HGAP Fall Semester Review - IntroductionPart I –Mr., help DJ Pupil!

Hey guys, remember those damn acronyms that sounded really stupid and no one liked? Yeah. Here we go again.

M R H E L P ovement egion uman nviroment ocation lace

Mr. Help

T O D A L S I G S itle rientation ate uthor egend cale ndex rid ource

TODALSIGS

G R A C E F E L E overnment eligion rchitecture lothing ducation 00d conomy anguage ntertainment

GRACEFELE

J S C H I T S B C udaism hintoism hristianity induism slam aoism ikhism uddhism onfucianism

J. Schits B.C.

D J P U P I L enmark apan ortugal ruguay oland celand esotho

DJ Pupil

Über Important HGAP Person Why They’re “Important”Mercator Navigator, direction stays trueRobinson Distorted Map, yet accurate shapePeterson Keeps landmass equal in his mapWegner Pangaea/Continental DriftZelinsky Perceptions of regions (vernacular regions)

“What do you think of when you think of The South”Also labeled religions in the US

Sauer Cultural Landscape = visible human imprint of the Human Environment

Ravenstein 5 rules of migrationMalthus People grow exponentially, f00d grows linearly – would

lead to running out of f00d when population outpaced the f00d supply

Snow British doctor who found cholera in LondonJones Found that Sanskrit = similar to Latin + Greek

Grimm Studied sound shifts

w0w I’m screwed.f00d maibe? I’ll be right back.

While you’re waiting, look at this map of the Earth…

0° Equator

30°N

60°N

66.5°N Arctic Circle

23.5°N Tropic of Cancer

30°S

23.5°S

60°SAntarctic Circle

66.5°S

Tropic of Capricorn

Arrows reflect wind direction

Part II – The Oh-So-Creatively Titled “Introductory Unit”

Because there’s no better way to do it, this section will be primarily in sentence form

Article I.Article II. Climate + SeasonsThere are four seasons on Earth.

Winter on the Winter Solstice – Dec. 21st. The most directs rays from the sun fall on the Tropic of Capricorn.Spring starts on March 21st. It touches the equator at noon. This is one of the equinoxes. Summer begins on June 21st, the Summer Solstice. The most direct rays fall on the Tropic of Cancer.Fall starts on September 21st. This is the second equinox; the rays once again touch the equator at noon.

Time ZonesEarth turns 15° longitude each hour west->east. We have 24 time zones.They are very controversial, and are altered for political reasons.**FORMULA**

East -> add one hour/lineWest <- subtract one hour/lineWhen on a plane, always take the time you left + the number of hours on the plane, and THEN add and

subtract the number of time zones crossed.Count LINES not SPACES

Climographs (Practice for you!)1. Type: __________________

2. Place: __________________

3. Inches precipitation

4. Months of the year

5. Temperature scale

6. Bar graph: _______________

7. Line graph: _______________

Fill it out and bring it to me for five Oreos.

6 Factors of Climate (Look at your notes)1. Latitude (Low/Middle/High)2. Elevation – Trumps latitude. Higher = colder + less humid; Lower = warmer + humid3. Orographic/Rain shadow Effect – Prevailing winds lose moisture as they go up, and collect moisture as they

go down, making a desert4. Ocean currents – Clockwise/Counterclockwise North/South Hemisphere. Warm currents in the east, cool in

the west.5. Continentiality– The further you are from an ocean current, the more extreme your weather6. Prevailing Winds – Blow from high pressure areas to low pressure ones

a. 0-30 – East->West (Easterlies)b. 30-60 West->East (Westerlies)c. 60-90 East->West

These may be flipped sometimes, but they must stay on opposite sides

Section ReviewThere are 3 fundamental parts of a map – scale, projection, and symbols.

o For scale, the most efficient method is graphic form Scale has two meanings – distance, and spatial extent of a phenomenon

o Projection Mercator – 1569 – direction is always true, allowed navigators to plot directions with a straight

line Robinson – Meridians connect at the poles, giving more accurate shape Peter’s – Keeps landmass equal in area

