reserves, the small home-range requirement and the apparent wide habitat tolerance of this species we conclude that the Southern Boobook is adequately reserved in Tasmania.

4.2.7 Conservation status

There is little available information on Southern Boobook density, population size, trends or threatening processes. Many birds are killed on roads but it is not known whether this is an important component of mortality rate. Mooney (pers. comm.) has suggested that there may be competition for the declining hollow availability between Southern Boobooks and some introduced species, particularly the Kookaburra. However, further research is necessary to assess the importance of this suggestion. Based on available anecdotal and systematic survey data we suggest that N. n. leucopsis is common and secure in Tasmania.

4.3 Owl survey procedure

Surveys targeting T. n. novaehollandiae in southeast and northeast New South Wales have detected it at 7.1% of 719 widely distributed sites (Kavanagh & Murray in press) and 9% of 401 sites surveyed in coastal, escarpment and tableland forests of north-east New South Wales (Debus, 1995). All authors indicate that the Masked Owl is the least common and least detectable of the large forest owls. Whereas most Masked Owl detections are in response to the playback of pre-recorded calls it is also the least frequently detected by spontaneous calling. Debus (1995) found spontaneous calling by the Powerful Owl on 5% of 965 survey occasions, Sooty Owl on 4% and Masked Owl on only 2% of survey occasions. Although the present study represents a total of only 86 survey sites the rate of detection of T. n. castanops appears to be higher (13% of 86 sites) than that for T. n. novaehollandiae in New South Wales.

The actual detection rate was marginally higher than mainland surveys but many of the sites surveyed were outside the predicted distribution range and/or in habitat generally considered unsuitable for this species. We predict that the detection rate from a survey focused in the drier areas of eastern Tasmania in forested and fragmented forest environments would be greater than 13%. It is interesting to note that of 35 detections of T. n. novaehollandiae, Debus (1995) recorded no cases where a pair of birds responded. In the present survey 3 of 11 (27%) responses were of pairs (or two birds of different size). The Tasmanian survey data are currently too few for serious analysis but the picture emerging is that the density of T. n. castanops, and potentially also its responsivity, may be higher than that of T. n. novaehollandiae.

Debus and Rose (1993) listed categories of response of T. n. novaehollandiae to the broadcast of pre-recorded calls as (i) a single sometimes distant screech in reply then no more, (ii) silent approach to perch then chattering call in response to playback (iii) approach to perch and call threateningly with load deep vibrating screech (iv) land silently on nearby perch, then seen by spotlight and (v) circle overhead, above tree canopy with squeaky chattering call. They rated the frequency as common, common, rare, rarely detected but may be common and rare for each response type respectively. In contrast to T. n. novaehollandiae we observed response (v) most commonly for T. n. castanops. We noted chittering overhead with probable circling on three of 11 occasions. We have also noted this response to the broadcast of calls on two occasions at Summerleas near Hobart where an owl often responds to a captive owl. These responses were followed by a form of response (ii) where birds responded from a perch high in a eucalypt. Other responses included one owl detected by a sighting only (detected because it was flying off), three sites where one or two screeches only were heard some distance from the survey point, one site where a bird began screeching on nights following the survey and two sites where birds chittered for between 10 and 20 seconds (a single screech was also associated with one of these). Differences in frequency of the response types between T. n. castanops and T. n. novaehollandiae may relate to the timing (season) of the survey but may be real differences in the vocal and territorial response behaviour between the two subspecies.

The present study had difficulties of access to survey sites, many of which were due to the effect of rain on vehicular track conditions and ‘nocturnal stream crossings’. Wet and windy conditions have a significant effect on owl detection rates and consequently many survey nights were aborted due to heavy rain and or heavy winds, particularly in the northeast and northwest of the State. Many surveys in the west were conducted in a light drizzle or rain and these conditions may have affected the rate of spontaneous and response calling by the Southern Boobook.

The small number of sites surveyed in Tasmania preclude a serious statistical analysis of the influence of environmental variables on the relative abundance of

owls. However, the survey does provide us with a considerable basis from which to launch further systematic survey studies of owls in Tasmania. The survey protocol appears to be appropriate for use on Tasmania’s forest owls. The survey technology is tried and tested and the habitat measurements collected during the course of the present study will remain a useful addition to similar data collected in further studies.

4.4 Tasmanian owls as forest management indicator species

Management indicator species have the potential to provide indices of habitat quality for a range of other species or whole communities (Kavanagh 1991). If forest managers target indicator species there are benefits for the entire forest community, particularly for prey species. Species that have shown this potential are usually sedentary, specialised or those at the top of their food chains, needing large territories or home ranges. Ideal species are known to be sensitive to particular management practices such as changes in understorey composition, are widespread and common and are easily surveyed. Furthermore their preferred habitat has an important role in the structure of communities. In order to manage the indicator species we must have a comprehensive knowledge of its habitat requirements including home range, old-growth forest requirements, nest and roost site requirements and its population dynamics and social behaviour (Milledge et al. 1991).

On the basis of the foregoing the Masked Owls has been suggested as a potential indicator species. The Southern Boobook can be eliminated as a contender on the grounds it occupies only a small territory size, is unspecific in its habitat requirements (beyond the need for tree hollows), is adaptable to human-modified habitats and is primarily insectivorous yet highly flexible in its diet. The Southern Boobook is widespread in most forest types in Tasmania and we know little of the effects of logging on this species beyond the necessity for retention of trees supporting hollows for nesting. Southern Boobook abundance is therefore unlikely to be a good reflection of the integrity of forest biodiversity or the quantity of forest for other vertebrate or invertebrate fauna.

The Masked Owl is an apex predator, is sedentary and occupies a large territory. Although an uncommon species it is widespread in lowland drier forest types and is easily surveyed, perhaps even more so in Tasmania. The diet of the Masked Owl is highly flexible and for the most part comprises small ground dwelling mammals. Introduced species such as rabbits, rats and mice are readily substituted for native prey species and even in the pre-historic diet, arboreal mammals appear to have been a minor and variable component of the diet. We understand little of the complexity of Masked Owl habitat requirements. There is an apparent tolerance to disturbed habitats and the species is known to successfully breed in disturbed and highly modified landscapes. The effects of forest management practices on Masked Owls are not well understood. There are reports of both benefits and costs associated with clear felling though there is evidence of sensitivity to direct disturbance at the nest site. The most important aspect of the owl’s life-history in relation to forest management lies in its requirement for very large tree hollows for nesting. Because there is a tenuous and non-obligatory trophic link it is probable that the Masked Owl will tell us little about the suitability of forests for arboreal old-growth dependent species. Further research is necessary on the life-history, habitat requirements and effect of forest practices on the Masked Owl in Tasmania to evaluate its candidature as an ‘indicator species’ for forest management.

5.0 Recommendations

5.1 Further research 5.1.1 Assessment of home-range size and habitat utilisation by the

Tasmanian Masked Owl 5.1.2 Investigation of the effects of prey abundance, habitat fragmentation

and logging on Tasmanian Masked Owls 5.1.3 Exploring past abundance and habits of the Masked Owl by carbon

dating of cliff roost/nest excreta/pellet deposits 5.1.4 Explore the detail of nest hollow requirements by captive breeding.

5.2 Interim guidelines for conservation of owls 5.2.1 Interim guidelines for conservation of Masked Owls in production

forest 5.2.2 Interim guidelines for conservation of Southern Boobooks in

production forest

5.1 Further research

5.1.1 Assessment of home-range size and habitat utilisation by the Tasmanian Masked Owl

A knowledge of the home range size and habitat utilization is essential in order to manage forests for the conservation of the Masked Owl. The number and density of known nest sites is larger in Tasmania than other States. Many known nests are easily accessible and close to population centers. This study would develop effective techniques for the capture of Masked Owls during the breeding and non-breeding season and use radio-telemetry to assess habitat utilisation and home-range size. Ideally the study would contrast home-range and habitat utilisation between pairs nesting in natural habitat with pairs nesting in a mosaic of fragmented forest/woodland and cleared land.

5.1.2 Investigation of the effects of prey abundance, habitat fragmentation and logging on Tasmanian Masked Owls

Using standardized techniques developed for the survey of large forest owls in southeast Australia undertake a large scale monitoring survey of the Masked Owl. This study should be located in a region of ‘high probability’ distribution incorporating extensive areas of production forest, farmland with fragmented forest/woodland habitat and reserved unlogged forest. A large number of survey sites should be identified. At these sites a large number of habitat parameters should be measured and a biannual assessment should be made of (i) abundance of Masked Owls and other nocturnal birds, and arboreal mammals and (ii) abundance of small terrestrial native and introduced mammals. The experimental design should be developed to return appropriate data on which the following can be investigated: (i) owl abundance and abundance trends, (ii) habitat quality for owls, (iii) influence of logging on owl abundance and (iv) the influence of prey type and abundance on owl abundance. Results from a Tasmanian study may have implications for the management of Masked Owls and other large owls in the forests of southeast mainland Australia.

5.1.3 Exploring past abundance and habits of the Masked Owl by carbon dating of cliff roost/nest excreta/pellet deposits

This study would involve carbon dating of strata in deposits from a selection of Masked Owl cliff cave and pothole sites in the Derwent valley, identify associated animal taxa remains and develop an assay or technique for confirming the use of these sites for nesting. Known prey/habitat associations can be used to characterise vegetation at the time of owl occupation of cave roost/nest sites.

This study has both academic and a practical interest and provides a basis for the determination of short term (decades) and long term (millennia) trends in owl density and breeding habits. A pilot study would be necessary to assess the antiquity of one or two sites and confirm that these sites have always been Masked Owl roost or nest sites. Following a successful outcome from the pilot study there may be sufficient scope in the study to be undertaken as a post-graduate degree project with intellectual and logistical support from TPWS.

5.1.4 Explore the detail of nest hollow requirements by captive breeding.

This can be used to collaborate certain breeding behaviours/ calls to calibrate field data.

5.2 Interim guidelines for conservation of owls

5.2.1 Interim guidelines for conservation of Masked Owls in production forest

(a) Undertake surveys throughout preferred habitat including production forest (on private and public lands) to identify Masked Owl distribution, density and nest sites.

(b) Provide for the protection of known nests with surrounding old-growth habitat for the ongoing recruitment of nest sites. Protect roosting habitat associated with nest sites such as dense gully and streamside vegetation.

(d) Reserve or protect from logging sufficient essential habitat to support 100 pairs of Masked Owls. This figure can be contributed to by non-production forest and existing reserves.

5.2.2 Interim guidelines for conservation of Southern Boobooks in production forest

(a) As a byproduct of Masked Owl surveys (Southern Boobook can be surveyed at no additional cost during Masked Owl surveys), assess Southern Boobook density and locate nest sites.

(b) Protect habitat directly surrounding known nest sites and ensure stream side reserves do not become degraded (in terms of the understorey component) following forest harvesting operations.

References

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Appendix 1

Title: Predicting Essential Habitat for Forest Owls in Tasmania

CRA Biodiversity - Fauna

Project Code - BY8E

Principal Investigator

Project to be directed as a consultancy through the Australasian Raptor Association (of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union RAOU) in collaboration with Nick Mooney from TPWS, the CRA project team and Forestry Tasmania.

Location of Work

Statewide including a wide range of forest types.

Project Objectives

To develop an effective predictive model to identify essential habitat of the Masked Owl and Southern Boobook owl to assist with recommendations for forest harvest plans, reservation design and biodiversity conservation and management.

Background

In Tasmania the Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae castanops is an endemic subspecies occurring only in the Tasmanian region excluding offshore islands. It is confined mainly to the humid and subhumid effective rainfall zones where it is sedentary in low altitude eucalyptus forest and woodland. The Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae leucopsis has an exceptionally small population and as there is no recent evidence of Bass Strait migration is suspected as being distinct. The Southern Boobook is scattered across a range of forest types and occurs on several offshore islands. Both species use only tree hollows for nesting (living & dead), the former preferring sites near forest edges, the latter forest proper (Thomas 1979). The Masked Owl and Southern Boobook are the only owl species breeding in Tasmania and considering their size range and sexual dimorphism are important nocturnal predators, the Masked Owl being an ‘apex’ nocturnal predator.

Concerns have been raised recently on the status of the Masked Owl in Tasmania and consequently the species has been listed as Insufficiently Known by the Vertebrate Advisory Committee (1994). In Victoria the Masked Owl has been identified as Vulnerable (CNR 1995a) and as regionally threatened in other states across its range (Garnett 1992). In Tasmania the population of the Southern Boobook has never been monitored but it is also thought to have declined through clearing and competition with starlings and kookaburras for nest holes (Blakers et al. 1984).

To date little formal survey or research work has been conducted on the habitat requirements of these two owl species in Tasmania. Preliminary work by Mooney (1996) suggests that the Masked Owl is very sensitive to direct disturbance at the nest site during breeding and that unlike mainland species that utilize caves and rock overhangs, breeds only in large nest hollows. Survey work has been conducted on Tyto in Victorian forests (Milledge et al. 1991, 1993) and a review

done of the masked owl on mainland Australia (Debus 1993). Victorian research has found that hollow nesting owls are important management indicator species for assessing the impacts of forestry operations on a range of hollow-dependent species. Conservation guidelines for masked owls have been produced for East Gippsland because of these species sensitivity to clear-felling and their requirements for extensive areas of forest supporting hollow trees (CNR 1995b). Existing records and surveys of large forest owls in the East Gippsland Management area were used to produce models to identify areas of potential habitat and then reserves were recommended which incorporated breeding and foraging ranges.

Outcomes

• A better understanding of the conservation status and essential habitat requirements of the masked owl and Southern Boobook in Tasmania.

• A quantification of nest hollow requirements and availability in forest types across Tasmania.

• Identification of specific management actions as recommendations for use in forest management.

• Identification of gaps in the knowledge of the two species and limitations of the models.

• Recommendations on reservation requirements of critical habitat.

• A report documenting all of the above and priorities for future work.

• Electronic and/or map products suitable for contributing to national estate thematic assessments will also be produced as negotiated with the AHC.

References

Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. & Reilly, P. N. (1984) The Atlas of Australian

Birds. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, Melbourne University Press.

CNR (1995a) Threatened fauna in Victoria - 1995. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Victoria.

CNR (1995b) Proposed forest management plan: East Gippsland Forest Management Area. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Victoria.

Debus, S. S. (1993) The mainland masked owl Tyto novaehollandiae. A review. Australian Bird Watcher 15: 168-191.

Garnett, S. (1992) The Action Plan for Australian Birds. Project Number 121, Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, Victoria.

Milledge, D.R., Palmer, C. L. and Nelson, J.L. (1991) Barometers of Change: the distribution of large owls and gliders in Mountain Ash forests of the Victorian Central Highlands and their potential as management indicators. pp. 53-65, Conservation of Australian Forest Fauna, Daniel Lunney (Ed), Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Mosman.

Milledge, D.R., Palmer, C. L. and Nelson, J.L. (1993) A survey of large owls in Mountain Ash forests of the Victorian Central Plateau. In Australian Raptor Studies. P. Olsen (ed), RAOU, Melbourne.

Mooney, N. (1996) Nesting habitat and seasonality of the Masked Owl in Tasmania. Paper presented at the ARA Conference, Brisbane, April 1996.

Thomas, D. (1979) Tasmanian Bird Atlas. Fauna of Tasmania Handbook No 2.

University of Tasmania.

Appendix 2

Appendix 2: Published sources of sighting records used in the Masked Owl and Southern Boobook incidental site record databases, 1996.

Green, R. H. (1979) A survey of the vertebrate fauna of the Sumac forest and the Dempster Plains, north-west Tasmania. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum, No. 65: 1-9.

Green, R. H. (1969) The birds of Flinders Island. Records of the Queen Victorian Museum, No. 34: 1-31.

Green, R. H. & Rainbird, J.L. (1986) Food of the Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae. Tasmanian Naturalist 86, 1-3.

Green, R. H. & Rainbird, J.L. & McQuillan, P. B. (1985) Food of the Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae. Tasmanian Naturalist 85, 5-7.

Green, R. H. & McGarvie, A. M. (1971) The birds of King Island. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum, No. 4: 1-42.

Green, R. H. & Mollison, B. C. (1961) Birds of Port Davey and South Coast of Tasmania. Emu, 61: 223-230.

Hill, L. H. (1955) Notes on the habits and breeding of the Tasmanian Masked Owl. Emu, 55: 203-210.

Newman, O. M. G. (1972) Systematic List for 1971. Tasmanian Bird Report, No. 1.


Newman, O. M. G. (1974) Systematic List for 1973. Tasmanian Bird Report, No.3.



Thomas, D. G. (1977) Systematic List for 1976. Tasmanian Bird Report, No. 6.

Thomas, D. G. (1979) Systematic List for 1977. Tasmanian Bird Report, No. 7.

Patterson, R. M. (1980) Bird Observation 1978 - Systematic List. Tasmanian Bird Report, No. 8.




