Multiple Choice Review – Energy Processing

1. Stomata play an important role in the homeostasis of a plant. Which statement regarding stomata is true?

a. Stomata control the concentration of gases in the plant.b. When water concentrations are low in the plant, stomata will open.c. Gases are moved through the stomata via active transport.d. Gibberellins control the opening and closing of the stomata.

2. Two different methods of thermoregulation have evolved in animals: endothermy and ectothermy. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding endotherms?

a. Endotherms burn more calories than ectotherms of the same mass. b. Endotherms are able to be at maximum metabolism whenever necessary.c. Endotherms are able to maintain an internal temperature within a range of about 1⁰C.d. Warm-blooded animals may go long periods without eating.

3. Many poisons act by disrupting metabolism. Oligomycin inhibits the production of ATP in cellular respiration. This means that oligomycin most likely disrupts the action of:

a. Oxidative phosphorylationb. The Krebs cyclec. Oxidation of pyruvated. Glycolysis

4. Orchids belong to one of the largest families of flowering plants. With colorful blooms, they can be found in almost all habitats. What plant behavior is being exhibited by the orchid shown below?

a. Phototropismb. Photosynthesisc. Gravitropismd. Apical dominance

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5. Although all wine is produced via alcohol fermentation, champagne includes not only alcohol, but also bubbles. After the initial fermentation, yeast and sugar are added to champagne bottles, which are then sealed. How would this lead to carbonation?

a. The lactic acid from the fermentation is released after the bottle is sealed.b. The carbonation results from O2, a product of respiration.c. The CO2 that results from the second fermentation is sealed inside the bottle.d. The second fermentation is exponentially stronger than the first, producing more gas.

6. In chemical reactions, molecules are both oxidized and reduced. Which of the following is an adequate description of the chemical reaction that occurs during photosynthesis?

a. H2O is reduced when it is converted to O2.b. CO2 is oxidized when it is converted into a sugar.c. H2O is the reducing agent because it donates an electron.d. CO2 is the reducing agent because it accepts an electron.

7. Iodine is stored in a dark bottle to prevent degradation of the solution. What would cause this degradation?

a. Iodine is denatured by exposure to oxygen gas.b. Exposure to light excites electrons that spark the start of the degradation. c. Excited electrons from neighboring items spark the start of the degradation.d. Chemicals in clear glass spark the degradation.

8. Metabolic pathways in mitochondria result in energy conversion. During aerobic respiration, energy conversion is completed by the citric acid cycle and chemiosmosis. In regards to chemiosmosis, which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. High concentrations of H+ inside the mitochondrial matrix and low concentrations in the intermembrane space fuel the H+ gradient that powers chemiosmosis.

b. Each turn of the citric acid cycle creates 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 that enter the electron transport chain.

c. FADH2 results in less ATP synthesis than NADH because it donates electrons lower down on the electron transport chain.

d. The reduction of O2 to H2O is the final step in the citric acid cycle.

9. What is cyclic electron flow?a. A process that creates ATP to fuel the Calvin cycle.b. An alternative method of photosynthesis that fuels photorespiration.c. A type of electron flow that involves both photosystems I and II.d. The process during photosynthesis which splits a water molecule, generating O2.

10. It has recently been discovered that blue-green algae (photosynthetic bacteria) can adjust the wavelength of light that they use. It is most likely that they adjust the:

a. Timing of photosynthesisb. Chloroplast numberc. Photosynthetic mechanismd. Photosynthetic pigments

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11. During cellular respiration, at what point is oxygen used?a. Oxygen is a product of the citric acid cycle.b. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.c. Oxygen is used in the transformation of glucose into pyruvate.d. Oxygen donates electrons to start the electron transport chain.

12. What is the key difference between an ectotherm and an endotherm?a. Ectotherms are “cold-blooded” animals with body temperatures that cannot reach the

high body temperatures of endotherms.b. Endotherms have closed circulatory systems while ectotherms have open circulatory

systems.c. Ectotherms derive body temperature mainly from their surroundings; endotherms

derive body temperature mainly from metabolism.d. Ectotherms are all invertebrates; endotherms are all vertebrates.

13. Photorespiration is a process believed to be evolutionary baggage from an earlier time when the atmosphere had more CO2 than O2. Which of the following statements concerning photorespiration is correct?

a. It occurs when rubisco binds O2 instead of CO2.b. It produces O2.c. It creates ATP.d. It decreases photosynthetic output.

14. Adenosine triphosphate provides the energy used by living organisms. Which of the following is true about this molecule?

a. It includes two phosphate groups.b. The phosphate groups attract each other, since they each have a positive charge. c. It is composed of the nucleotide adenine.d. It is used to fuel endergonic reactions.

15. Which statement provides an accurate similarity between photosynthesis and respiration?a. At some point in each process, ATP is created.b. They are carried out in both animal and plant cells.c. Both are anabolic.d. Both use oxygen.