Reference maps – locations of place + geographic features Thematic maps – tell stories Mental maps – maps of places we’ve been to + heard of Because maps are generalized, no micro scale phenomena is shown

Contour lines – show elevation by closeness of linesIsolines – Invisible lines of regional phenomenaGIS – Geographic information systemRegions – area w/ same characteristics (physical, cultural, etc)

Formal region – shared trait (cultural/physical) Functional region – has a particular set of activities/interactions w/in it Perceptual region – how we perceive a region

o These constantly change cuz of media ‘n’ ghosts ‘n’ stuffAnthopocene – the epoch of the role of humans on the environmentPangaea – you should know what this is ._.Tectonic plates can – diverge, converge, or transform (slide past)Environmental stress – human impact on the environment

Population, consumption, and technology affect thisPoor impact regional/local scale, whereas the rich impact the global scale

A small number of people have large demands, whereas large amount of people have small demandsConsumption=technology. Technology-> humans affecting the planet in large portions

UNCED + GEF try to help poor countries w/ env. problems, but since those countries don’t have money it’s hardCFCs – Chlorofluorocarbons

Montreal Protocol was gr10 Kyoto Agreement failed miserably

Yay, we’re done with that stupid unit. What are we, in 5th grade? Looking right at you, Ayaz. Ok. Let’s move on to some real, HGAP people stuff.

HGAP Fall Semester Review – The Real Thing Part II – Don’t be in a crude refugee moodI. Vocab

1. Population/Arithmetic population Density – Total population relative to land size2. Physiologic population Density - #ppl/area of agriculturally productive land

a) Usually more correct3. Carrying capacity – Max # of people an area can support using all resources + technology

b) For developed countries, this is high4. Ecumene – Portion of Earth’s surface suitable for permanent human settlement5. Cartogram – Map w/ distortion due to population 6. Natural Increase – Births-Deaths7. RNI – Rate of Natural Increase8. Death control – Less people die earlier9. TFR – Total fertility rate (avg. # of kids child bearing woman has)

a) To keep population stable w.o immigration, TFR≥2.110. Aging index – number of people over 65 per 100 kids 0-14

a) Europe has some of the highest, Africa has some of the lowest ratios11. CBR (crude birth rate) – births/yr/1000 ppl12. CDR (crude death rate) – deaths/yr/1000 ppl13. CMR (child mortality rate) – deaths w/in first five years of life14. IMR (infant mortality rate) – deaths w/in first year of life15. Chronic disease – heart attacks, etc. Usually in developed countries where people live longer

16. Vectored disease – through a source such as a mosquitoa) Nonvectored disease – person to person

17. Remittances – money migrants send home to family18. Gravity model – Interaction of places based on population size and distance between them19. Push + Pull factors=pull – bring people to a place; push – make people leave from a place

a) Push factors are usually more reliable, because we have experienced them20. Step migration – Move to final destination in stages (village->town->city)

a) Leads to intervening opportunity – people stop at a place for an opportunity21. Labor migration – guest workers (Africans to Europe)

a) Work to support familyb) Countries pull out these workers before wars beginc) Germany + Nigeria two most affected

22. Refugee – person who crosses int’l boundary(ies) for fear of persecutiona) Asylum – right to protection in the first country a refugee arrivesb) Repatriation – Returning refugees to homeland

23. IDP (internally displaced person) – Internal refugee, does NOT cross international boundaries, stays in country, does NOT get refugee status