Patterson, R. M. (1983) Systematic List for 1982. Tasmanian Bird Report, No. 12.









Reid, T. & Moverley, J. H. (1994) Bird Observation 1993 - Systematic List. Tasmanian Bird Report, No. 23.

Rounsevell, D. E., Blackhall, S. A. & Thomas, D. G. (1977) Birds of Maria Island. Wildlife Division Technical Report No. 77/3 Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service.

Rounsevell, D. E. (1985) Bird Observation 1984 - Systematic List. Tasmanian Bird Report, No. 14.

Appendix 3

Stratifying the owl systematic survey sampling regime by vegetation type and bioregion

1. An extract from ‘Toward an interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia: A framework for setting priorities in the national reserve system cooperative program’. Edited by: R. Thackway and I. D. Cresswell, Reserve Systems Unit, Canberra. Version 3.1: 11 April 1994. Proceedings of a technical meeting held in Adelaide at the South Australian Department of Environment and Natural Resources between 7-11 February, 1994.

Description of IBRA regions for Tasmania

Ben Lomond (BL)

Moist and dry subhumid warm coastal plains mantled in siliceous gravels, and cool/humid mountain ranges comprised of Devonian granites and Silurian-Devonian siltstones and mudstones, covered with sandy loams and siliceous gravels. Lowland vegetation comprising mainly open sclerophyll woodlands and heath while the upper slopes consist of wet sclerophyll forests, some rainforest and alpine vegetation in the highest regions. Land use primarily forestry, mining and agriculture (grazing).

Central Highlands (CH)

Perhumid cool to cold high plateau surface underlain by Jurassic dolerite and Tertiary basalts, with skeletal soils to alluvium in valleys, and humid cool to cold lower plateau surface underlain by Jurassic dolerite, Permo-Triassic sediments and Tertiary basalts, with sandy to clay loam soils. Vegetation ranging from dry sclerophyll woodlands and wet sclerophyll forest on the lower plateau to alpine complexes and coniferous forest patches on the higher plateau. Land use a combination of conservation, forestry, agriculture (grazing) and water catchment.

D’Entrecasteaux (D)

Mainly humid cool mountainous areas with some undulating coastal lowlands. Permo-Triassic sediments and Jurassic dolerite, mantled with sandy to clay loams. Vegetation heavily forested, grading from mixed forest, wet sclerophyll forest and patches of rainforest in the uplands to dry sclerophyll forest and heath on the coastal lowlands. Land use primarily forestry and agriculture (grazing and cropping).

Freycinet (FR)

Subhumid cool to subhumid warm coastal plains and low mountain ranges comprised of Jurassic dolerite and Permo-Triassic sediments with significant areas of granite. Soils predominantly clay to sandy loams. Vegetation predominantly dry sclerophyll forest, with patches of wet sclerophyll forest, relict rainforest, coastal heath and dry coniferous forest. Land use primarily agriculture (grazing) and forestry).

Furneaux (F)

Moist warm granitic island chain, comprising coastal plains dominated by siliceous soils and low ranges with sandy loams. Vegetation comprising a gradation from heat, scrub and dry woodlands to dry sclerophyll forest with gullies of wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest remnants on the ranges. Coastal plain region heavily modified by agriculture (grazing)

Midlands (M)

Dry-moist subhumid cool inland lowland plain underlain by Tertiary basalts, Jurassic dolerite, Permo-Triassic sandstones, and recent alluvium. Heavily modified vegetation comprising grasslands and grassy woodlands on deep loams and alluvium.

Woolnorth (W)

Humid warn coastal plains and deeply dissected lowland hills, with soils from deep basaltic loams to acid sandy coastal soils. Complexes of Cambrian and Pre Cambrium metasediments, basic intermediate volcanics, and post-Carboniferous sediments covered with wet sclerophyll, dry sclerophyll and coastal heaths with some rainforest, swamp forest and scrub. Land use primarily forestry and agriculture (cropping).

West and South West (WSW)

Perhumid cold lowlands, low hills and low ranges, comprising a complex mosaic of rainforest, scrub and buttongrass moorlands. Soils generally oligotrophic acid peat. Principal land uses are conservation, mining and forestry.

Table 2. A Condensed Photo-interpretation Database produced by Forestry Tasmania (1996)

Type No.

Vegetation type category and typical surrogate

Structure and floristic types on forest PI map

1

‘M+ Rainforest’

Callidendrous Rainforest

‘Myrtle and Myrtle regrowth Rainforest’

2

‘M-Rainforest’

Thamnic/ Implicate rainforest

‘M- Myrtle Rainforest’

3‘Medium Hardwood’ Dry eucalypt forest

‘Eucalypt forest with height potential of E3 & -3 (Myrtle absent); E4 & E5 with mature density of 5-100% crown cover’ Eucalypt component < 34m in height

4

‘Medium (3;3-) Hardwood with Myrtle’ wet forest in the north west only

‘Eucalypt forest with height potential of E3 & -3 where Myrtle is present (M+ or M-) and density 5-100% crown cover’ Eucalypt component < 34m in height

5‘Non forest’

Pasture‘PI types of only Pasture’

5 ‘Not Typed’ ‘Untyped; cloud-obscured or outside project area’

5

‘Plantation’

Pine or Eucalypt plantation

‘Plantations’

6

‘Secondary Species’ King Billy Pine, Huon Pine, Pencil Pine and Sassafras

‘Significant non-eucalypt species (other than Myrtle)’ including Billy Pine, Huon Pine, Pencil Pine and Sassafras

7 ‘Blackwood’ ‘Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) as first significant element’

8‘Tall Hardwood’ Wet eucalypt forest

‘Eucalypt forest with height potential of E1 & E2 & E+3 with mature density of 5 - 100% crown cover’ Eucalypt component > 34m in height

9 ‘T and S Types’ Scrub

‘T; ST; S; TS; as first significant element’ Scrub and secondary species

10 ‘Wattle’ ‘Wattle (Acacia spp.) as first significant element (after Blackwood if both)’

Appendix 4

Site descriptions and additional data collected at systematic survey sites

Legend to Table

Site Id.: Unique site identifier.

Map Sheet 1:25,000: Name of 1:25, 000 Tasmap sheet.

biogeographic region: IBRA region.

Vegetation description: Description based on Specht (1970).

Aspect: If greater than 5% determined by compass on site.

Altitude: Determined from 1:25,000 Tasmap.

Land tenure: Determined from 1:25,000 Tasmap (C, Local Council; HEC, Hydro Electric Commission; NP, National Park; P, Private; SF, State Forest; SRA, State Recreation Area).

1 ha: Types of vegetation within the 1 ha survey site (C, Cleared land; EP, Eucalypt Plantation; G, Grassland; P, Pasture; PP, Pine Plantation; R, Rainforest; S, Scrub)

10 ha: Types of vegetation within 10 ha of the survey site.

100 ha: Types of vegetation within 100 ha of the survey site.

Ringtail Possum: Number of individuals seen during the spotlight search of the survey site.

Brushtail Possum: Number of individuals seen during the spotlight search of the survey site.

Bennett’s Wallaby: Number of individuals seen during the spotlight search of the survey site.

Pademelon: Number of individuals seen during the spotlight search of the survey site.

Wombat: Number of individuals seen during the spotlight search of the survey site.

Brown Bandicoot: Number of individuals seen during the spotlight search of the survey site.

Topography: Categorical (flat/undulating; moderate slope; steep).

Tree density: Categorical (absent; sparse; medium; dense).

Distance to forest edge: Distance in meters to a non-forest vegetation type (grassland, moorland, cleared land or pasture) greater than 25 ha in area.

0-50: Percentage of total number of tree stems 0-50 cm in diameter.



>150: Percentage of total number of tree stems >150 cm in diameter.

Distance to water: Distance in meters to the nearest significant water body (stream of standing)

Table 1. Site descriptions and additional data collected at systematic survey sites where Masked Owls were present.

(a)

Site Id (b) Map Sheet

1:25,000

(c) Biogeographic

Region

(d) Vegetation description

(e) Aspect

(f) Altitude

(g) Land

Tenure

(h) 1ha

(i) 10ha (j) 100ha

SYS119 Wilmot Woolnorth E. obliqua/ E. viminalis Tall closed forest

340 531 R F F/P/C F/P

SYS118 Railton Woolnorth E. obliqua Closed forest/ pasture

100 61 P P/C F/P/C F/P/C

SYS90 Patersonia Ben Lomond E. obliqua/ E. viminalis Closed forest

220 500 SF F F F/P

SYS88 Lilydale Ben Lomond A. dealbata Closed forest

320 210 R F F/P F/P

SYS101 Derby Ben Lomond E. obliqua/ E. viminalis Open forest and cleared land

240 180 C F F/C F/C/P

SYS77 Leake Freycinet E. delegatensis/ E.

90 620 SF F F F

dalrympleana Open forest

SYS143 Cressy Midlands Pasture F 150 P P P P

SYS142 Cluan Midlands Pasture F 170 P P P P/F

SYS110 Waddamana

Central Highlands

E. dalrympleana/ E. delegatensis Open woodland and pasture

F 770 P P F/P F/P

SYS63 Huonville D'Entrecasteaux E. obliqua Open forest

300 160 P F F/C F/C/P

SYS64 Longley D'Entrecasteaux E. obliqua/ E. amygdalina Open forest

220 300 P F F F/C

(a) Site Id (k)

Ringtail Possum

(l) Brushtail Possum

(m) Bennett’s Wallaby

(n) Pademelon

(o) Wombat

(p) Brown Bandicoot (q)

Topography (r) Tree density

(s) Distance to forest

edge

(t) 0-50

(u) 50-100

(v) 100-150

(w) >150 (x)

Distance to water

SYS119 S D 250 50 45 5 0 1250

SYS118 F S 0 50 50 0 0 300

SYS90 M D 600 0 0 100 0 2650

SYS88 S D 150 0 100 0 0 150

SYS101 M D 0 90 10 0 0 100

SYS77 1 F M 6000 50 50 0 0 2250

SYS143 F A 0 0 0 0 0 250

SYS142 F A 0 0 0 0 0 150

SYS110 6 F S 0 0 0 100 0 2000

SYS63 M M 100 45 45 10 0 500

SYS64 M M 500 30 50 20 0 400

Table 2. Site descriptions and additional data collected at systematic survey sites where Southern Boobooks were present.

(a)


1:25,000 (c)

Biogeographic Region


(e) Aspect

(f) Altitude

(g) Land

Tenure

(h) 1ha

(i) 10ha

(j) 100ha

SYS157 Wayatinah Midlands E. obliqua Tall closed-forest

F 220 SF F F F/C

SYS132 Mella Woolnorth E. ovata/ A. melanoxylon Open forest over M. ericifolia

F 200 P F/P F/P F/P/S

SYS81 Iron House Freycinet E. obliqua/ A. dealbata Open forest

320 431 C F F F/P

SYS92 Patersonia Ben Lomond E. delegatensis/ N. cunninghamii Closed forest

60 910 NP F F/C F/C

SYS100 Ringarooma Ben Lomond E. obliqua regrowth

F 500 SF R R/PP R/PP

SYS117 Deloraine Woolnorth E. viminalis/ E. amygdalina Open forest

140 260 P F F F

SYS119 Wilmot Woolnorth E. obliqua/ E. viminalis Tall closed forest

340 531 R F F/PC F/P

SYS130 Tayatea Woolnorth E. obliqua Woodland over

F 200 SF F F F

dense understorey of Melaleuca/ Leptospermun/ Gahnia

SYS129 Roger Woolnorth E. obliqua/ N. cunninghamii Closed forest

F 50 SF F F F

SYS148 Harford Woolnorth E. amygdalina/ E. viminalis Open forest

F 50 SF F F F

SYS65 Longley D’Entrecasteaux E. delegatensis Open forest

40 350 SF F F F

SYS68 Glen Huon D’Entrecasteaux Pasture with occasional E. obliqua

330 70 P P P/F P/F

SYS93 Bridgenorth Woolnorth E. amygdalina/ E. viminalis Woodland and pasture

245 200 P P P F/P

SYS94 Bridgenorth Woolnorth Grassland/ E. amygdalina Open forest

F 200 SRA F/G F/G F/G/PP

SYS133 Roger Woolnorth E. obliqua Closed forest

F 30 SF F F F

SYS146 Liffey Midlands E. obliqua Open forest

140 400 P F F F/P

SYS114 Ellendale Central Highlands

E. obliqua Closed forest over dense low shrubs dominated by A. mucronata

40 430 P F F/C F/C/PP

SYS140 Colebrook Midlands E. amygdalina Open forest

250 300 SF F F/P F/P

Table 2. continued, Site descriptions and additional data collected at systematic survey sites where Southern Boobooks were present.

(a) Site Id (k)

Ringtail Possum



(n) Pademelon

(o) Wombat

(p) Brown

Bandicoot (q)



edge

(t) 0-50

(u) 50-100

(v) 100-150

(w) >150 (x)

Distance to water

SYS148 F M 3000 50 50 0 0 75

SYS65 S M 500 0 100 0 0 1300

SYS68 M S 0 0 0 0 0 200

SYS93 F A 0 0 0 0 0 200

SYS94 2 1 F S 0 80 20 0 0 350

SYS133 F D 6250 50 50 0 0 2750

SYS146 M D 200 80 10 10 0 200

SYS114 M D 250 95 5 0 0 750

SYS140 M M 250 95 5 0 0 300

SYS157 F M 750 45 50 5 0 200

SYS132 F D 0 100 0 0 0 2000

SYS81 S D 0 95 5 0 0 200

SYS92 M D 0 50 45 5 0 1500

SYS100 M D 2000 98 2 0 0 20

SYS117 F M 1250 50 50 0 0 1000

SYS119 S D 250 50 45 5 0 1250

SYS130 M D 1500 98 2 0 0 6000

SYS129 M D 2750 95 5 0 0 3250

Table 3. Site descriptions and additional data collected at systematic survey sites (July/August, 1996) where owls were not recorded.

(a) Site Id (b) Map

Sheet 1:25,000

(c) Biogeographic

Region

(d) Vegetation description (e) Aspect

(f) Altitude

(g) Land Tenure

(h) 1ha (i) 10ha (j) 100ha

SYS139 Keith Woolnorth A. dealbata/ A. melanoxylon Closed forest

F 400 C F F F

SYS128 Folly Woolnorth Eucalypt plantation F 450 SF EP F/EP F/EP

SYS138 Calder Woolnorth E. obliqua/ A. dealbata Open forest 340 127 SF F F/C F/C/PP

SYS136 West Frankford

Woolnorth E. obliqua Tall closed-forest 132 390 P F F F

SYS134 Lileah Woolnorth E. obliqua Open woodland over L. scoparia Closed scrub

110 70 SF F F F/C

SYS149 Mawbanna Woolnorth L. scoparia/ P. apetala Closed scrub with occasional E. obliqua

F 140 SF F F F/P

SYS127 Sumac Woolnorth N. cunninghamii Closed forest F 140 SF F F F

SYS135 Togari Woolnorth A. melanoxylon/ E. obliqua Closed forest

F 20 SF F F F

SYS80 St. Helens Ben Lomond A. sophorae Shrubland F 5 SRA S/C S/C S/C

SYS82 Saddleback Ben Lomond E. delegatensis/ E. dalrympleana Open forest

40 785 SF F F F

SYS83 Mathinna Ben Lomond E. delegatensis/E. amygdalina/ E. dalrympleana Tall open-forest

60 370 SF F/PP F/PP F/PP

SYS89 Retreat Ben Lomond E. obliqua/ E. amygdalina Open forest

F 150 SF F F F/C

SYS87 Lilydale Ben Lomond Eucalyptus Tall open-forest 220 204 P F F/P F/P

SYS97 Maurice Ben Lomond Eucalyptus over N. cunninghamii Closed forest

F 839 SF F F F

SYS99 Maurice Ben Lomond E. delegatensis over N. cunninghamii Closed forest

85 839 SF F F F

SYS95 Gray Freycinet Eucalyptus Tall open-forest 90 270 C F/C F/C F/C

SYS78 Snow Freycinet E. delegatensis/ E. dalrympleana Tall open-forest

90 740 SF F F F

SYS79 Cranbrook Freycinet E. viminalis/ E. amygdalina Open forest

80 40 P F/P F/P F/P

SYS96 Coles Bay Freycinet Pasture/ Marshland F 20 P P/M P/M F/P/M

SYS85 St. Pauls Dome

Freycinet Pasture F 240 P P P P

Table 3. continued, Site descriptions and additional data collected at systematic survey sites (July/August, 1996) where owls were not recorded.