16. An excited electron cannot do which of the following?a. Release energy in the form of heat.b. Transfer energy to a neighboring pigment molecule.c. Release energy in the form of light.d. Transfer energy to a neighboring photon.

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Questions #17-18 refer to the following diagram:

17. According the flow chart, which of the following is not true of catabolic reaction within the cell?a. Polysaccharide metabolism is the only pathway that creates NADH.b. The metabolism of all foods produce acetyl CoA for the Krebs cycle.c. Only simple sugars are processed through glycolysis.d. Lipid metabolism does not produce pyruvate.

18. Use the flow chart above to determine the waste products of protein catabolism.a. NH3

b. NH3, ATPc. NH3, H2Od. NH3, H2O, CO2

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19. As seen in the below equation, purple and green bacteria use hydrogen sulfide as an energy source.

CO2 + 2H2S CH2O + H2O + 2S Is this equation more similar to photosynthesis or cellular respiration?

a. Cellular respiration because carbon dioxide is a reactant and water is a product.b. Photosynthesis because carbon dioxide has been fixed.c. Cellular respiration because energy is not released.d. Photosynthesis because carbon dioxide is a reactant and water is a product.

20. Which of the following correctly explains auxin’s role in phototropism?a. Auxin migrates to the dark side of the plant stem, elongating the dark side cells causing

it to bend toward the light.b. Auxin on the dark side of the plant elongates the cells, while auxin on the light side of

the plant has no effect on cell size.c. Light binds to receptors on the cell surface and generates a transcription factor for the

auxin gene.d. In the presence of light, auxin is activated to stunt cell growth.

21. Prokaryotic photosynthetic pathways were the foundation of eukaryotic pathways. All of the following support this statement except:

a. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane.b. The genetic material of chloroplasts replicates independently of the host cell.c. Photosynthetic prokaryotes contain structures similar to photosystem I.d. Photosynthetic eukaryotes use chlorophyll to excite electrons, while cyanobacteria use

phycobilins to perform the same function.

22. Which of the following metabolic processes cannot occur without a net influx of energy from some other process?

a. ATP + H2O ADP + Pi

b. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2Oc. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

d. sucrose fructose + glucose

23. Cyclic photophosphorylation likely evolved prior to non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Why is this cyclic energy flow still important in photosynthetic organisms?

a. It produces the majority of ATP required by the cell.b. It produces additional ATP to fuel the Calvin cycle.c. It produces glucose, while non-cyclic energy flow produces only ATP.d. It does not require chemiosmosis, as in non-cyclic flow.

24. Which of the following incorrectly matches the location and process of respiration in eukaryotic cells?

a. Cytosol – glycolysisb. Cytosol – pyruvate oxidationc. Mitochondrial matrix – citric acid cycled. Inner membrane – electron transport chain

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25. Chloroplasts and mitochondria both possess internal membranes. Which of the following is true regarding these membranes?

a. These membranes contain the gaseous products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

b. Enzymes embedded in these membranes catalyze the synthesis and hydrolysis of glucose.

c. Proton gradients develop across these membranes and power ATP synthesis.d. These membranes are vestiges of pre-symbiotic development and serve no purpose.

26. Why do some animals not require a circulatory or respiratory system?a. Energetic animals can move nutrients by muscle movement.b. Circulation and respiration is accomplished by diffusion in small, flat animals.c. The surface-to-volume ratio is too low for these systems to operate in some animals.d. The interior cells are far away from the outside cells in some animals.

27. Spinach leaves are green becausea. Chlorophyll absorbs green light.b. Excited electrons emit green light as they fall back to their resting state.c. Green light is not used in photosynthesis.d. Chlorophyll reflects green light.

28. In the process to make red wine, malolactic fermentation is utilized. In malolactic fermentation, malic acid, which is naturally found in grapes, is converted to lactic acid. The image below shows a paper chromatography result sheet. In this experiment, a wine was tested for the presence of acids. What can be determined from this image?

a. This wine has a larger proportion of lactic acid to tartaric acid.b. This wine was switched to photorespiration.c. The wine has not completed the conversion from malic acid to lactic acid.d. The wine only contains tartaric acid.

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29. Cytokinins are an important plant hormone. Which of the following is not an action of cytokinins?

a. Stimulate cell divisionb. Slow the process in which chlorophyll breaks downc. Inhibit the rate of photosynthesisd. Stimulate cell differentiation

30. Photosynthesis involves the movement of electrons. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

a. CO2 ATP G3Pb. H2O NADPH G3Pc. CO2 NADPH O2

d. H2O G3P O2

31. Bioluminescence, such as the glow of a firefly, is the production of light resulting from a chemical reaction. Therefore, bioluminescence is the opposite of which other chemical processes?

a. Cellular respirationb. Photosynthesisc. Glycolysisd. Fermentation

32. Crocodilians do not have the typical reptilian heart. Instead, their heart resembles birds and mammals. Which of the following must be true?

a. Crocodilians have two atria and one ventricle.b. Crocodilians have a low rate of oxygenated blood.c. The crocodilian ventricle is partially divided.d. Crocodilians have a four-chambered heart.