24. Kinship links – people tell others to move to a place, causing chain migration + migration wave25. Overseas Chinese – contract laborers in SE Asia, now leaders in finance + economy26. Restrictive immigration – Laws limiting/outlawing immigration of 1+ group

a) US and European immigrantsII. General Notes ‘n’ stuffA. Population

1. Population concentrations are around coasts and river except in Europe, where they are also around coal mines2. Population is NEVER distributed evenly

a) In Egypt, 98% of the citizens live on 3% of the land3. ¼ of the world’s population is in East Asia

c) Europe + Asia = 4 billion people2. Megalopolis – HUGEEEE urban agglomerationa) Bosnywash (Boswash) counts for 20% of the US population3. Malthus – food grows linearly, population grows exponentiallyb) However, food is not spatially confined, and does grow exponentiallyc) Neo-Malthusians still believe there will be a population problem4. Africa has a high RNI, but people die young so the population is young5. If the population is aging, you have to open the doors to immigration

a) Causes loss of culture6. Sri Lanka – only country in South Asia growing below the average7. Russia – social dislocation

a) Guys smoke, drink, heroin, AIDS, so woman live like 12 years more then they do8. 2 major impacts on the world population

a) The aging population in China, Europe, Japanb) Fertility rates in developing countries

9. Communist societies have EXPANSIVE population policies10. EUGENIC population policies favor one race/culture over others11. RESTRICTIVE population policies try to reduce the population (China)12. U.N. POPULATION CONFRENCE

a) 1st in Bucharest, then Mexico City, then Cairo(1) In Cairo, they tried to make people teach sex ed, but religious groups said NO

B. Health1. 65% of diseases are infectious

a) Marasmus – bad protein, not enough caloriesb) Kwashiorkor – protein malnutritionc) The rest of diseases are chronic/ degenerative (inherited)

2. In poor countries, if you survive childhood, you’ll be ok. Unless you get AIDS. If you get AIDS you’re fucked HAHAHHAHAHA get it cuz ok no I’m done

C. Migration1. Three types

a) Cyclic – short periods from home (activity space, nomadism)b) Periodic – longer periods from home (migrant labor, military service, transhumance)c) Migration – permanent, may never come home (international/transnational moving)(2) Internal migration – migration w/in borders, like to the Sunbelt + Far West. Happens when economy is gr10

2. Voluntary migration – weighs options + choices and then decides to leave3. Forced migration – Forced. Obviously.

4. Half of the world’s refugees come from Israel + Afghanistana) Soviet invasion caused a double migration from Afghanistan

5 biggest forced migrations

African Slave Trade British convicts to Australia

U.S. taking Native land Non-Russians to Siberia Jews moving from W Europe

Ravenstein’s 5 laws of migrationEvery migration flow causes a counter migration

Majority of migrants move short distances

Longer distances = big city destinations

Urban residents are less migratory than rural ones

Families are less likely to int’l move than young adults

Migration WavesEurope->North America South Europe->Central+South

AmericaBritian + Ireland->Africa +

AustraliaAfrica->America (slavery era) India->East Africa, SE Asia,

Carribean

Demographic Transition ModelLevels of Industry

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary QuinaryContact w/ the earth (farmer) Transform raw materials

(factory)Services (doctor, salon, etc.) Technology (Apple, Apple,

Apple)Research (GFK, Neilson)

Problems with this model:Does not fit every state and their situation(s)

Based solely off of the Industrial Revolution in EuropeDoes not happen exactly this way all the time

Things to note:This is not a cycle. Once it reaches Stage 4, it stays there or goes back to Stage

3Fluctuates a lot

Ignore Stage 5, which is highly theoretical. Focus only on 1-4.

Population Pyramids

Developing Transitional Developed

Wide baseLooks like a pyramidLots of young people

Few older people

Curves in at the middle ageWorking class + seniors even

Very cylindricalEven through all ages

Part III – Culture Dances Gracefele, Like MeA. Culture

4. Folk/Local Culture – Small, homogenous, rural, cohesive group preserving culturea) Two main goals – keep others out, keep their culture in

5. Popular Culture – Large, heterozygous, urban, quickly changinga) Main paths of diffusion – transportation, marketing, communications