(a) Site Id (k)

Ringtail Possum



(n) Pademelon

(o) Wombat




edge

(t)0-50

(u) 50-100

(v) 100-150

(w) >150 (x)

Distance to water

SYS139 F D 4750 50 50 0 0 600

SYS128 M M 2000 0 100 0 0 1750

SYS138 3 1 F M 800 0 100 0 0 20

SYS136 F M 600 0 0 100 0 1000

SYS134 1 M D 1750 100 0 0 0 800

SYS149 2 F D 250 100 0 0 0 900

SYS127 F D 2750 95 5 0 0 2750

SYS135 F D 1000 99 0 0 1 1750

SYS80 F A 250 100 0 0 0 2250

SYS82 M D 2750 0 80 20 0 300

SYS83 2 F D 300 0 100 0 0 500

SYS89 F S 500 0 50 50 0 600

SYS87 M M 0 0 50 50 0 500

SYS97 M D 5250 50 50 0 0 0

SYS99 M D 4250 50 40 10 0 3000

SYS95 F S 0 0 50 50 0 3500

SYS78 F D 10000 50 40 10 0 4250

SYS79 F M 0 90 10 0 0 600

SYS96 F A 0 0 0 0 0 0

SYS85 F S 0 0 0 100 0 1000


(a) Site Id (b) Map

Sheet 1:25,000

(c) Biogeographic

Region


(e) Aspect

(f) Altitude

(g) Land

Tenure

(h) 1ha

(i) 10ha

(j) 100ha

SYS86 St. Pauls Dome

Freycinet Eucalyptus Tall open-forest

180 820 SF F/P F/P F/P

SYS144 Liffey Midlands E. obliqua Open forest

F 440 P F F F/P

SYS156 Quamby Bluff

Midlands A. dealbata Open forest

F 410 P F/P F/P F/P

SYS141 Hamilton Midlands E. obliqua Low open-forest

70 260 SF F F/P F/P

SYS104 Charter Central Highlands

E. nitida/ N. cunninghamii regrowth

F 570 C F F F

SYS105 Charter Central Highlands

N. cunninghamii Closed forest

F 660 SF F F F

SYS106 Pencil Pine Central Highlands

E. delegatensis Open forest over N. cunninghamii

120 900 P F F F

SYS109 Pencil Pine Central Highlands

E. delegatensis Woodland over dense L. lanigerum

320 830 SF F/C F/C F/C

SYS115 Liena Central Highlands

E. delegatensis/

F 750 SF F F F/C

E. dalrympleana Open forest over grass

SYS103 Borradaile Central Highlands

E. delegatensis/ N. cunninghamii regrowth

90 750 SF F/C F/C F/C

SYS107 Borradaile Central Highlands

E. delegatensis regrowth

135 900 SF F F F

SYS108 Liena Central Highlands

E. dalrympleana/ E. nitida Open forest

230 240 SF F F F

SYS111 Steppes Central Highlands

E. delegatensis Open forest over A. dealbata and C. straminea

F 840 P F/G F/G F/G

SYS112 Tarraleah Central Highlands

Pine Plantation/ Eucalyptus Plantation

F 570 SF/HEC PP/EP PP/EP PP/EP

SYS113 Echo Central Highlands

E. dalrympleana/ E. delegatensis

F 740 P F/G F/G F/G

Closed forest

SYS116 Bothwell Central Highlands

Eucalyptus Open woodland and pasture

40 450 P F/P F/P F/P

SYS123 Rosebery West and South West

A. melanoxylon Closed forest

100 150 C F F F

SYS124 Oceana West and South West

N. cunninghamii Closed scrub

125 550 HEC C/R C/R C/R

SYS152 Dundas West and South West

Closed scrub 60 500 C F F F

SYS153 Folly West and South West

E. nitida regrowth

290 186 SF F F F

SYS154 Smithton West and South West

E. obliqua Open forest/ pasture

F 266 P F/P F/P F/P


(a) Site Id (k)

Ringtail Possum



(n) Pademelon

(o) Wombat

(p) Brown

Bandicoot (q)



(t) 0-50

(u) 50-100

(v) 100-150

(w) >150 (x)

Distance to water

edge

SYS86 M D 4000 0 0 100 0 5500

SYS144 7 1 1 M D 500 50 50 0 0 600

SYS156 F M 100 90 10 0 0 1500

SYS141 F M 100 60 30 10 0 1000

SYS104 F D 1250 70 30 0 0 80

SYS105 F D 4000 80 20 0 0 250

SYS106 2 F M 250 98 2 0 0 250

SYS109 M M 0 100 0 0 0 450

SYS115 F M 750 95 5 0 0 750

SYS103 F S 0 100 0 0 0 200

SYS107 F M 1750 99 1 0 0 2000

SYS108 M M 5000 100 0 0 0 150

SYS111 F M 0 50 50 0 0 1000

SYS112 F D 3000 100 0 0 0 1500

SYS113 2 F M 0 0 100 0 0 3000

SYS116 1 M S 0 30 30 30 0 750

SYS123 M D 2000 100 0 0 0 100

SYS124 M S 5000 100 0 0 0 3200

SYS152 M D 1500 100 0 0 0 2100

SYS153 M D 3000 100 0 0 0 2250

SYS154 F D 0 90 10 0 0 2000


(a)


1:25,000

(c) Biogeographic

Region


(e) Aspect

(f) Altitude

(g) Land

Tenure

(h) 1ha

(i) 10ha

(j) 100ha

SYS147 Sumac West and South West

E. nitida Tall open-forest over N. cunninghamii Closed forest

F 190 SF F F F

SYS155 Luina West and South West

E. obliqua Tall open-forest

300 311 C F F F

SYS151 Dundas West and South West

N. cunninghamii Closed forest

40 250 SR F F F

SYS120 Professor West and South West

E. nitida Open woodland over L. scoparia Closed scrub

240 270 C S F/S F/S


N. cunninghamii Low closed-forest

140 550 HEC F F/M F/M


Cleared/ Eucalyptus regrowth

F 150 SF S F/S F/S/G

SYS126 Collingwood West and South West

E. nitida Open forest over closed scrub

280 390 NP F F F

SYS62 Cygnet D'Entrecasteaux Pasture 130 150 P P F/P F/P

SYS67 Glen Huon D'Entrecasteaux E. obliqua Tall closed forest

50 200 P F F F/C

SYS69 Glen Huon D'Entrecasteaux E. obliqua F 50 P F/P F/P F/P

Open forest

SYS72 Skeleton D'Entrecasteaux N. cunninghamii Closed forest

200 470 SF F F F

SYS73 Skeleton D'Entrecasteaux N. cunninghamii Closed forest

340 330 SF F F F

SYS71 Maydena D'Entrecasteaux N. cunninghamii regrowth

165 530 SF F F F

SYS74 Uxbridge D'Entrecasteaux Pine plantation

F 414 P PP F/PP F/PP

SYS75 Lloyd D'Entrecasteaux Eucalyptus regrowth/ Pine plantation

120 360 P F/C F/C/PP F/C/PP

SYS76 Lloyd D'Entrecasteaux Eucalyptus regrowth/ cleared

150 370 P F/C F/C F/C


(a) Site Id (k)

Ringtail (l)

Brushtail (m)

Bennett’s (n)

Pademelon (o)

Wombat



(s) Distance

(t)0-50

(u) 50-100

(v) 100-150

(w) >150 (x)

Distance

Possum Possum Wallaby to forest edge

to water

SYS147 M M 5250 0 0 50 50 200

SYS155 1 S M 8500 0 50 45 5 250

SYS151 S D 2250 50 50 0 0 150

SYS120 1 S S 3000 100 0 0 0 1500

SYS121 M S 4750 100 0 0 0 3100

SYS125 F A 0 100 0 0 0 800

SYS126 M M 1800 95 5 0 0 600

SYS62 2 1 F A 100 0 0 0 0 150

SYS67 M D 300 95 5 0 0 750

SYS69 F M 0 50 50 0 0 125

SYS72 1 M D 2500 90 5 5 0 250

SYS73 F D 3000 80 10 5 5 150

SYS71 1 M D 3250 90 5 5 0 750

SYS74 1 M D 1000 100 0 0 0 100

SYS75 M D 1000 100 0 0 0 300

SYS76 S M 150 90 10 0 0 50

Appendix 5

Masked Owl and Southern Boobook site record databases at 10 October 1996 Table 1. Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae castanops site records in Tasmania at 10 October 1996 Table 1.continued, Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae castanops site records in Tasmania at 10 October 1996 Table 2. Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae leucopsis site records in Tasmania at 1 October 1996 Table 2. continued, Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae leucopsis site records in Tasmania at 1 October 1996

Table 1. Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae castanops site records in Tasmania at 10 October 1996

Record Id Date Description of locality Mapsheet M

Easting Northing Accuracy Sex Age Collector Type Territory Id

BFOS238 4/10/70 3k N of Cooleys Gully Adventure Bay 2 526550 5206500 5000 D. G. Thomas S 57

BFOS241 26/7/73 Epping Forest Cleveland 2 529000 5376750 1000 R. Tyson FD 102

BFOS242 9/4/73 Longford Longford 2 510000 5394750 1000 R. Tyson FD 95

BFOS243 9/8/73 Powranna Nile 1 523000 5384800 1000 R. Tyson FD 100

BFOS259 27/1/75 Nile Nile 2 527250 5389250 500 J. G. K. Harris RK 99

BFOS260 18/6/75 Granton New Norfolk 2 518250 5266500 1000 O. M. G. Newman

RK 71

BFOS271 15/3/74 Granton New Norfolk 2 518250 5266500 1000 L. Wall S 71

BFOS272 26/4/74 2 k N of Kingston Taroona 2 525250 5244000 1000 L. Wall RK 79

BFOS273 5/4/74 Margate Blackmans Bay 2 521250 5236250 1000 L. Wall RK 52

BFOS274 29/6/74 1.7k N of Swansea Swansea 2 587200 5336650 100 L. Wall RK 8

BFOS275 24/9/74 3k S of Oatlands Oatlands 2 528350 5314200 500 L. Wall RK 40

BFOS276 6/11/74 Sorell Causeway Sorell 2 543500 5260750 2000 P. Park RK 19

BFOS277 19/6/74 Orielton Sorell 2 543250 5268250 1000 N. Brothers RK 18

BFOS285 1976 Lower Barrington Forth 1 440500 5428500 1000 P. Duckworth S 155

BFOS286 1976 Forcett Prosser 1 551500 5260500 5000 P. Duckworth S 20

BFOS287 1976 Corner Hill Little Swanport 1 581100 5310500 1000 P. Duckworth S 11

BFOS288 1976 Huonville Huonville 2 503750 5235500 1000 P. Duckworth S 187

BFOS312 2/1/77 Hampshire Tewkesbury 2 398000 5431250 1000 J. Biggs S 188

BFOS313 3/1/77 Mole Creek Mole Creek 2 449968 5398840 5000 J. Biggs S 169

BFOS314 7/10/77 Penguin Forth 1 422000 5448000 5000 J. Biggs RK 135

BFOS315 12/1/77 Strahan Cape Sorell 1 361500 5332200 5000 J. Biggs S 182

BFOS316 28/2/77 Queens Domain Hobart 2 526500 5253750 500 J. Biggs RK 76

BFOS317 28/3/77 Conara South Esk 1 537000 5368000 5000 J. Biggs RK 104

BFOS318 31/3/77 Campania Tea Tree 2 534500 5276250 2000 J. Biggs RK 67

BFOS321 1980 Trefoil Island Welcome 1 304500 5499000 1000 A. Truchanas S 185

BFOS322 1980 Cluan Cluan 2 486750 5395250 1000 R. Cooper S 125

BFOS325 9/9/85 5k NE of Derwent Bridge

Nive 1 441000 5337000 500 P. Marmion S 176

BFOS326 17/10/85 Scotts Peak Rd Wedge 1 448500 5241000 9000 P. Marmion S 178

Table 1. continued, Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae castanops site records in Tasmania at 10 October 1996



BFOS327 25/10/85 Upper Blessington Forester 1 547500 5408250 1000 P. Marmion S 35

BFOS328 29/10/85 Richmond Richmond 2 535500 5268500 5000 P. Park S 68

BFOS329 28/3/86 3k W of Paradise Forth 1 441000 5414000 5000 J. Hunter R 153

BFOS330 1987 Franklin Cygnet 2 501000 5229500 5000 R. Patterson RK 189

BFOS331 1987 Swansea Freycinet 1 588500 5335000 100 P. Duckworth RK 7

BFOS332 1987 Richmond Richmond 2 535500 5268500 5000 R. Patterson RK 68

BFOS333 1987 Cambridge Derwent 1 535500 5256800 1000 R. Patterson RK 190

BFOS334 7/6/88 Leith Forth 1 437900 5442800 1000 J. Fennell S 137

BFOS338 2/10/89 Cambridge Derwent 1 535500 5256800 1000 F R. Patterson RK 190

BFOS339 28/2/90 Copping Prosser 1 559000 5258250 5000 F N. Mooney RK 21

BFOS340 3/4/89 Darlington Maria 1 587250 5284700 1000 T. Sirotkin C 6

BFOS341 5/2/89 Taroona Derwent 1 528500 5244750 1000 M R. Patterson (ed)

S 79

BFOS342 7/7/89 Paradise Forth 1 443000 5412500 1000 J. Hunter C 153

BFOS343 9/10/90 New Norfolk New Norfolk 2 506543 5263595 5000 R. Patterson (ed)

RK 69

BFOS344 18/2/84 Bridport Bridport 2 533000 5460800 500 P. Duckworth RK 85

BFOS345 28/5/84 Kettering D'Entrecasteaux

1 519750 5225000 1000 D. Watts C 54

BFOS346 6/1/84 Gawler Forth 1 428800 5440800 1000 P. Marmion S 136

BFOS348 1/2/92 Cambridge Derwent 1 535500 5256800 1000 R. Patterson S 190

BFOS349 15/1/92 Westbury Westbury 2 485822 5400154 5000 R. Lyon S 122

BFOS350 25/3/92 Asbestos Range NP Tamar 1 472500 5449500 5000 J. Hunter FD 110

BFOS352 4/1/92 Mount Nelson Derwent 1 526750 5247500 1000 C. Jones S 78

BFOS353 7/12/92 Murdunna Prosser 1 570865 5241480 1000 W. Lund S 26

BFOS354 17/12/92 Adventure Bay D'Entrecasteaux

1 526250 5199250 1000 P. Rosmarin S 58

BFOS355 3/10/92 The Springs Taroona 2 520250 5248500 500 P. Brown S 77

BFOS356 8/7/92 Hobart Derwent 1 526750 5252750 100 P. Park R 76

BFOS357 10/1/92 Cambridge Derwent 1 535500 5256800 1000 P. Park RK 190




BFOS358 12/12/92 Murdunna Prosser 1 570865 5241480 1000 W. Lund RK 26

BFOS359 29/12/91 Mt Rumney Hobart 2 537000 5254500 1000 T. Woolford R 190

BFOS360 29/5/91 3k W of Paradise Forth 1 441000 5414000 5000 Jim Hunter S 153

BFOS365 4/8/90 Paradise Forth 1 443000 5412500 1000 J. Hunter S 153

BFOS366 15/4/90 Gladstone Gladstone 2 584994 5465176 5000 A. Fletcher C 9

BFOS367 16/4/89 Darlington Maria 1 587250 5284700 1000 R. Patterson (ed)

C 6

BFOS370 19/5/93 Hobart Derwent 1 526750 5252750 100 A. Fletcher R 76

BFOS375 1/4/82 Chudleigh Mole Creek 2 456750 5399250 1000 N. Mooney S 171

BFOS376 18/3/83 Railton Railton 2 450500 5420750 1000 K. Harris S 158

BFOS377 3/11/83 Trefoil Island Welcome 1 304500 5499000 1000 G. Towney R 185

BFOS378 8/6/83 Elizabeth Town Tamar 1 463250 5409250 1000 M. O'Driscoll S 119

BFOS379 9/7/83 Triabunna Triabunna 2 575000 5293250 5000 B. Chaffey F 14

BFOS380 3/11/83 Talawa Forester 1 560000 5429750 1000 P. Duckworth S 34

BFOS381 28/5/83 Penguin Forth 1 422000 5448000 5000 R. Walters S 135

BFOS382 9/1/88 South Hobart Hobart 2 525500 5250750 1000 H. Cooper S 77

BFOS383 10/9/89 Murpheys Flat New Norfolk 2 513250 5266250 1000 P. Horwitz RK 70

BFOS384 3/10/93 Rokeby Hills Hobart 2 534500 5250500 1000 J. Hunter S 186

DFOS214 15/9/76 Mt Pedder Maria 1 591500 5282500 1000 D. Rounsevell S 6

FOS1 14/6/94 Waterworks Rd Reservoir

Taroona 2 523600 5249500 100 P. Bell N 77

FOS10 1980 Darlington Maria 1 587250 5284700 100 I. Marmion R 6

FOS11 25/6/96 Mole Creek opposite, Wildlife Park

Mersey 1 450500 5399000 100 F A J. Nermut R 169

FOS14 23/2/96 Tonganah, Scottsdale Forester 1 548200 5440200 200 P. Duckworth RK 31

FOS15 3/11/88 4k SE of Mt Maurice on Maurice Rd

Maurice 2 553000 5426000 1000 P. Duckworth R 190

FOS16 18/2/84 Bridport Bridport 2 533000 5460800 500 P. Duckworth RK 85




FOS162 1/1/59 Anthill Ponds Lake Sorell 1 533300 5327200 500 R. H. Hill F/C/RK

37

FOS164 19/8/96 1k N of Gravel Hill Sandford

Taroona 2 538013 5244010 100 G. Steedman N 191

FOS166 7/11/96 Talune Wildlife Park Lymington 2 510800 5219000 100 P. Bell F/C 55

FOS167 1996 2k N Lauderdale Derwent 1 540700 5251000 100 N. Mooney F/C 192

FOS17 6/4/87 Buxton River Freycinet 1 582500 5320500 100 P. Duckworth RK 193

FOS170 20/8/96 Singes Hill Longley 2 512268 5243534 100 P. Bell R 82

FOS172 20/8/96 1k SE of Cluny Lagoon

Tyenna 1 474941 5292251 100 P. Bell R 161

FOS174 1995 Melaleuca Lagoon Old River 1 432200 5192100 100 F M. Holdsworth

F 179

FOS175 1992 1k S Melaleuca Lagoon

Old River 1 432300 5191500 100 F M. Holdsworth

F 179

FOS176 1996 1.5k SE Melaleuca Lagoon

Old River 1 433600 5191000 100 M. Holdsworth

R 179

FOS177 1992 2k NE High Round Mountain

Old River 1 445300 5203100 100 M. Holdsworth

F 180

FOS178 26/8/96 2k NW Father of Dee 2 461555 5318700 100 P. Bell N 132

Marshes FOS182 30/8/96 8.5k SE of Hagley Meander 1 498106 5397550 100 P. Bell N 124

FOS183 29/8/96 1k E of St Helens Georges Bay 1 605647 5425487 100 P. Bell R 4

FOS185 31/8/96 2.5k SW of Railton Railton 2 449600 5420500 100 P. Bell N 158

FOS2 1986 Truganini Reserve Taroona

Taroona 2 528450 5246550 25 P. Brown R 78

FOS200 9/3/96 Bangor Pt. Prosser 1 570600 5250100 100 P. Bell C 25

FOS202 9/1/96 4k S of Hadspen Prospect 2 504800 5400250 100 M A J. O'Reilly RK 94FOS21 27/6/96 Lilydale Rd,

Scottsdale Pipers 1 540500 5444000 200 P. Bell S 86

FOS22 27/6/96 1k W of Triabunna Triabunna 2 574000 5294200 100 P. Duckworth R 14

FOS228 13/7/96 2.5k S Smithton Smithton 2 341200 5474500 100 L. Porteus C 1

FOS234 28/2/96 2.1k SW of Railton Railton 2 450200 5420500 100 D. Bagley C 158

FOS235 4/5/85 1.7k S of Railton Railton 2 451500 5420600 100 J. Elliott RK 158

FOS236 27/10/92 Merseylea Railton 2 455450 5420400 100 J. Elliott S 159

FOS237 23/10/87 2 k NW of Railton Railton 2 449750 5423750 100 J. Elliott S 157

FOS25 18/6/96 Marion Bay/ Bream Creek

Prosser 1 569500 5259000 100 P. Bell F 23




FOS26 28/6/96 Summerleas Kingston Derwent 1 521750 5244750 100 P. Bell CR 80

FOS27 28/6/96 Cloverside, Lucaston Longley 2 503820 5243400 100 B. Brown/P. Bell

CR 84

FOS278 8/5/87 Richmond Richmond 2 534700 5267800 100 P. Park RK 68

FOS279 9/4/89 Richmond Richmond 2 534700 5267800 100 P. Park RK 68

FOS28 30/6/96 Inglewood Rd/ Strickland Ave

Taroona 2 521900 5249950 100 B. Hansen F 77

FOS282 31/8/96 Jowetts Hill Latrobe 2 444100 5433200 100 F A P. Tonelly F 191FOS283 1970 3k S of Andover Lake Sorell 1 537000 5310000 100 A N. Brothers R 39

FOS3 18/6/96 Skyline Reserve, Rialannah Rd

Taroona 2 526900 5247600 25 P. Bell F 78

FOS30 1/1/94 Paradise Gorge on Prosser

Orford 2 569500 5287800 500 R. Brereton C 15

FOS31 30/6/96 2k SE of Dilston on Brunards Ck

Pipers 1 507000 5422700 500 J. Nermut S 90

FOS311 1995 2 k NW of Celtic Hill Wedge 1 446000 5247500 500 L. Deak C 178

FOS32 30/6/96 5k S Huonville on Clark Rivulet

Huonville 2 501400 5231600 100 F A B. Brown RK 189

FOS33 30/6/96 Lewisham/ Arthur Hwy turn off

Prosser 1 551400 5260400 500 M. Gillam RK 20

FOS34 1980 Triabunna Caravan Park

Triabunna 2 575000 5275000 100 P. Duckworth R 14

FOS38 1992 Plenty 'Glenleith' Uxbridge 2 496500 5267900 100 P. & G. Cooper

R 166

FOS385 11/1/95 Saintys Creek Fluted Cape 2 520110 5195100 500 T. Cochran S 59

FOS389 27/1/94 Sandblow Bay Port Davey 1 404180 5210200 1000 S. Bryant C 194

FOS39 30/6/96 Plenty beside bridge Uxbridge 2 496440 5268000 100 P. & G. Cooper

RK 166

FOS390 4/1/91 Bluestone Tier Triabunna 2 565560 5299560 5000 S. Bryant S 12

FOS394 5/1/96 Goat Hills Derwent 1 517200 5257650 1000 F S. Bryant RK 74

FOS396 2/2/93 Nineteen Mile Hill Marrawah 2 316500 5468650 1000 S. Bryant C 183

FOS40 7/1/96 500m N of Wrinklers Lagoon

Georges Bay 1 606300 5412200 100 T. Singline RK 5

FOS403 1996 Forest Smithton 2 348750 5475250 100 M. Garland RK 2

FOS404 12/4/95 Richmond Richmond 2 534500 5268750 100 B. Jones RK 68




FOS406 13/9/96 3k NE of Melton Mowbray

Lake Sorell 1 517000 5300000 100 T. Singline S 44

FOS408 13/8/96 1k S of Rosegarland Bushy Park 2 495250 5271750 100 P. Bell S 165

FOS409 1/7/96 3k NW of Ellendale Ellendale 2 475250 5284250 500 N. Rusty S 164

FOS41 7/1/96 1k S of Conara on Midlands Hwy

South Esk 1 537100 5368200 10 T. Singline RK 104

FOS411 1/1/69 Strahan Strahan 2 362350 5331750 100 R. Walsh S 182

FOS414 22/2/60 Jericho Lake Sorell 1 522900 5306800 2000 F R. H. Green RK 43

FOS415 3/8/64 Devonport Devonport 2 445482 5441041 5000 M R. H. Green RK 138

FOS416 30/3/64 Latrobe Latrobe 2 449714 5435520 5000 M R. H. Green RK 139

FOS417 12/4/60 East Devonport Devonport 2 447500 5440500 1000 M R. H. Green RK 138

FOS418 15/12/58 Devonport Devonport 2 445482 5441041 5000 M R. H. Green RK 138

FOS419 20/7/59 Devonport Devonport 2 445482 5441041 5000 F R. H. Green RK 138

FOS420 22/1/67 Sheffield Sheffield 2 443900 5418200 5000 M R. H. Green RK 154

FOS421 3/7/67 Burnie Hellyer 1 407500 5453500 5000 M R. H. Green RK 181

FOS422 31/8/59 Sheffield Sheffield 2 443900 5418200 5000 M R. H. Green RK 154

FOS427 1/8/96 1 k N of Blue Gum Hill Huon 1 491400 5234600 100 P. Brown C 105

FOS429 1961 Melaleuca Old River 1 432400 5192000 100 D. King F 179

FOS43 7/1/96 2k NW of Underwood Pipers 1 515100 5429300 500 J. Robnik C 88

FOS437 21/3/92 2.5k S of Lower Barrington

Railton 2 441000 5426000 500 P. Milner S 155


Railton 2 441000 5426000 500 P. Milner R 155







FOS449 21/9/96 1k S of Lune River Hastings 2 491500 5190500 1000 J. Tulip S 109

FOS45 7/4/96 1k SE of Foresters Hill

Exeter 2 495250 5420700 100 P. Bell F/C 194








FOS453 21/9/96 Strathblane Raminea 2 497500 5202300 500 J. Tulip S 108

FOS457 25/3/81 Waddamana Shannon 1 479000 5336000 1000 P. Fielding S 131

FOS458 3/4/81 Shannon Shannon 1 479200 5345000 1000 P. Fielding C 127

FOS459 7/6/81 Shannon Shannon 1 479200 5345000 1000 P. Fielding S 127

FOS46 7/4/96 1k SW of Sidmouth Beaconsfield 2 489875 5435450 100 P. Bell F 113

FOS460 24/3/79 Waddamana Shannon 1 479000 5336000 1000 W. Chynoweth

C 131

FOS461 7/6/81 Blackburn Creek Shannon 1 497000 5336000 1000 P. Fielding C 130

FOS462 10/4/79 Waddamana Shannon 1 479000 5336000 1000 W. Chynoweth

C 131

FOS463 28/5/79 Lagoon of Islands Shannon 1 494000 5341000 1000 P. Fielding C 129

FOS464 28/5/79 Shannon Shannon 1 479200 5345000 1000 P. Fielding C 127

FOS465 1/11/79 Lagoon of Islands Shannon 1 494000 5341000 1000 G. Atkinson C 129

FOS466 21/8/80 1k NW of Sheepyard Hill

Shannon 1 487000 5344600 1000 P. Fielding C 128

FOS467 21/10/81 Waddamana Shannon 1 479000 5336000 1000 P. Fielding C 131

FOS468 18/2/81 Waddamana Shannon 1 479000 5336000 1000 P. Fielding C 131

FOS469 7/3/81 Pine Lake Meander 1 475500 5379000 1000 I. Rockliff C 195

FOS47 1996 500m SW of East Arm Beaconsfield 2 496375 5439200 100 P. Bell CR 112

FOS49 7/5/96 64 Channel Hwy, Taroona

Taroona 2 528750 5245650 100 J. Moverly C 78

FOS5 6/1/96 Dulverton/Dallys Rd Railton

Forth 1 449500 5426400 100 E. Watkins F 156

FOS52 26/6/96 Summerhill Prospect 2 509550 5409425 100 J. Wiersma F 93

FOS53 25/5/96 2k N of Longford Longford 2 509375 5398000 100 J. Wiersma RK 78

FOS58 7/1/96 2k SE of Longford Longford 2 512700 5391500 200 J. Wiersma C 97

FOS59 7/7/96 Tamar Island Launceston 2 506900 5418250 100 M A J. Weirsma S 91FOS6 1996 5k S of Latrobe Forth 1 452200 5429700 100 P. Tonelly R 142

FOS66 7/11/96 577 Van Morey Rd Margate.

Huonville 2 517350 5232400 100 G. E. Gradwell

F/C 53




FOS7 6/1/94 1k SW of Latrobe Forth 1 452700 5434300 100 F A P. Tonelly RK 140FOS70 11/1/94 Mt Field National Park

camp ground Dobson 2 476300 5274000 100 J. Wiersma S 160

FOS8 1996 2k NW of Latrobe Forth 1 448900 5436200 100 P. Tonelly F 139

FOS9 26/6/96 Ambleside 2k S of Devonport

Forth 1 447500 5438000 100 P. Tonelly R/F 139

QVM1 23/5/87 Fingal, Main St Fingal 2 579964 5390842 1000 T. Singline RK 28

QVM100 9/2/81 2k W Deloraine Deloraine 2 467300 5401300 5000 A C. Reid RK 120

QVM101 18/4/69 Turners Marsh Pipers 1 511000 5432320 5000 F A. Taurian RK 89

QVM102 25/9/64 Launceston cricket ground

Launceston 2 513364 5411258 500 R. H. Green RK 92

QVM103 2/5/79 Ravenswood Launceston 2 513368 5413478 1000 M A J. Rose RK 92QVM104 4/12/81 Ormley St Pauls 1 569028 5379851 5000 A T. Singline RK 30

QVM105 18/6/84 Sassafras Forth 1 458127 5430023 5000 B. Overton RK 141

QVM106 6/1/84 Dilston Dilston 2 506000 5424260 5000 F T. Kingston (Cur)

RK 90

QVM107 7/9/78 Sidmouth Tamar 1 489939 5437907 5000 M SA M. McBain RK 113QVM108 2/8/74 Rocherlea Pipers 1 510870 5419033 5000 M A E. Young RK 91QVM109 27/7/67 1k E Hagely Westbury 2 489989 5402382 500 M A I. Mooney RK 123QVM110 1977 Perth Longford 2 514500 5397500 5000 A B. Borkhoff RK 95

QVM111 2/1/95 Mole Creek Mole Creek 2 449968 5398884 5000 F A S. Saunders RK 168QVM112 2/1/95 Lillico Beach Forth 1 440000 5439900 1000 L. D. Porteus RK 137

QVM113 2/1/95 Kindred Hill near Forth

Forth 1 437000 5440000 5000 L. D. Porteus RK 137

QVM114 26/10/95 Fingal/ Conara T.O. South Esk 1 537100 5368200 100 T. Singline RK 104

QVM115 20/2/95 Somerset/ Elliot Murchison Hwy

Hellyer 1 399000 5453000 5000 L. M. Ridge RK 180

QVM116 5/8/95 Deloraine Deloraine 2 470801 5402230 5000 G. Pennicot RK 120

QVM117 5/1/95 Clarendon House Nile South Esk 1 523600 5390900 500 J. Ellis RK 98

QVM118 1994 Smithton Smithton 2 342000 5477000 5000 S. Plowright RK 1




QVM119 31/5/96 Deloraine Deloraine 2 470801 5402330 5000 V. Lawson RK 120

QVM120 17/1/96 Weetah Deloraine 2 470300 5408500 5000 V. Reader RK 118

QVM123 17/9/63 Longford Longford 2 510833 5394609 10000 M A Sayer RK 95QVM64 24/8/94 Scamander Georges Bay 1 604410 5410516 5000 M H. Leonard RK 5

QVM65 25/8/78 Sidmouth Tamar 1 489939 5437907 5000 F A B. Munday RK 113QVM66 1978 Mole Creek Mole Creek 2 449968 5398884 5000 F A Richardson RK 168QVM67 4/1/83 Exton Deloraine 2 479143 5402359 5000 F A T. Singline RK 121QVM68 8/5/86 Dilston Dilston 2 506500 5424589 5000 F A D. Smith RK 90QVM69 2/1/80 Biralee Bridgenorth 2 483284 5415692 5000 F SA M. Garner RK 116QVM70 29/6/78 Ross Ross 2 541389 5346755 10000 F A N. Mooney RK 36QVM71 9/6/79 Granton Derwent 1 518822 5266904 5000 F A N. Mooney RK 71QVM72 29/7/86 Sidmouth Tamar 1 489939 5437907 5000 F A L. Thorne RK 113QVM73 30/6/77 Swansea Freycinet 1 589289 5339429 10000 R. M. Tyson RK 7

QVM74 20/9/78 Frankford Tamar 1 479916 5424565 5000 M. McBain RK 117

QVM75 16/4/78 Devonport Devonport 2 445482 5441041 10000 M. McBain RK 138

QVM76 3/2/78 Lake Rowallan Dam Mersey 1 435000 5379898 1000 A R. H. Green RK 173

QVM77 1/4/81 Bradys Lookout Tamar 1 498325 5425812 1000 M A D. Henderson RK 115QVM78 25/5/78 Legana Pipers 1 504182 5421261 5000 M A J. Wright RK 90QVM79 2/1/85 Latrobe Latrobe 2 449714 5435520 5000 M A M. Scull RK 139QVM80 16/7/83 Cormiston Creek Pipers 1 506687 5416818 5000 M A W. H. Jolly RK 91QVM81 28/6/63 Hill Top Deloraine Deloraine 2 470801 5402330 1000 F A S. R. Skemp RK 120QVM82 25/2/87 Legana Pipers 1 504182 5421261 5000 M A D. Henderson RK 90QVM83 5/12/87 New Norfolk New Norfolk 2 506543 5263595 5000 N. Mooney RK 69

QVM84 18/6/63 Bracknell Liffey 2 489000 5385700 10000 M M. Fox RK 126

QVM85 10/11/71 Tulendeena Forester 1 555356 5441035 5000 M A P. L. Cairns RK 32



Easting Northing Accuracy

Sex Age

Collector Type Territory Id

QVM86 7/5/68 Turners Marsh Pipers 1 511000 5432320 10000 M A M. Verhey RK 89QVM87 26/4/65 Avoca St Pauls 1 559002 5374389 10000 M A M. J. Jones RK 29QVM88 27/5/65 Wynyard Wynyard 2 391474 5462646 5000 M A E. A. Blackwell RK 49QVM89 15/8/84 Launceston, Elphin Rd Launceston 2 513364 5411258 5000 M A M. Thomson RK 92QVM90 25/6/79 Ulverstone Ulverstone 2 431307 5442039 10000 M A R. Connor RK 136QVM91 5/5/83 Evandale South Esk 1 520846 5399028 5000 M A R. W.