6. Material Culture – what people construct ‘n’ stuff7. Nonmaterial Culture – ideologies, beliefs, practices, etc.8. 18-1900s – period of assimilation in U.S. w/ Native Americans. Also happened in Canada, Australia, Russia9. Cultural appropriation – when cultures adopt stuff from other culture and use it for their gain

a) Caused by popular culture transportation + communication10. Antibaptists – broke off Catholic + Protestant churches

a) Old Amish, Hutterites, Mennonites11. Today, local cultures can’t re engage old traditions on their own

a) Makah Indians + whale hunt12. Neolocalism – Regional cultures not interfering w/ popular culture, “stuck in time”

a) RURAL places like Little Sweden, Kansas13. Ethnic neighborhood – Like neolocalism, but urban14. Commodification – Something that’s not meant to be bought/sold becomes a product

a) Causes authenticity – one “authentic” experience the buyer wants(1) Irish pub

15. Distance decay is no longer useful, instead time-space compression – how fast innovations diffuse depends on how interlocked they are thru transport + communicationa) This means that places w/out trans + communication even less connectedb) This also means that some ideas diffuse to places faster than others, even if they have the same distance

B. Identities1. Modern ideas of race come from the European era of exploration + colonialism2. Skin color theories

a) Melanin made by sunlight, protects against UV rays + darkens skinb) Vitamin D made by UV rays, so people in high latitudes had light skin to absorb lightc) However, skin color DOES NOT mean scat about genetic closeness

3. US historically white + nonwhite4. Residential Segregation – Degree to which 2+ groups live separated

a) Declining for black peopleb) Most diverse areas = most new immigrants

5. Sense of place – Attaching meaning + feeling to identity6. Ethnicity – Comes from the idea that people are bounded in a place over time. Used when racial distinction cannot be made7. Chinatown in Mexicali – brought their own culture in + impacted the environment8. Places are always gendered9. Power relationships – assumptions about who’s in control and who has power

a) Men are usually in chargeb) Affects assimilation

10. GNI of countries don’t include unpaid household labor + work done by rural women in poor countriesa) 70% of food in Sub-Saharan Africa made by womenb) If women were paid for work, GNI of the world would increase by 1/3c) However, good is coming. In Uganda, 20% of legislative seats must be women, in Rwanda it’s 50%

11. Indian girls are undervalued b/c of the dowry, so are often aborted12. When economy takes a downturn, we blame the other culture(s)

C. Analyzing things ‘n’ things1. Dr. Snow – 1850 Soho District of London, mapped Cholera2. Cultural landscape – Built landscape3. Sequent occupance – sequential imprint of occupants

a) Tanzania – Arabs->Germans->Brits->Self Rule4. Culture trait – single attribute of culture5. Cultural complex – a unique combination of traits defined to ONE culture6. Cultural hearth – where cultural traits develop + diffuse from7. Independent invention – Trait developed in more than one hearth, but they have no influence from each other

a) Agriculture8. Time-distance decay – farther something is + longer it takes to get to a place = less likely it is to be implemented9. Cultural barriers – barriers blocking cultural diffusion of certain traits due to culture10. Expansion diffusion – When an idea stays strong in a hearth AND spreads out11. Migrant diffusion – When an idea that fails in a place is carried by people to a new area 12. Relocation diffusion – When people who have already adopted an idea carry it to a new place13. 3 moar types of diffusion

a) Contagious – all adjacent places + people affectedb) Hierarchical – Main path of diffusion will be most affectedc) Stimulus – Ideas indirectly cause a new, adapted cultural trait

14. Environmental determinism – human behavior affected by environmenta) Rejected by most geographers

15. Possibilism – everything is possible16. Cultural ecology – how environment affects humans

D. Extra vocab1. Enfranchisement – right to vote2. Xenophobia – fear of foreigners + foreign things3. Stereotype – over-generalized opinion on a group of people4. Acculturation – adopting traits from another culture, but for good things5. Assimilation – adapting to the major culture to become similar6. Ethnocentrism – judging others based on our values

Damn, that was pretty fast. Hm. Wtvr.