Conningham RK 96

QVM92 25/5/80 York Plains Lake Sorell 1 537104 5319020 5000 M A C. V. Lester RK 38QVM93 13/5/78 Westbury Westbury 2 485822 5400154 5000 M A B. Munday RK 196QVM94 6/4/81 Mole Creek Mole Creek 2 449968 5398884 5000 M A D. Shutled RK 168QVM95 31/3/82 Exton Deloraine 2 479143 5402359 5000 M A R. H. Green RK 121QVM96 10/11/8

2 Ravenswood, Henry St bridge

Launceston 2 513368 5413478 1000 M A C. McCormack RK 92

QVM97 8/1/84 Fingal Fingal 2 581000 5389500 10000 M A T. Singline RK 28QVM98 16/6/81 2k N Richmond Derwent 1 536217 5268871 5000 M A M. Carver RK 68QVM99 2/7/79 Westbury Westbury 2 485822 5400154 5000 M A N. Mooney RK 196SYS101 24/7/96 Mutual Hill Derby 2 570026 5444323 100 P. Bell CR 33

SYS110 27/7/96 Mushroom Hill Waddamana 2 478059 5332144 100 J. Wiersma CR 131

SYS118 26/7/96 2.5k SW of Railton Railton 2 449250 5420250 100 M/F P. Bell S/CR 158

SYS142 8/8/96 4k E Whitemore Cluan 2 497813 5396792 100 M/F P. Bell S/CR 124

SYS143 8/8/96 5k SE of Cressy Cressy 2 511889 5381746 100 P. Bell CR 101

SYS63 7/10/96 1.5k W Basin Hill Huonville 2 507750 5238750 100 P. Bell CR 197

SYS64 7/10/96 2k NW of Mountain River

Longley 2 508250 5245750 100 J. Wiersma C 83

SYS77 15/7/96 5.5k S of Rawlinna Leake 2 570740 5340750 100 P. Bell S 10

SYS88 18/7/96 Cadbys Gully Lilydale 2 515979 5431910 100 P. Bell CR 88

SYS90 17/7/96 1k SW of Georges Plain Patersonia 2 533764 5425908 100 J. Wiersma CR 87

TMAG100 21/6/62 Austins Ferry Richmond 2 520500 5263500 1000 F J V. R. Dawes RK 71




TMAG101 24/1/87 Congress St, South Hobart

Hobart 2 524900 5250300 500 F D. Reid RK 77

TMAG102 16/9/82 Mt Nelson Taroona 2 526500 5247500 1000 F N. Mooney RK 78

TMAG103 8/10/87 Llanherne Derwent 1 540100 5257000 1000 M P. Park RK 19

TMAG104 20/4/80 Entally house, Hadspen

Prospect 2 504750 5404100 1000 F M. Holdsworth

RK 94

TMAG105 30/4/88 Cleveland South Esk 1 533500 5371750 1000 M P. McCartney RK 103

TMAG106 30/4/89 NW Bay Golf Course, Margate

Blackmans Bay 2 522750 5238500 500 M P. Rapley RK 52

TMAG107 18/7/79 Trial Bay D'Entrecasteaux

1 520300 5224000 10000 M A. Barnett RK 54

TMAG108 21/3/80 Hayes Gaol Farm Derwent 1 502500 5266250 500 F D. Peters RK 69

TMAG109 4/1/96 Powranna South Esk 1 523000 5384800 5000 N. Mooney RK 100

TMAG110 8/9/95 Swansea Freycinet 1 589289 5339429 10000 T. Conlan RK 7

TMAG113 17/5/93 Mangalore Derwent 1 519750 5277500 5000 R. Postina RK 66

TMAG118 6/12/91 Forcett Prosser 1 551500 5260500 5000 N. Mooney RK 20

TMAG119 5/12/90 South Arm D'Entrecasteaux

1 534000 5236000 10000 N. Mooney RK 51

TMAG120 11/11/90 Ross Ross 2 541389 5346755 10000 N. Mooney RK 36

TMAG123 14/9/90 Ross Ross 2 541389 5346755 10000 N. Mooney RK 36

TMAG124 1/1/89 Bicheno Break 'O Day 1 608000 5363000 5000 B. Croft RK 198

TMAG125 8/6/89 Perth South Esk 1 514500 5397500 5000 P. Andrews (Cur)

RK 199

TMAG127 4/3/89 Taroona Taroona 2 528500 5244500 5000 P. Rapley RK 79

TMAG128 1/3/88 Wynyard Table Cape 1 391474 5462646 5000 K. Zeigler RK 49

TMAG129 2/1/84 Hagley Westbury 2 491646 5402365 5000 N. Mooney RK 123

TMAG130 30/7/83 Dromedary Derwent 1 513750 5267750 5000 N. Mooney RK 70

TMAG131 8/10/87 Cambridge Aero Club Derwent 1 538500 5258000 500 P. Park RK 19

TMAG132 24/1/87 South Hobart Hobart 2 523750 5250750 500 D. Reid RK 77

TMAG133 5/10/85 Elizabeth Town Tamar 1 463500 5409500 5000 N. Mooney RK 119

TMAG135 8/1/86 Conara South Esk 1 537000 5368000 5000 R. Madison RK 104




TMAG137 3/10/85 Penguin Forth 1 422000 5448000 5000 N. Mooney RK 135

TMAG138 6/4/84 Franklin Cygnet 2 501000 5229500 5000 J. Zappr RK 189

TMAG142 18/6/82 New Norfolk New Norfolk 2 506543 5263595 5000 G. Hocking RK 69

TMAG143 10/6/82 Bushy Park Bushy Park 2 491500 5271400 5000 M. Jones RK 165

TMAG144 2/3/82 Sandford Cremorne 2 540500 5245500 5000 N. Mooney RK 191

TMAG145 2/12/82 Bicheno Break 'O Day 1 608000 5363000 5000 M. Pollard RK 198

TMAG146 15/6/81 Evandale South Esk 1 520500 5397500 5000 N. Mooney RK 96

TMAG147 7/10/81 Copping Prosser 1 565500 5258500 5000 N. Mooney RK 23

TMAG153 22/4/79 Mt River near Grove Longley 2 510000 5245000 5000 V. Thomas RK 83

TMAG61 28/8/93 Five Mile Beach Prosser 1 542000 5258000 5000 F L. Hanson RK 19

TMAG62 10/2/89 Woodbury TO, Midlands Hwy

Lake Sorell 1 532200 5330000 100 M J G. C. Anderson

RK 37

TMAG63 8/10/88 Ouse Shannon 1 476000 5296000 5000 M N. Mooney RK 134

TMAG64 28/6/89 Sassafras Forth 1 458127 5430023 5000 F A. Reilly RK 141

TMAG65 11/4/93 Orielton Sorell 2 543250 5268250 5000 M C. Doran RK 18

TMAG66 8/7/89 Triabunna Triabunna 2 575000 5293500 5000 M J S. Kean RK 14TMAG67 18/6/92 Ross Ross 2 541389 5346755 10000 M A. Barnett RK 36

TMAG68 6/12/90 Forcett Prosser 1 551500 5260500 5000 F S. Bryant RK 20

TMAG69 31/5/93 Botanical Gardens. Hobart

Hobart 2 526700 5253800 500 M P. Andrews (Cur)

RK 76

TMAG70 25/10/85 Richmond Richmond 2 535500 5268500 1000 M P. Park RK 68

TMAG71 26/7/88 Sandford Sandford 2 540500 5245500 5000 M S. Roddan RK 191

TMAG72 10/6/95 Bicheno Break O'Day 1 608000 5363000 5000 M B. Croft RK 198

TMAG73 20/5/82 Glenorchy Hobart 2 522885 5258008 5000 M N. Mooney RK 75

TMAG74 18/11/80 Sandfly Derwent 1 516000 5241000 5000 F G. Belton RK 81

TMAG75 4/7/82 Collins St, Hobart Hobart 2 526600 5252000 500 M M. Turvey RK 76

TMAG76 16/6/83 Old Rd, Franklin Cygnet 1 496700 5224900 1000 M C. Fabian RK 107

TMAG77 20/3/79 New Norfolk New Norfolk 2 506543 5263595 5000 F N. Mooney RK 69




TMAG78 15/7/79 Kingston Taroona 2 525500 5241250 5000 M Herweynan RK 199

TMAG79 20/4/76 New Norfolk New Norfolk 2 506543 5263595 5000 F J. Gregs RK 69

TMAG80 18/3/90 Wilmot Forth 1 430800 5417500 5000 M N. Mooney RK 149

TMAG81 17/10/81 Lindisfarne Hobart 2 528700 5256100 1000 M N. Mooney RK 76

TMAG82 3/10/85 Latrobe Latrobe 2 449714 5435520 5000 M N. Mooney RK 139

TMAG83 2/11/71 Glenorchy Hobart 2 522885 5258008 100 F J. Nicholson RK 75

TMAG84 16/5/79 Symmons Plains South Esk 1 520000 5389000 5000 F R. H. Barnett RK 98

TMAG85 27/10/76 Rokeby Hobart 2 535500 5250500 1000 M Stokell RK 186

TMAG86 16/6/79 Rostrevor Dam, Triabunna

Triabunna 2 576700 5295300 500 M A. Blake RK 14

TMAG87 6/12/81 Evandale South Esk 1 520500 5397500 5000 F N. Mooney RK 96

TMAG88 6/6/17 Bagdad Derwent 1 518000 5280500 5000 P. Andrews RK 66

TMAG89 27/4/15 Saltwater River Storm Bay 1 535880 5136500 5000 P. Andrews RK 47

TMAG90 20/8/84 Kingston Taroona 2 525500 5241250 5000 M D. Perkins RK 199

TMAG91 30/12/85 Carlton Prosser 1 552000 5253000 5000 F R. Czernkowski

RK 22

TMAG92 18/11/63 Deloraine Deloraine 2 470801 5402330 5000 F Deloraine High

RK 120

TMAG93 8/3/79 Kempton Derwent 1 516700 5291000 5000 M D. Peters RK 63

TMAG94 19/8/80 Forcett Prosser 1 551500 5260500 5000 W. Donald RK 20

TMAG95 5/1/13 Uxbridge Uxbridge 2 489500 5264500 5000 G. R. Fenton RK 167

TMAG96 10/2/79 Sprent Forth 1 429500 5431500 5000 F P. Tonelly/ N. Mooney

RK 146

TMAG97 17/9/82 New Norfolk New Norfolk 2 506543 5263595 5000 M G. Hocking RK 69

TMAG98 18/3/74 Hayes Derwent 1 502500 5266250 1000 F Holmes RK 69

TMAG99 8/1/86 Blanchards Creek, 1k S Conara

South Esk 1 537000 5368200 500 M R. Mollison RK 104

WA486 30/11/94 Toms Hill Lake Sorell 1 514600 5310600 100 N. Mooney S 42

WA547 1994 West Inlet Circular Head 1 352600 5480600 100 N. Mooney RK 3

WA548 1/5/96 Murdunna Prosser 1 570865 5241480 100 N. Mooney N 26

WA549 2/10/81 8k E of Dysart Derwent 1 525800 5286800 100 N. Mooney R 64




WA550 12/9/81 Browns Caves Derwent 1 522500 5281705 100 N. Mooney R 65

WA551 1996 Copper Alley Hill Derwent 1 513400 5264800 100 N. Mooney R 70

WA552 7/1/96 1k SW of Pittwater Bluff

Prosser 1 541500 5258400 100 N. Mooney N 19

WA555 1988 Swansea on Meredith River

Freycinet 1 587402 5336627 100 N. Mooney C 8

WA556 1979 1k SW of Glen Huon on Deans Road

Huon 1 494600 5236200 100 N. Mooney R 106

WA557 15/1/93 Moorina Bay on Bruny Island

D'Entrecasteaux

1 534000 5212000 100 N. Mooney S 56

WA558 1979 Betsey Island D'Entrecasteaux

1 539100 5233100 100 N. Mooney R 50

WA559 1994 Harry Walker Tier Derwent 1 511600 5285700 100 N. Mooney R 62

WA560 1967 4k NE of Elderslie on Letterbox Gully

Derwent 1 511600 5285700 100 N. Mooney N 61

WA561 1/7/91 Stony Hut Creek Lake Sorell 1 522200 5298100 100 N. Mooney R 45

WA562 1996 Tiddlewantie Gorge Little Swanport 1 548800 5300000 100 N. Mooney R/C 13

WA563 1986 2k W of Mole Creek Mersey 1 448200 5399000 100 N. Mooney N 168

WA564 1987 Elizabeth Town Tamar 1 463800 5409400 100 N. Mooney N 119

WA565 4/11/95 George Town Tamar 1 485900 5448100 100 N. Mooney S 111

WA566 1990 2k N of Lauderdale Derwent 1 539900 5251600 100 N. Mooney N 192

WA567 1979 Rocky Cape Table Cape 1 373900 5475800 100 N. Mooney RK 48

WA570 1990 Glen Huon on Seventh Day Rd

Huon 1 495300 5234100 100 N. Mooney C 106

WA571 1996 2k SE of Penguin Forth 1 424500 5445500 100 N. Mooney RK 135

WA572 1987 Gawler Forth 1 428800 5440800 100 N. Mooney C 136

WA573 1970 Leith Forth 1 437900 5442800 100 N. Mooney S 137

WA574 1984 Don Forth 1 441900 5440800 100 N. Mooney S 138

WA575 1978 3k SE of North Motton Forth 1 427500 5436400 100 N. Mooney RK 145

WA576 1992 Dooleys Hill Forth 1 450700 5435300 100 N. Mooney R 139

WA577 1979 Aberdeen Forth 1 442900 5434000 100 N. Mooney S 191

WA578 1986 2k S of Latrobe Forth 1 453000 5433400 100 N. Mooney RK 140




WA579 1991 1k E of Kindred Forth 1 436600 5434300 100 N. Mooney CR 144

WA580 1988 4k SW of Latrobe Forth 1 447100 5430300 100 N. Mooney C 143

WA581 1985 2k N of Lower Wilmot Forth 1 432600 5424150 100 N. Mooney N 148

WA582 1994 Railton Forth 1 453413 5421121 100 N. Mooney S 159

WA583 1980 1k E of Wilmot Forth 1 431950 5418100 100 N. Mooney C 149

WA584 1977 1k E of Sheffield Forth 1 445500 5418350 100 N. Mooney C 154

WA585 1983 3k S of Kimberley Forth 1 456500 5413700 100 N. Mooney C 160

WA586 1980 3k S of Roland Forth 1 437000 5413000 100 N. Mooney C 152

WA587 1980 Mount Roland Forth 1 437700 5411300 100 N. Mooney C 152

WA588 1986 Cethana Forth 1 428900 5408100 100 A N. Mooney S 151

WA589 1996 3k SW of Warringa Forth 1 417700 5426300 100 N. Mooney S 147

WA590 1985 Eagle Gorge on Saxons Creek

Tamar 1 471300 5429600 100 N. Mooney S 118

WA591 1991 1k NE of Winkleigh Tamar 1 488850 5428600 100 N. Mooney RK 114

WA592 1993 Riverside Pipers 1 507900 5415000 100 N. Mooney C 91

WA593 1996 3k SE of St Helens on Boggy Creek

Georges Bay 1 605081 5421892 100 T. Singline R 4

WA594 1987 3k NE of Mole Creek Mersey 1 452600 5401500 100 N. Mooney C 170

WA595 1987 3k NE of Mole Creek on Mersey River

Mersey 1 451150 5401800 100 N. Mooney S 170

WA596 1987 Ugbrook Mersey 1 446600 5398700 100 N. Mooney C 168

WA597 1985 Mole Creek Mersey 1 451150 5398400 100 N. Mooney S 169

WA598 1988 Chudleigh Mersey 1 457101 5398241 100 N. Mooney C 171

WA599 1982 3k E of Caveside on Cubits Creek

Mersey 1 455100 5394800 100 N. Mooney N 172

WA600 1982 2k S of Hadspen South Esk 1 509270 5402210 100 N. Mooney N 94


Record Id Date Description of locality Mapsheet M Easting Northing Accuracy Sex Age Collector Type Territory Id

WA601 1984 3k NW of Perth on

Oakmount South Esk 1 511620 5398937 100 N. Mooney C 95

WA602 1977 Red Rock St Pauls 1 580800 5372400 100 N. Mooney C 27

WA603 1992 Hill of Blazes Shannon 1 482000 5312900 100 N. Mooney R 133

WA604 9/1/78 Springhill Tier Shannon 1 488500 5301500 100 F N. Mooney R 134

WA605 1979 Burnt Log Gully Lake Sorell 1 521600 5316000 100 N. Mooney R 41

WA606 1986 1.5k NW of Antill Ponds

Lake Sorell 1 532500 5328400 100 N. Mooney CR 37

WA607 1976 Lake Dulverton Lake Sorell 1 531100 5313800 100 N. Mooney R 40

WA608 1979 Rhyndaston on Coal River

Lake Sorell 1 532600 5295800 100 N. Mooney R 46

WA609 1984 Rostrevor Reservoir Little Swanport 1 576979 5294308 100 N. Mooney C 14

WA610 1967 Bradys Hill Swansea Freycinet 1 586100 5338300 100 P. Dodge N 8

WA611 1992 Cluny Lagoon Tyenna 1 474900 5291521 100 N. Mooney S 162

WA612 1980 Meadowbank Lake on Mike Howes Gully

Tyenna 1 478181 5288699 100 N. Mooney S 163

WA613 1980 Triffitts Neck Tyenna 1 473450 5272986 100 N. Mooney S 165

WA614 1981 Bushy Park on Red Hill

Tyenna 1 489341 5270746 100 N. Mooney C 165

WA615 1/7/83 Plenty Tyenna 1 496800 5268500 100 N. Mooney N 166

WA616 1985 Salmon Ponds Derwent 1 497208 5266664 100 N. Mooney N 167

WA617 1984 The Sand Hill Derwent 1 506627 5288812 100 N. Mooney R 61

WA618 1979 3k SW of Elderslie on Bluff Creek

Derwent 1 504535 5280341 100 N. Mooney S 60

WA619 1979 Devils Elbow on Browns Caves Creek

Derwent 1 522300 5282150 100 N. Mooney R 65

WA620 1980 Native Corners Derwent 1 526000 5283000 100 N. Mooney R 65

WA621 1986 Magra Derwent 1 505100 5265500 100 N. Mooney R 69

WA622 1978 Gunners Quoin Derwent 1 526100 5264550 100 N. Mooney N 72




WA623 22/8/96 Grasstree Hill Derwent 1 529315 5263626 100 N. Mooney C 73

WA624 1/1/87 Rosetta on Oak Hill Derwent 1 520700 5258800 100 M A N. Mooney C 74WA625 1985 Mount Rumney Derwent 1 536800 5254850 100 N. Mooney C 190

WA626 1984 Mount Nelson Derwent 1 527600 5247900 100 N. Mooney C 78

WA627 1996 Singes Hill Derwent 1 512300 5244100 100 N. Mooney S 82

WA628 1967 Summerleas Derwent 1 521300 5244650 100 J. Tulip N 80

WA629 1986 Taroona Derwent 1 527592 5244638 100 N. Mooney S 79

WA630 1987 Beauvais Hill Derwent 1 538450 5245400 100 R. Wilson R 191

WA631 1977 3k NW of The Cobs on Bluff River

Prosser 1 555617 5290390 100 N. Mooney S 17

WA632 1982 5k E of Buckland on Tea Tree Rivulet

Prosser 1 563850 5282800 100 J N. Mooney C 16

WA633 1987 3.5k NW of Copping on Carlton River

Prosser 1 561900 5259300 100 J N. Mooney C 21

WA634 1978 Lesters Hill Prosser 1 566200 5254800 100 N. Mooney S 24

WA635 1979 Raminea Huon 1 498000 5203500 100 N. Mooney C 108

WA638 1996 Luttrells Bay Little Swanport 1 579200 5310800 100 N. Mooney N 11

WA639 2/1/96 Luttrells Bay Little Swanport 1 579250 5310550 100 N. Mooney N 11

WA640 3/1/96 Luttrells Bay Little Swanport 1 579410 5310172 100 N. Mooney N 11

WA642 25/8/96 Karanja Tyenna 1 484981 5274583 100 F N. Mooney N/CR 164

WA644 1993 3k SE of Marrawah Hunter 1 307427 5463767 100 L. Porteus N 184

WA645 1996 Moulters Gap Old River 1 435100 5192605 100 M. Holdsworth

S 179

WA646 19/7/81 3k E of Cluan Meander 1 490000 5395300 100 N. Mooney N 125

WA647 2/1/46 2k N of Wombat Glen Nive 1 420800 5328900 100 D. Fleay N 174

WA649 1980 2k SW of Clerkes Hill Forth 1 427900 5412351 100 N. Mooney S 150




WA650 1990 1k NW of Bronte Dam Nive 1 455400 5329000 100 N. Mooney N 177

WA651 2/10/86 Lake St Clair Nive 1 431165 5331366 18500 L. Conole C 175

WA652 6/7/95 4.3k SW of Huon Bridge

Huon 1 501460 5231550 25 B. Brown C 189

Table 2. Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae leucopsis site records in Tasmania at 1 October 1996


Easting Northing Accuracy Sex Age Collector Type

BFOS239 23/7/72 South Queenstown Strahan 2 379500 5338500 500 N. Sheppard FI

BFOS240 1/12/72 .5 k E of St Columbia Falls Victoria 2 577500 5425000 500 J. Barkla FD

BFOS244 1/7/73 Myrtlebank Patersonia 2 530000 5429000 1000 R. Cooper S

BFOS245 23/2/73 8 k W of Maydena Maydena 2 461250 5266000 1000 A. W. J. Fletcher FD

BFOS246 3/9/73 2.5 k SE of South Jukes Peak

Darwin 2 385750 5326000 1000 A. V. Ratkowski C

BFOS247 24/3/73 8 k E of Strahan Strahan 2 369500 5331500 2000 N. A. Sheppard FD

BFOS248 8/12/73 Cardigan Flats Franklin 1 404000 5335500 2000 D. G. Thomas F

BFOS249 1973 Sisters Beach Mawbanna 2 378250 5469250 2000 T. Waite S

BFOS250 11/7/73 1 k NE of Snake Peak Darwin 2 384750 5323500 1000 R. Rose C

BFOS251 1973 2 k NW of Rosebery Rosebery 2 377250 5374500 2000 J. Stockley S

BFOS252 22/1/75 Redpa Welcome 1 311500 5467500 1000 J. G. K. Harris S

BFOS253 26/1/75 Somerset Hellyer 1 401500 5455750 5000 J. G. K. Harris RK

BFOS254 13/7/75 Poatina Poatina 2 496500 5372750 1000 A. W. J. Fletcher RK

BFOS255 10/1/75 Devonport Devonport 2 445000 5441000 2000 O. M. G. Newman (ed)

S

BFOS256 15/11/75 1 k E of Frederick Hill Olga 1 400750 5270250 10000 O. M. G. Newman (ed)

C

BFOS257 19/11/75 Sir John Falls Olga 1 392250 5285850 100 O. M. G. Newman (ed)

C

BFOS258 12/1/75 Strathgordon Strathgordon 2 422000 5264500 1000 O. M. G. Newman (ed)

C

BFOS261 4/5/75 2 k NE of Kamona Scottsdale 2 557000 5444000 5000 O. M. G. Newman RK

(ed) BFOS262 1/2/75 2.5 k N of Louisa Island South Cape 1 447000 5182000 2000 B. Lane C

BFOS263 3/1/75 4 k NE of High Rocky Peak Nive 1 426700 5300300 300 D. Zeigler S

BFOS264 8/1/75 Ridgeway Taroona 2 523250 5247250 1000 J. G. K. Harris S

BFOS266 1974 Derwent Bridge Nive 1 436500 5334900 1000 P. Cooper S

BFOS267 1974 Falmouth Break O'Day 1 606250 5404250 1000 P. Cooper S

BFOS268 1974 Pyengana Pyengana 2 584250 5428500 1000 P. Cooper S

Table 2. continued, Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae leucopsis site records in Tasmania at 1 October 1996



BFOS269 1974 Coles Bay Freycinet 1 606250 5335750 5000 P. Cooper S

BFOS270 1974 Myrtle Gully Hobart 2 521000 5250750 1000 P. Cooper S

BFOS289 1976 Coles Bay Freycinet 1 606250 5335750 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS290 1976 Weldborough Ringarooma 2 575750 5439500 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS291 1976 Kangaroo Island Meander 1 477900 5356700 100 P. Duckworth S

BFOS293 1976 Butlers Gorge Nive 1 440000 5319750 5000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS294 1976 Ridgeway Taroona 2 523250 5247250 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS295 1976 Fern Tree Taroona 2 521250 5247250 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS296 1976 St Helens Point Georges Bay 1 613000 5429000 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS297 1976 Mount Faulkner Derwent 1 515500 5261500 2000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS298 1976 Paloona Forth 1 439000 5432500 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS299 1976 Trevallyn Launceston 2 509750 5412750 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS300 1976 Crotty Darwin 2 386250 5326000 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS301 1976 Scottsdale Forester 1 549490 5443344 5000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS302 1976 Meunna Milabena 2 371750 5450750 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS303 1976 Brushy Creek Derwent 1 522500 5253000 2000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS304 1976 Wineglass Creek Freycinet 1 607000 5331500 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS305 1976 Triabunna Triabunna 2 575000 5293500 5000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS306 1976 Darlington Maria 1 587250 5284700 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS307 1976 Pyengana Pyengana 2 584250 5428500 1000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS308 1976 Huonville Huonville 2 504000 5236000 2000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS309 1976 Legana Pipers 1 504182 5421261 5000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS310 1976 Schouten Island Freycinet 2 606000 5314000 5000 P. Duckworth S

BFOS319 5/1/77 Ridgeway Taroona 2 523250 5247250 1000 K. Harris S

BFOS320 15/1/77 Trevallyn Launceston 2 508355 5413486 1000 K. Harris N




BFOS323 4/8/80 Mt Wellington Derwent 1 517500 5250500 1000 A. Ratkowski R

BFOS324 5/1/80 Mt Hicks Hellyer 1 393750 5452250 5000 E. Hiller S

BFOS335 17/4/88 Marriotts Falls Tyenna 1 472250 5270500 100 M. Fletcher R

BFOS336 24/4/88 Renison Bell Rosebery 2 370500 5371500 1000 J. Fennell S

BFOS337 1/2/89 1.5 k NE of Flying Cloud Point

Old River 1 420500 5187800 1000 M. Schulz C

BFOS347 9/5/92 Swan Island Swan Island 1 593500 5489500 1000 J. Harris F

BFOS361 15/2/91 Epping Forest South Esk 1 528500 5377600 100 R. Patterson RK

BFOS362 16/4/90 Darlington Maria 1 587250 5284700 1000 R. Patterson (ed) C

BFOS363 18/4/90 Lake Leake Little Swanport 1 566000 5248500 1000 P. Lansley C

BFOS368 16/6/93 Ridgeway Derwent 1 523250 5247250 1000 K. Harris S

BFOS369 8/1/93 Neika Derwent 1 519500 5244750 1000 K. Harris FD

BFOS371 7/12/83 Coles Bay Freycinet 1 606250 5335750 1000 R. Patterson C

BFOS372 21/4/86 Schouten Island Freycinet 2 606000 5314000 5000 P. Brown C

BFOS373 31/5/87 Louisa Plains South West Cape

1 450000 5183000 5000 C. Ploughman C

BFOS374 31/5/87 Louisa Bay South West Cape

1 447500 5181750 2000 C. Ploughman C

BOS265 10/5/75 10 k W of Zeehan Heemskirk 2 353000 5361000 1000 P. Fielding S

DFOS206 13/9/76 Toarra Hill Maria 1 589700 5283600 1000 D. Rounsevell C

DFOS207 17/9/76 Gulls Nest Point Maria 1 584800 5279300 1000 D. Rounsevell R

DFOS208 22/2/77 Counsel Creek Maria 1 588000 5282700 3000 D. Rounsevell S

DFOS209 28/3/77 Robeys Creek Maria 1 585400 5270200 2000 A/J D. Rounsevell S

DFOS210 29/3/77 Robeys Creek Maria 1 585400 5270200 2000 D. Rounsevell C

DFOS211 20/7/77 Montgomerys Creek Maria 1 592200 5276300 2000 D. Rounsevell C

DFOS212 20/7/77 Pine Hut Creek Maria 1 590500 5277300 2000 D. Rounsevell C

DFOS213 20/7/77 East Shelf Maria 1 592000 5280500 2000 D. Rounsevell C

DFOS215 20/7/77 2k W Monah Hill Maria 1 585400 5280600 1000 D. Rounsevell R




FOS102 24/7/96 1k NW of Legerwood Forester 1 556800 5437800 500 P. Bell RK/C

FOS117 27/7/96 2k S of Legerwood Springfeild 2 558250 5434250 100 P. Bell R

FOS12 25/6/96 2k N Elizabeth Town Parkham 2 463300 5412000 100 P. Tonelly F

FOS13 26/6/96 2k N of Elizabeth Town Parkham 2 463250 5413000 100 P. Tonelly F

FOS138 8/1/96 33 Prospect St. Prospect Prospect 2 511400 5409300 100 J. Weirsma R/C

FOS160 1970 4k N of Rowallan Power Stn.

Mersey 1 434400 5383700 500 B. Green F/C

FOS161 1970 Rowallan Power Stn. Mersey 1 435000 5380200 500 B. Green F/C

FOS163 1970 Anthill Ponds Lake Sorell 1 533300 5327200 500 R. H. Hill F/C/RK

FOS165 28/8/96 Mt Augustus Taroona 2 539181 5242491 100 G. Steedman C

FOS168 7/5/96 1k NE of The Springs Taroona 2 521162 5249095 100 P. Taylor F

FOS169 20/8/96 2k NW of Mountain River Longley 1 508567 5245688 100 P. Bell C

FOS171 27/6/96 Rostrevor 2k N Triabunna Nugent 1 575900 5294000 100 P. Bell R

FOS173 7/11/96 577 Van Morey Rd, Margate.

Huonville 2 517350 5232400 100 G. Gradwell F

FOS18 27/6/96 Mayfield 1k S of Mayfield Bay

Mayfield 2 582500 5321000 100 P. Bell R

FOS180 20/8/96 2k NE of Ferntree Taroona 2 522005 5249899 100 P. Bell N

FOS181 27/6/96 Lonnavale Lonnavale 2 485000 5243300 100 P. Cain F

FOS186 28/8/96 Mt Murray Triabunna 2 577400 5294300 100 P. Bell C

FOS187 14/8/96 1k N of Smithton Smithton 2 342970 5478153 100 L. Porteus N

FOS188 14/8/96 7k SW of Mt Ramsay Pieman 1 346467 5391465 100 A P. Bell RK

FOS189 4/1/94 1.5k N of Franklin Huonville 2 501850 5231600 100 J. Tulip RK

FOS19 5/7/82 Gillespies Mill Scottsdale Rd

Pipers 1 537000 5452200 100 P. Duckworth C

FOS190 5/1/94 Tully St Southport Hastings 2 497350 5191300 100 J. Tulip FD

FOS191 27/6/96 Herons/Russell Rd Lonnavale

Lonnavale 2 492700 5240100 100 P. Cain F

FOS192 8/1/96 1k W of Mole Creek Mole Creek 2 448200 5399700 100 P. Bell C

FOS193 30/8/96 4k SW of Chudleigh Mole Creek 2 455500 5395250 100 P. Bell C




FOS102 24/7/96 1k NW of Legerwood Forester 1 556800 5437800 500 P. Bell RK/C

FOS117 27/7/96 2k S of Legerwood Springfeild 2 558250 5434250 100 P. Bell R

FOS12 25/6/96 2k N Elizabeth Town Parkham 2 463300 5412000 100 P. Tonelly F

FOS13 26/6/96 2k N of Elizabeth Town Parkham 2 463250 5413000 100 P. Tonelly F

FOS138 8/1/96 33 Prospect St. Prospect Prospect 2 511400 5409300 100 J. Weirsma R/C

FOS160 1970 4k N of Rowallan Power Stn.

Mersey 1 434400 5383700 500 B. Green F/C

FOS161 1970 Rowallan Power Stn. Mersey 1 435000 5380200 500 B. Green F/C

FOS163 1970 Anthill Ponds Lake Sorell 1 533300 5327200 500 R. H. Hill F/C/RK

FOS165 28/8/96 Mt Augustus Taroona 2 539181 5242491 100 G. Steedman C

FOS168 7/5/96 1k NE of The Springs Taroona 2 521162 5249095 100 P. Taylor F

FOS169 20/8/96 2k NW of Mountain River Longley 1 508567 5245688 100 P. Bell C

FOS171 27/6/96 Rostrevor 2k N Triabunna Nugent 1 575900 5294000 100 P. Bell R

FOS173 7/11/96 577 Van Morey Rd, Margate.