Part IV – Jesus Christ, why are you sitting under the Bodhi Tree, Confucius?A. General Religion

1. Zoroastrianisma) No known founder, but developed in SW Asiab) First monotheistic religion

2. Positives + Negatives of religiona) Helps educate people – Pb) Blocks science – N

3. Ethnic religion – Religion to which people are born into, does not seek converts activelya) Usually spatially concentrated, except for Judaism

4. Universalizing religion – One that believes it fits everyone’s idealsa) Buddhism , Christianity, Islam

5. Three major classifications a) Monotheistic – One godb) Polytheistic – Many godsc) Animistic – Believe that inanimate objects can shape the world

6. Communist governments try to get rid of religion, because it unites people and goes against communist principles7. Europe is the most secular (indifferent/rejecting to religion) in the world8. World map of Religions has a big problem – some people do not actively practice9. French schools banned religious symbols

B. From the Hearth of South Asia (White Indian people you know who you are)1. Hinduism

a) No official founder; started in Pakistan. Brahman is the god. Can be considered mono or polytheistic, ethnicb) Ethnic religion, some follow the Vidas. Karma is the fundamental doctrinec) Bali is an exclave of Hinduism in Indonesiad) Cultural Landscape of Hinduism = Cultural Landscape of India

2. Sikhisma) SYNCRETIC – Combination of two religions – Islam + Hinduism in this case

3. Buddhisma) Founded by Prince Siddhartha (who despised the Hindu Caste system) in Nepal. No longer strong there, universalizing. Buddha is the

monotheistic godb) Two major branches – Mahayana, Theravada. Zen Buddhism in Japanc) Small, but growing in numbers

4. Shintoisma) Also exists in Japan as an ethnic religion that is also animistic

C. From the Huang He River Valley (all Asians who’s names are Huang or He)1. Taoism

a) Tao-te-Ching is the sacred text, which Lao-Tsu published. They are ethnic + monotheistic, like feng-shui2. Confucianism

a) Founded by Confucius, who wrote 13 Confucius Classics, blueprint for China. Monotheistic + ethnicD. From the East Mediterranean Hearth (does anybody know Frankish?)

1. Judaisma) Abraham is the founder, made pact that God will protect Jews if they worship only himb) Monotheistic + Ethnic, Zionism – idea that Jews should have a homeland

2. Christianitya) Jesus is the founder, it’s monotheistic + universalizingb) Three main sects

(1) Orthodox, Catholic(biggest, in Central + South America), Protestantc) Über diffused b/c of European colonialism

3. Islama) Muhammad born in Mecca, universalizing + monotheisticb) Only Allah is pure; Sunni +Shi’ite sects

(1) Shi’ite=Iran=PersiansE. Jerusalem

1. Western wall holy for Jews2. Dome of the Rock sacred to Muslims3. Church of the Holy Sepulchre holy to Christians

F. Religious Landscapes

1. In Hinduism, building temples bestows merit2. Bodhi is the tree of enlightenment in Buddhism. Stupas are the bell shaped shrines.3. Buddhists, Hindus, and Shintos cremate the dead4. Whereas a Catholic church is ornate, a Protestant church is simple5. Muslim people are called five times a day to prayer from minarets

a) Hajj – pilgrimage to MeccaG. X-Boundary

1. Interfaith boundary – conflicts b/w major world faitha) Israel – Palestinians + Israelisb) Nigeria – Christians + Muslimsc) Yugoslavia – Like every single culture all together

(1) Balkan Peninsula – dives religions + languages2. Intrafaith boundary – conflicts b/w sects of a major single faith

a) Northern Ireland – Protestant + CatholicH. Fundamentalism – Movement to return to religious foundations

1. Christianitya) Holy Family Church

2. Judaisma) Orthodox sect

3. Islama) Caused by Western influenceb) Afghanistan was under Taliban rule

4. Tied closely with extremism, which is fundamentalism to the point of violence

Part V – ÄÖÕíëåðßþćüĭđÛø (pronounced a-oishtt-swu-duq)A. Languages

1. Two opposing forces – preservation of local culture + globalization of popular culturea) Academie Francaise tries to keep other languages out of France