Huonville 2 517350 5232400 100 G. Gradwell F

FOS18 27/6/96 Mayfield 1k S of Mayfield Bay

Mayfield 2 582500 5321000 100 P. Bell R

FOS180 20/8/96 2k NE of Ferntree Taroona 2 522005 5249899 100 P. Bell N

FOS181 27/6/96 Lonnavale Lonnavale 2 485000 5243300 100 P. Cain F

FOS186 28/8/96 Mt Murray Triabunna 2 577400 5294300 100 P. Bell C

FOS187 14/8/96 1k N of Smithton Smithton 2 342970 5478153 100 L. Porteus N

FOS188 14/8/96 7k SW of Mt Ramsay Pieman 1 346467 5391465 100 A P. Bell RK

FOS189 4/1/94 1.5k N of Franklin Huonville 2 501850 5231600 100 J. Tulip RK

FOS19 5/7/82 Gillespies Mill Scottsdale Rd

Pipers 1 537000 5452200 100 P. Duckworth C

FOS190 5/1/94 Tully St Southport Hastings 2 497350 5191300 100 J. Tulip FD

FOS191 27/6/96 Herons/Russell Rd Lonnavale

Lonnavale 2 492700 5240100 100 P. Cain F

FOS192 8/1/96 1k W of Mole Creek Mole Creek 2 448200 5399700 100 P. Bell C

FOS193 30/8/96 4k SW of Chudleigh Mole Creek 2 455500 5395250 100 P. Bell C




FOS194 30/8/96 Alum Cliffs Reserve Gog 2 451800 5401000 100 P. Bell C

FOS195 29/8/96 1k E of St Helens Georges Bay 1 605647 5425487 100 P. Bell C

FOS196 7/1/96 Hamilton Hamilton 2 486350 5288600 100 P. Bell R

FOS197 16/7/96 1k E of Irish Town Break O' Day 1 603800 5394700 100 P. Bell C

FOS198 7/4/96 Steiglitz St Helens Georges Bay 1 607200 5423200 100 P. Bell C

FOS199 11/8/95 5k N of Targa Pipers 1 532300 5431200 100 M. Wapstra S

FOS20 8/9/95 Bridport Bridport 2 533000 5460800 500 P. Duckworth HC

FOS201 9/3/96 Bangor Pt Prosser 1 570600 5250100 100 P. Bell C

FOS203 25/12/92 3.9k NW Bedggood Hill Break O'Day 1 601000 5380600 100 M. Jones C

FOS204 1991 2.1k NE Pencil Pine Falls Sophia 1 411200 5396400 100 M. Jones C

FOS205 1991 2k SW of Mt Kate Sophia 1 412700 5390000 100 M. Jones C

FOS216 1980 2kW Quoin Hill Flinders Is 1 577200 5597900 1000 T. Singline C

FOS217 27/10/80 4k S South Patriach Flinders Is 1 602450 5560600 500 T. Singline N

FOS218 21/10/78 2.5k SE Vinegar Hill Cape Portland 1 583100 5484800 500 T. Singline N

FOS219 7/1/96 2.5k S Leesville Mella 2 339900 5475300 100 L. Porteus C

FOS229 4/1/95 1k NE Smithton Smithton 2 343000 5478100 100 L. Porteus S

FOS23 27/6/96 Pipers River/Weymouth turn off.

Pipers 1 507330 5450400 100 P. Duckworth RK

FOS232 2/1/96 2.5 k W of Railton Railton 2 449150 5423050 100 J. Elliott F/C

FOS233 1992 3.4 k S of Latrobe Latrobe 2 450600 5431400 1000 J. Elliott RK

FOS24 27/6/96 Bridport foreshore Bridport 2 533000 5460800 100 P. Duckworth C

FOS280 9/1/96 1 k E of Herringback Huonville 2 513100 5238250 100 P. Bell C

FOS281 13/9/96 4.5 k N of Bishopsbourne Cluan 2 498950 5397150 100 P. Bell R

FOS284 1995 1 k S of Woodstock Lagoon Wildlife Sanctuary

Longford 2 504750 5392750 100 A N. Brothers R




FOS29 30/6/96 Inglewood Rd/Strickland Ave

Taroona 2 521900 5249950 500 B. Hansen C

FOS35 1991 2.5k SW of Epping Forest South Esk 1 526500 5375100 100 P. Tonelly/ N. Mooney

N

FOS36 30/6/96 Spreyton Cockers Creek Rd Forth 1 446500 5436000 100 P. Bell R

FOS37 30/6/96 Quoiba Dunkins Rd Forth 1 443000 5437900 500 P. Bell C

FOS386 11/1/95 Saintys Creek Fluted Cape 2 520110 5195100 500 T. Cochran S

FOS387 11/1/86 Bernacchis Creek Maria 1 589000 5284000 1000 S. Bryant C

FOS388 27/1/94 Sandblow Bay Port Davey 1 404180 5210200 1000 S. Bryant C

FOS391 4/1/91 Bluestone Tier Triabunna 2 565560 5299560 5000 S. Bryant S

FOS392 9/1/96 Myrtle Forest Derwent 1 511820 5254450 100 S. Bryant S

FOS393 9/1/96 Fairy Glen Derwent 1 514500 5254820 100 S. Bryant C

FOS395 2/2/93 Nineteen Mile Hill Marrawah 2 316500 5468650 1000 S. Bryant C

FOS397 19/6/95 Collinsvale Collinsvale 2 515500 5256500 1000 S. Bryant RK

FOS398 29/6/95 Collinsvale Collinsvale 2 515500 5256500 1000 S. Bryant RK

FOS399 6/1/96 Simmonds Point D'Entrecasteaux 1 523000 5227000 1000 F. Cunningham C

FOS4 6/5/96 Lambert Park. Sandy Bay Taroona 2 526900 5248420 25 P. Bell F/C

FOS400 6/1/96 The Sheppards Hill D'Entrecasteaux 1 523000 5229000 1000 F. Cunningham C

FOS401 6/1/96 Woodcutters Point D'Entrecasteaux 1 525250 5226500 1000 F. Cunningham C

FOS402 6/1/96 Dennes Hill D'Entrecasteaux 1 528500 5228750 1000 F. Cunningham C

FOS405 20/5/96 Birches Bay D'Entrecasteaux 1 501900 5219500 1000 T. Nicholson FD

FOS407 28/6/92 2.5 k S of Lower Barrington Railton 2 441000 5426000 500 P. Milner S

FOS410 18/9/96 Kingston Heights Taroona 2 526350 5240300 100 R. Lawless C

FOS412 1/7/96 Mt Arthur Collinsvale 2 518000 5251750 100 R. Walsh S

FOS42 7/1/96 2k NW of Underwood Pipers 1 515100 5429300 500 J. Robnik F/C

FOS423 1/11/19 Cape Baron Island Flinders Island (Special)

1 587000 5530500 5000 H. B. Hollingsworth

N




FOS424 2/11/25 Barnes Bay D'Entrecasteaux 1 530000 5225000 1000 W. Giblin N

FOS425 5/11/25 Brighten Tea Tree 2 520000 5271000 1000 G. Mozey N

FOS426 6/11/26 Trumpeter Bay D'Entrecasteaux 1 531500 5220750 1000 R. & C. Denne N

FOS428 1/8/96 1 k N of Blue Gum Hill Huon 1 491400 5234600 100 P. Brown C

FOS430 14/3/66 Smiths Gully Flinders Island (Special)

1 595750 5549500 1000 R. H. Green R/S/C

FOS431 1/9/66 Memana Flinders Island (Special)

1 595000 5571000 1000 R. H. Green C

FOS432 1/9/66 Lackrana Flinders Island (Special)

1 600000 5561000 1000 R. H. Green C

FOS433 13/3/78 4.3 k SW of Lake Chisholm Sumac 2 333700 5442400 100 R. H. Green C

FOS434 14/8/96 Brown Plains Meredith 2 346467 5391465 100 P. Bell RK

FOS435 8/5/92 2.5 k S of Lower Barrington Railton 2 441000 5426000 500 P. Milner F

FOS436 5/5/92 2.5 k S of Lower Barrington Railton 2 441000 5426000 500 P. Milner FD


FOS439 6/4/88 2.5 k S of Lower Barrington Railton 2 441000 5426000 500 A. Milner S

FOS440 17/3/87 2.5 k S of Lower Barrington Railton 2 441000 5426000 500 A. Milner S

FOS441 17/4/86 2.5 k S of Lower Barrington Railton 2 441000 5426000 500 P. Milner C


FOS443 10/8/85 2.5 k S of Lower Barrington Railton 2 441000 5426000 500 P. Milner FD

FOS450 21/9/96 1k S of Glendevie Waterloo 2 499200 5211450 500 J. Tulip S

FOS454 7/5/81 10 k N of Liawenee Meander 1 472700 5370700 1000 S. Rockliff S

FOS455 1/6/81 Shannon Shannon 1 479200 5345000 1000 P. Fielding C





FOS473 24/10/78 Waddamana Shannon 1 479200 5345000 1000 P. Fielding C





FOS475 3/12/78 Breona Meander 1 475000 5374000 1000 V. Dell C



FOS478 31/5/79 Lagoon of Islands Shannon 1 494000 5341000 1000 P. Fielding C


FOS48 28/6/96 Summerhill Prospect 2 509550 5409425 50 J. Wiersma F/C

FOS480 1/6/79 1.5 k E of Liawenee Meander 1 474000 5361000 1000 P. Fielding C

FOS481 4/12/79 Lagoon of Islands Shannon 1 494000 5341000 1000 K. Lovell C

FOS482 14/12/79 10 k N of Liawenee Meander 1 472700 5370700 1000 I. Rockliff C

FOS483 1/4/80 Miena Meander 1 477000 5352000 1000 P. Fielding RK

FOS484 27/12/80 10 k N of Liawenee Meander 1 472700 5370700 1000 P. Fielding C


FOS486 20/2/81 0.5 k W of Homestead Hill Meander 1 494300 5357800 1000 T. Moscal C

FOS487 21/2/81 10 k NE of Rates Castle Meander 1 479000 5373000 1000 T. Moscal C

FOS50 7/5/96 86 Channel Hwy. Taroona Taroona 2 528700 5245600 100 P. Burrows R/C

FOS51 7/5/96 64 Channel Hwy. Taroona Taroona 2 528750 5245650 100 J. Moverly C

FOS54 7/9/96 Knopwood Hill Hobart 2 533400 5253200 100 N. Mooney C

FOS55 1955 Greens Beach Tamar 1 478000 5451200 500 B. Green C

FOS56 7/9/96 Mt William NP Musselroe 2 597100 5471500 100 M. Austin F

FOS57 1/9/96 Ballast Ground Pt. Latrobe 2 448500 5436500 100 P. Tonelly R

FOS60 7/10/96 Grasstree Hill/Sugarloaf Rd. Richmond 2 528500 5260250 100 D. Dickson F

R/Vale FOS61 7/10/96 2k W Oyster cove on

Nichols Rivulet Cygnet 2 517300 5227500 100 J. Wiersma S




QVM10 7/3/82 Campbell Town Campbell Town 2 541454 5357858 10000 F A N. Mooney RKQVM11 4/2/73 Seven Mile Beach Carlton 2 541000 5255000 1000 N. Mooney RK

QVM12 1/5/82 Pontville Derwent 1 521301 5274670 10000 F A D. P. Munnings RKQVM121 5/4/95 Lalla Rd Lalla Pipers 1 516000 5432000 5000 S. Raffan RK

QVM122 27/5/96 Hadspen near Bridge Prospect 2 505300 5404000 1000 M. McBain RK

QVM13 23/9/78 Blackwall Tamar 1 496651 5427922 5000 M. McBain. RK

QVM14 7/8/78 Sassafras Forth 1 458127 5430023 5000 M. McBain RK

QVM15 28/4/78 Nunamara Nunamara 2 525077 5416778 10000 SA M. McBain RK

QVM16 16/9/85 Marakoopa Caves. Mole Creek 2 440600 5396500 1000 C. Shaw. RK

QVM17 27/7/84 Mayberry Mole Creek 2 441647 5396601 1000 F A C. Shaw RKQVM18 1985 Spreyton (School) Forth 1 445507 5436000 100 T. Kingston (Cur) RK

QVM19 1985 Mt. Barrow. Mt Barrow Rd. Nunamara 2 534282 5418960 10000 A. Jures. RK

QVM2 25/5/78 Derby Derby 2 567129 5444267 100 F A R. Farquhar RKQVM20 3/12/79 Black Sugarloaf. Tamar 1 483281 5416802 10000 F SA M. McBain RKQVM21 23/7/81 Underwood Pipers 1 517581 5427904 5000 F A Saunders RKQVM22 18/10/79 Maggs Mt. (field station) Mersey 1 431500 5377500 1000 F A R. H. Green RKQVM23 23/9/81 Maggs Mt. (field station) Mersey 1 431500 5377500 1000 F A R. H. Green RKQVM24 8/3/83 Derby. Derby 2 567129 5444267 1000 F A A. Cairns RKQVM25 4/1/89 Bridport Bridport 2 533640 5461150 5000 F A P. Duckworth. RKQVM26 8/1/86 Lymwood King Island King Island 1 243899 5567915 5000 M SA D. Whilchurch RKQVM27 13/5/63 Launceston. Dowling St. Launceston 2 513364 5411258 5000 F A D. Tilley RKQVM28 27/7/87 Launceston Launceston 2 513364 5411258 10000 F A G. Bromfield RK

QVM29 28/8/87 Mole Creek Mole Creek 2 449968 5398884 5000 M A T. Wardlaw RKQVM3 26/6/78 Longford Longford 2 510923 5394558 5000 F A T. Kingston (Cur) RKQVM30 18/6/73 Flinders Is (barn) Flinders Is Sp. 1 585360 5571748 100 M A D. M. Rhodes RK




QVM31 6/1/78 Winnaleah Forester 1 568019 5449809 5000 F A E. Armstrong RKQVM32 11/1/79 Winnaleah Forester 1 568019 5449809 5000 F A E. Armstrong RKQVM33 27/5/80 Derby (near railway station) Derby 2 567129 5444267 1000 F A E. Armstrong RKQVM34 6/2/81 Sheffield Forth 1 443976 5418825 5000 F A M. Holdsworth RKQVM35 19/2/70 Launceston Launceston 2 513364 5411258 1000 F A H. J. King RKQVM36 14/4/70 Winnaleah Forester 1 568019 5449809 5000 F A E. Armstrong RKQVM37 6/1/69 Campbell Town Campbell 2 541454 5357858 10000 F A J. Crosswell RKQVM38 20/3/66 Smithy Gully Flinders Is. Sp. 1 597906 5551614 1000 M A R. H. Green RKQVM39 8/3/77 Derby Derby 2 567129 5444267 5000 F A J. Wilson RKQVM4 24/7/79 Bishopsbourne Meander 1 498333 5392397 5000 F A I. S. Norton RKQVM40 17/3/65 Symmons Plains. South Esk 1 520814 5387926 5000 F A M. McConniville RKQVM41 9/5/65 Rosevears Pipers 1 500836 5424592 5000 F A D. Atkinson RKQVM42 25/6/85 Perth Longford 2 515023 5398704 5000 F A K. Littlejohn RKQVM43 19/4/79 Trevallyn Launceston 2 508355 5413486 1000 M A R. Morris RKQVM44 11/10/29 Glenorchy Hobart 2 522885 5258008 1000 E C. Bantich N

QVM45 10/2/76 Georgetown Tamar 1 484044 5450108 5000 M A N. Mooney RKQVM46 9/1/80 Winnaleah Forester 1 568019 5449809 5000 M A P. Armstrong RKQVM47 30/5/77 Coles Bay Freycinet 1 607444 5335955 10000 T. Kingston (Cur) RK

QVM48 22/6/75 Tonganah Forester 1 548646 5441082 1000 T. Kingston (Cur) RK

QVM49 4/1/71 Churchill Park Launceston Launceston 2 513364 5411258 5000 T. Kingston (Cur) RK

QVM5 20/6/81 Trowutta. Reids Rd Roger 2 338593 5456121 1000 F A F. Cann RKQVM50 19/4/81 No Mans Creek NW Nelson Bay 1 308129 5430945 1000 M A T. Kingston (Cur) RKQVM51 15/5/81 Selbourne Rd Tamar 1 488800 5410800 5000 M A J. Ayles RKQVM52 23/9/81 Maggs Mt. Mersey 1 431500 5377500 1000 M A R. H. Green RKQVM53 17/5/84 Underwood Pipers 1 517581 5427902 5000 M A I. S. Norton RK




QVM54 27/8/89 Frankford Tamar 1 479916 5424565 5000 M A Y. Millington RKQVM55 2/1/88 Mole creek Mole Creek 2 449968 5398884 5000 C. Swan RK

QVM56 17/6/78 Scottsdale Forester 1 541949 5443344 5000 A K. Littlejohn RK

QVM57 3/1/79 Winnaleah Forester 1 568019 5449809 5000 A A. Cairns RK

QVM58 13/10/86 Gladstone Gladstone 2 584994 5465176 5000 A I. S. Norton RK

QVM59 26/3/81 Hagley Westbury 2 491646 5402365 5000 R. C. Paynter RK

QVM6 20/6/82 Winnaleah Forester 1 568019 5449809 5000 F A P. L. Carins RKQVM60 22/6/78 Westerway Tyenna 1 481975 5274679 5000 A K. Johnson RK

QVM61 27/5/71 Whitemark Flinders Is. Flinders 1 586560 5556000 5000 M A J. Whinray RKQVM62 6/2/69 Whitemark Flinders Is. Flinders 1 586560 5556000 5000 A G. F. Smith RK

QVM63 8/1/78 Maydena Aerodrome Tyenna 1 464083 5265200 1000 F A B. Hamilton RKQVM7 30/3/84 Western Junction South Esk 1 517492 5399265 5000 F A R. Clayton. RKQVM8 8/10/86 Glengarry Tamar 1 488284 5424583 5000 F A D. Henderson RKQVM9 16/7/86 Lilydale Lilydale 2 517594 5433452 5000 F A D. Cassidy RKRFOS220 8/10/96 Jetsonville Nabowla 2 537600 5447700 100 L. J. Snodgrass CR

RFOS221 8/9/96 Jetsonville Nabowla 2 537600 5447700 100 L. J. Snodgrass CR

RFOS224 7/12/96 5k SW Mount Charles Rufus 2 432800 5331200 100 T. Norris/N. Lytton

S

RFOS225 27/7/96 3.5k S Rainbow Hill Togari 2 326700 5461500 100 L. Porteus CR

RFOS226 27/7/96 6k NW Roger River West Roger 2 328000 5457200 100 L. Porteus CR

RFOS227 27/7/96 7k S Brittons Swamp Togari 2 329000 5460100 100 L. Porteus CR

RFOS231 17/8/96 Rocky forest Lilydale 2 501500 5430500 1000 F. Taylor C

SYS100 24/7/96 1k N Mt Paris Dam Ringarooma 2 571784 5437041 100 P. Bell CR

SYS114 8/9/96 2k SE of Brown Mt Ellendale 2 473125 5283498 100 P. Bell CR

SYS117 26/7/96 5k NE of Deloraine Deloraine 2 475131 5406750 100 P. Bell CR

SYS119 26/7/96 1k N of Staverton Wilmot 2 432615 5413177 100 J. Wiersma CR




SYS129 13/8/96 12k SW of Trowutta Roger 2 327131 5451353 100 P. Bell CR

SYS130 8/12/96 3k N Wedge Plain Tayatea 2 352850 5459150 100 P. Bell CR

SYS132 13/8/96 Fourteen Mile Plain Mella 2 324474 5470658 100 P. Bell CR

SYS140 8/9/96 2k S of Snows Hill Colebrook 2 537210 5290051 100 P. Bell CR

SYS146 8/8/96 1.5k NE Whisky Jims Hill Liffey 2 488178 5387276 100 P. Bell CR

SYS148 8/7/96 2k SW of Drys Sugarloaf Harford 2 468220 5430640 100 P. Bell CR

SYS157 8/9/96 4.5k NW of Mt Shakespeare Wayatinah 2 458139 5305861 100 P. Bell CR

SYS65 7/10/96 Stony point Longley 2 502750 5247750 100 P. Bell CR

SYS68 7/11/96 3k SE Glen Huon Glen Huon 2 499758 5235182 100 P. Bell C

SYS92 18/7/96 1k N of Mt Barrow Patersonia 2 535750 5420000 100 P. Bell CR

SYS93 17/6/96 2.5k SW of Rosevale Bridgenorth 2 492250 5412250 100 P. Bell CR

SYS94 17/6/96 3.5k S of The Tump Bridgenorth 2 489025 5416260 100 P. Bell CR

TMAG1 4/2/79 Huonville Huonville 2 504000 5236000 5000 F N. Mooney RK

TMAG10 18/7/62 Hobart Hobart 2 526000 5252000 10000 F B. Mollison RK

TMAG11 1/4/87 Montagu Welcome 1 327500 5483500 5000 F L. Holden RK

TMAG111 7/2/94 Lk St Clair Nive 1 431000 5337000 1000 P. Andrews (Cur) RK

TMAG112 17/5/93 Claremont Richmond 2 520500 5262500 1000 A. Sampson RK

TMAG114 8/1/91 Fern Tree. Reids Rd. Taroona 2 521250 5247250 500 M. Heywood RK

TMAG115 14/1/90 St Peters Pass Lake Sorell 1 533500 5322500 10000 N. Mooney RK

TMAG116 14/9/90 Tarraleah Tarraleah 2 454000 5316000 10000 N. Mooney RK

TMAG117 14/10/90 Fern Tree Taroona 2 521250 5247600 1000 N. Mooney RK

TMAG12 6/6/72 Richmond Richmond 2 535500 5268500 5000 M G. F. Smith RK

TMAG121 20/11/89 Penna Sorell 2 542750 5263250 5000 N. Mooney RK

TMAG122 11/3/89 Rosegarland Bushy Park 2 495250 5275500 5000 N. Mooney RK

TMAG126 6/4/89 Cremorne Prosser 1 543000 5244000 1000 P. Andrews (Cur) RK




TMAG13 5/1/20 Sandford Cremorne 2 540500 5245500 5000 P. Andrews (Cur) RK

TMAG134 26/9/85 10k NE of Avoca St Pauls 1 569028 5379851 1000 N. Mooney RK

TMAG136 25/4/84 Forcett Prosser 1 551500 5260500 5000 N. Mooney RK

TMAG139 15/7/82 Cradle Mt Mersey 1 419000 5289700 5000 N. Bates RK

TMAG14 1/6/86 Circular Head Circular Head 1 356500 5485700 5000 P. Andrews (Cur) RK

TMAG140 11/1/79 Taranna Storm Bay 1 570500 5132000 5000 N. Mooney RK

TMAG141 9/9/82 Launceston Launceston 2 513364 5411258 10000 N. Bates RK

TMAG148 7/10/81 Strathgordon Strathgordon 2 421750 5264500 10000 P. Andrews (Cur) RK

TMAG149 5/8/81 Castleforbes Bay Huon 1 498000 5224000 5000 A. Scott RK

TMAG15 7/10/90 Franklin Cygnet 2 501000 5229500 5000 M N. Mooney RK

TMAG150 8/1/80 Franklin Cygnet 2 501000 5229500 5000 A. Scott RK

TMAG151 4/1/80 Mienna Meander 1 477000 5352000 5000 P. Fielding RK

TMAG152 4/8/80 Red Hill Derby Derby 2 567129 5444267 5000 N. Mooney RK

TMAG16 10/10/92 Kingston Taroona 2 525500 5241300 1000 M N. Mooney RK

TMAG17 5/3/93 Claremont Richmond 2 520500 5262500 1000 M A. Sampson RK

TMAG18 8/8/91 Lachlan Collinsvale 2 503500 5257500 5000 F J. Stanczyk RK

TMAG19 6/3/90 Burnie Hellyer 1 407500 5453500 10000 F M. Smith RK

TMAG2 6/4/76 Mt Rumney Hobart 2 537000 5254500 1000 M S. Champion RK

TMAG20 25/6/92 Richmond Richmond 2 535500 5268500 5000 B. Ross RK

TMAG21 18/9/89 St Peters Pass Lake Sorell 2 533500 5322500 10000 F N. Mooney RK

TMAG22 30/6/93 Bothwell Lake Sorell 1 500500 5307500 10000 M J. Long RK

TMAG23 20/7/95 Ranelagh Huonville 2 502750 5238250 10000 F B. Direen RK

TMAG24 4/12/80 Coles Bay Rd Freycinet 1 501400 5243500 10000 M N. Mooney RK

TMAG25 7/8/95 Midway Pt Sorell 2 543500 5261000 1000 M G. Prestage RK

TMAG26 8/10/80 Ross Ross 2 541389 5346755 10000 F N. Mooney RK




TMAG27 22/9/80 Launceston Launceston 2 513364 5411258 10000 F N. Mooney RK

TMAG28 23/6/79 Dysart Derwent 1 517500 5286500 5000 F P. Fielding RK

TMAG29 22/7/79 Queenstown Gormanston 2 381000 5340500 10000 M N. Mooney RK

TMAG3 6/8/67 Plenty Tyenna 1 496500 5268000 5000 F L. Doherty RK

TMAG30 22/5/79 Mountain River Longley 2 510000 5245000 5000 M V. Thomas RK

TMAG31 3/4/79 Latrobe Latrobe 2 449714 5435520 5000 F N. Mooney RK

TMAG32 3/10/80 Bothwell TO Lake Sorell 1 514900 5297800 100 F M. Pollard RK

TMAG33 2/12/82 Bicheno Break O' Day 1 608000 5363000 5000 F M. Pollard RK

TMAG34 17/1/81 Douglas River Break O' Day 1 604300 5373500 100 F J. Price RK

TMAG35 17/3/81 Tarraleah Tarraleah 2 454250 5316500 10000 F J H. Slater RKTMAG36 2/3/82 Sandford Cremorne 2 540500 5245500 5000 M N. Mooney RK

TMAG37 7/10/81 Strathgordon Strathgordon 2 422000 5264500 10000 M R. Hamilton RK

TMAG38 3/1/91 Hobart Hobart 2 526000 5252000 10000 M N. Mooney RK

TMAG39 25/10/88 Kingston, Summerleas Taroona 2 521750 5244750 100 M H. D. Hooker RK

TMAG4 5/9/82 Castleforbes Bay Huon 1 498000 5224000 1000 F A. Scott RK

TMAG40 1986 Westlands Nurs. Kingston Taroona 2 523500 5240400 100 M N. Mooney RK

TMAG41 30/4/84 Nugent Prosser 1 561500 5270500 5000 F C. Dickenson RK

TMAG42 17/9/79 Lebrina Pipers 1 518600 5441500 5000 F M. Holdsworth RK

TMAG43 5/9/90 Triabunna Triabunna 2 575000 5293500 5000 F A. Barnett RK

TMAG44 5/2/83 New Norfolk New Norfolk 2 506543 5263595 5000 F N. Mooney RK

TMAG45 6/2/82 Coles Bay T.O. Break O'Day 1 601000 5355900 100 F T. Blakes RK

TMAG46 8/9/87 Bushy Park Bushy Park 2 492000 5271000 1000 F B. Ay RK

TMAG47 6/1/82 Waldheim Mersey 1 411900 5389700 1000 F N. Bates RK

TMAG48 4/10/82 Sheffield Forth 1 444000 5418000 5000 F N. Mooney RK

TMAG49 13/7/83 Collinsvale Collinsvale 2 516000 5256750 5000 F J. Mioche RK




TMAG5 5/12/79 Campbell Town Campbell Town 2 541454 5357858 10000 F R. Wilson RK

TMAG50 18/4/88 Ellendale Ellendale 2 517675 5281500 5000 M A. O'Brien RK

TMAG51 19/6/79 Riana Hellyer 1 414000 5434500 5000 F N. Mooney RK

TMAG52 29/3/90 Woodbridge D'Entrecasteaux 1 519250 5221500 5000 G. Tonlo RK

TMAG53 19/11/93 Penna Sorell 2 542750 5263250 5000 F N. Mooney RK

TMAG54 18/8/89 Strahan Cape Sorell 1 361500 5332200 10000 F N. Mooney RK

TMAG55 17/4/92 Midway Pt Sorell 2 543500 5261000 1000 F P. Parks RK

TMAG56 4/7/82 Dodges Ferry Dodges Ferry 1 550500 5255000 5000 F N. Mooney RK

TMAG57 6/9/76 Winnaleah Forester 1 568019 5449809 5000 F D. Jennings RK

TMAG58 23/7/82 Wivenhoe Hellyer 1 410000 5452800 5000 F L. H. Coleman RK

TMAG59 29/4/80 Pioneer Pioneer 1 578300 5451500 5000 F Pollard RK

TMAG6 11/9/82 Launceston Launceston 2 513364 5411258 10000 F N. Bates RK

TMAG60 10/12/82 Strathgordon Strathgordon 2 421750 5264500 10000 M N. Mooney RK

TMAG7 16/8/92 Taroona Taroona 2 528500 5244500 1000 F E. Haywood RK

TMAG8 18/10/84 Hobart Hobart 2 526000 5252000 10000 F P. Andrews (Cur) RK

TMAG9 13/5/61 Broadmarsh Derwent 1 510500 5277000 5000 F L. Wall RK

tp:10123 24/8/95 Cataract Gorge Prosser 1 509500 5411400 50 R. Brereton C

tp:10193 14/8/95 Goose Island Goose Island 1 567500 5538500 25 B. Brown C

tp:672 26/11/93 Ransons Beach Cape Portland 1 556700 5478000 100 S. Bryant C

tp:8177 14/2/95 .2k N of Dyas-bay on Dyas-creek

Flinders Is Sp. 1 595800 5522700 100 R. Brereton C

tp:9073 22/3/95 Pine Valley Mersey 1 423300 5352800 100 T. Norris C

tp:9560 31/1/94 Clarke Island Swan Island 1 599000 5512000 9000 S. Harris C

tpo:9084 15/11/82 Birches River Spero 1 374077 5289850 18500 P. Brown C

List of TablesTable 1: Owl detectability at survey sites and time of night, moon phase and weather conditions Table 2: Description of Masked Owl responses recorded during the systematic survey between July and September, 1996. Table 3: Description of Southern Boobook responses recorded during the systematic survey between July and September, 1996.Table 4: Relationship between environmental parameters and the presence of owls. Table 5: The occurrence of Masked Owls by CPID vegetation type. Table 6: The occurrence of Masked Owls by IBRA biogeographic region. Table 7: The occurrence of Southern Boobooks by CPID vegetation type. Table 8: The occurrence of Southern Boobooks by IBRA biogeographic region. Table 9 Land tenure in the predicted distribution of Masked Owls. Table 10 Biophysical naturalness rating in the predicted distribution of Table 11 Forest communities in the predicted distribution of Masked Owls Table 12 Land tenure in the predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks Table 13 Biophysical naturalness rating in the predicted distribution of Table 14 Forest communities in the predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks)

List of Figures

Figure 1 Incidental site records of the Masked Owl in Tasmania: Figure 2 Known Masked Owl nest sites in Tasmania: Figure 3 Incidental site records of the Southern Boobook in Tasmania:Figure 4 Localities of systematic survey sites in Tasmania where the Southern Boobook was detected: Figure 5 Localities of systematic survey sites in Tasmania where the Masked Owl was detected:Figure 6 Predicted distribution Masked Owls in Tasmania. Figure 7 Predicted distribution of Masked Owl nesting habitat in Tasmania. Figure 8 Predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks in Tasmania.

Incidental site records of the Masked Owl

Figure 1 Incidental site records of the Masked Owl in Tasmania

Known Masked Owl nest sites

Figure 2 Known Masked Owl nest sites in Tasmania:

Includes both historical and current records (n = 26).

Incidental site records of the Southern Boobook

Figure 3: Incidental site records of the Southern Boobook in Tasmania

Localities of systematic survey sites where the Southern Boobook was detected

Figure 4 Localities of systematic survey sites in Tasmania where the Southern Boobook was detected

s = systematic survey sites; ¡ = sites where the Southern Boobook was detected.

Localities of systematic survey sites where the Masked Owl was detected

Figure 5 Localities of systematic survey sites in Tasmania where the Masked Owl was detected:

s = systematic survey sites; ¡ = sites where the Masked Owl was detected.

Predicted distribution Masked Owls

Figure 6 Predicted distribution Masked Owls in Tasmania.

The model is based on current and historic incidental site records of all types i.e. sightings, hearings, nest sites, roost sites, road kill and other accidental death records (n = 423). Areas shaded black represent areas where the probability of owl presence is at its highest (high probability). Areas shaded grey, light grey and white represent areas where the occurrence of owls is predicted to be moderate (moderate probability), low (low probability) or extremely low (extremely low probability) respectively.

Predicted distribution of Masked Owl nesting habitat

Figure 7 Predicted distribution of Masked Owl nesting habitat in Tasmania.

The model is based on both current and historic nest site records and other incidental records indicative of the proximity of nesting habitat such as the presence of juvenile birds and the regular activity of a pair of owls (n = 87). Areas shaded black represent areas where the probability of owl presence is at its highest (high probability). Areas shaded grey, light grey and white represent areas where the occurrence of owls is predicted to be moderate (moderate probability), low (low probability) or extremely low (extremely low probability) respectively.

Predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks

Figure 8 Predicted distribution of Southern Boobooks in Tasmania.

The model is based on both current and historic incidental site records of all types i.e. sightings, hearings, nest sites, roost sites, road kill and other accidental death records (n = 367). Areas shaded black represent areas where the probability of owl presence is at its highest (high probability). Areas shaded grey, light grey and white represent areas where the occurrence of owls is predicted to be moderate (moderate probability), low (low probability) or extremely low (extremely low probability) respectively.

· Web view5.1.3 Exploring past abundance and habits of the Masked Owl by carbon dating of cliff...

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