2. Languages bind peoplea) Colonial people made the people the conquered speak their languageb) Show how people view reality (Some African language = no god word, Asian = no chronology)

3. Can be a political weapon a) English-only problem in US, French problem in Quebec

4. Standard language – One that is published, widespread, taughta) Found in the Capitol of technologically advanced societies

5. Dialects – Slight variation in a language. “A language with an army behind it”a) Dialect chains – Dialects closer to each other are more alikeb) Isogloss – Boundary in which a linguistic phenomenon occurs

6. Indo-European is the most spoken language familya) English is the most important and widespread, due to colonialism

7. Madagascara) Speaks Austronesian, because the Asians got there before the Africans

8. Most of European is either Romance, Germanic, or Slavic except for Turkey, Basque, Finland, Hungary, Estonia9. Africa was Khoisan until the Bantu invasion of Niger-Congo languages

B. Language Ideas1. Mutual Intelligibility – Idea that two people can understand each other while speaking

a) Two problems – it’s almost impossible to measure, and sometimes different languages can understand each other2. Proto-Indo-European

a) Jones, who studied Sanskrit, and Grimm, who studied sound shifts (constants get softer over time) discovered that there had to be an ancestor to Indo-European

b) This gives a hearth to Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit(1) Hearth is in the Black Sea or East Central Europe

c) 3 theories of diffusion(1) Conquest – people moved east->west on horseback overpowering people ‘n’ stuff(2) Agriculture – Every 25 yrs the frontier moved west+north 11 miles from Anatolia. Genetic evidence supports(3) Dispersal Hypothesis – Went to SW Asia, across the Caspian Sea, and through Russia/Ukraine into the Balkans

3. Two Russians used backward reconstruction (tracking sound shifts back to original language) to make vocab of P-I-E. Then they used deep reconstruction (recreating the language that predated an ancient language) to find out that Nostratic, the ancestor of P-I-E, must have existed

4. Languages are made either thru divergence or convergence5. Expansion of languages – Gutenberg press (writing stabilizes languages) and rise of nation-states

a) Pre-literate societies are at disadvantage b/c there is not literature and can’t stabilize themselves6. Lingua Franca – language used for trade by members of speakers of different languages

a) Pidgin language – Simplified version of two languages together like Spanglishb) Creole language – Pidgin, but developed and now native to a group

7. Official language – state adopts it to unite people or to enter global economy8. Global language – English is the global language of trade + commerce9. Toponyms – A place-name, giving a place a character and meaning

a) Linked with commodification a lot of times

Essays

Tips: Take your time. You have 20 minutes. That’s a lot. If you rush, you’re gonna forget something and then crie.

Try to use examples more than definitions, because it shows that you pay attention Always leave a little space before starting the next question so that if you think of something else you can add, you have

space. If you don’t know an answer and you have time, summarize everything the unit was about.

If you don’t know an answer and don’t have time, rephrase the question into a statement. You’ll get a few points. Eat some chips and drink some water before you state. The salt and fat help you relax.

I’ve included three sample essays with questions for you guys to answer. Try to time yourself to make sure you’re not taking too long. You can then give me your essay(s) and I will give you a grade, out of

20, like usual.

Not all answers to the essay questions are in this review. Few, if any examples at all are in here. Don’t rely solely on this document.

Essay No 1

A. Define and describe the three types of migration.

B. Compare local and popular culture.

C. Discuss differences between religions of monotheistic and polytheistic faith.

D. Compare lingua francas to pidgeon languages in detail.

Essay No 2

A. Discuss the Montreal Protocol and its role on CFCs.

B. Why was Europe the source for many emigrants from Africa?

C. Describe the modern theories on human skill color and their role in ethnicity.

D. Identify languages’ role as political weapons with appropriate examples.

Essay No 3

A. Name Ravenstein’s five laws of migration.

B. Discuss the ideas of Malthus and Neo-Malthusians.

C. Explain why developing nations are afraid to lose local culture.

D. Why was the Gutenberg invented, and what did it cause?

V1nyls are friends not f00d Tr33s are f00d not friends