33. Which of the following correctly lists the order of steps in cellular respiration?a. Glycolysis, decarboxylation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chainb. Decarboxylation, citric acid cycle, glycolysis, electron transport chainc. Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chaind. Citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis

34. Winemaking is a complicated process that involves patented yeast strains and perfect conditions for grape production. Which statement does not describe the type of fermentation that occurs during this process?

a. CO2 is a product.b. Oxygen is not needed.c. There is a net gain of 2 ATP.d. There is a net gain of NADH.

35. Most CO2 from catabolism is released during which process?a. Glycolysisb. The citric acid cyclec. The Calvin cycled. Oxidation of pyruvate

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36. What is the difference between the mitochondrial and the photosynthetic electron transport chain?

a. The final electron acceptor in photosynthesis is NADPH while in respiration it is O2.b. The mitochondrial electron transport chain is more powerful than the photosynthetic

electron transport chain.c. In photosynthesis, the electron transport chain creates glucose while in respiration it

creates ATP.d. In photosynthesis, the electron transport chain is located in the outer membrane while

in respiration it is located in the inner membrane.

37. Which statement is true about an herbicide that disrupts the action of photosystem I?a. No ATP will be created.b. Oxygen will not be released.c. Additional CO2 will be required for the light reactions to continue.d. NADP cannot be reduced to NADPH.

38. Net primary productivity is equal to the rate of photosynthesis minus the energy used in cellular respiration. Net primary productivity will be the least in:

a. Temperate broadleaf forestb. Arid desertsc. Tree savannad. Tropical rainforests

39. Cellular respiration can be broken down into two categories: aerobic and anaerobic. Which of the following correctly contrasts the two processes?

a. Aerobic respiration creates less ATP than anaerobic respiration.b. Anaerobic respiration uses chemiosmosis while aerobic respiration does not.c. Aerobic uses an electron transport chain while anaerobic respiration does not.d. Aerobic respiration creates CO2 as a product while anaerobic respiration does not.

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Question #40 refers to the following diagram:

Source: Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell.Campbell Biology.Boston: Benjamin Cummings / Pearson Education, 2011. Print.

40. Cellular respiration is regulated via feedback mechanisms. Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that is inhibited and activated by different molecules. Based on your knowledge of respiration and the info in the diagram above, which of the following statements is true?

a. As muscles deplete their supply of ATP into AMP, phosphofructokinase is stimulated and respiration creates additional ATP.

b. When the body is at rest, ATP activates phosphofructokinase so that adequate energy is available at any time.

c. When AMP is present, glucose will not be broken down.d. A buildup of citrate, from the citric acid cycle, slows down glycolysis so that additional

ATP can be created.

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Quantitative Review – Energy Processing

1. The wavelength and frequency of a photon determines the energy level of that photon. The wavelength of a photon is directly proportional to velocity and indirectly proportional to frequency as shown in the following equation: λ = v/f. What is the frequency, in seconds, of a photon with a wavelength of 525 nm and a velocity of 3.00 x 108 m/s?

2. In cellular respiration, NADH AND FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain in an effort to create ATP. FADH2 donates electrons at a different location on the chain than NADH and, therefore, results in the creation of less ATP than NADH. In fact, every FADH2 molecule creates 1.5 ATP while every NADH molecule creates 2.5 ATP. In a catabolic process that results in 11 NADH and 3 FADH2, how many ATP can be created from the electron transport chain?

3. During the process of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to release energy. A byproduct of the process is heat, which endotherms use to maintain a constant body temperature. The efficiency of respiration is a calculation that determines what percentage of glucose is actually converted to ATP, as opposed to being released as heat. Efficiency is expressed as a percentage. Use the following information to calculate the percentage of the oxidation of glucose that is stored in ATP. The oxidation of one mole of glucose under standard conditions releases 686 kcal/mol. The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP stores 7.3 kcal/mol and, under best conditions, cellular respiration creates 32 ATP.

4. Phycobilins are light-capturing molecules found in cyanobacteria. For phycobilin photons with a speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s and a frequency of 4.62 x 1014 s, what is the wavelength of the phycobilin photon, in nm?

5. A scientist is testing new equipment that detects ATP creation during cellular respiration. During the first test, 23 molecules of ATP are detected from the breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose. Knowing that the optimal amount of ATP possible is 32, what is the percent error of the experiment?

6. A microrespirometer was used to collect data on the respiration of germinating peas. Calculate the rate of cellular respiration, in cm/min, during first five minutes of the experiment.

Total Time (min) Total distance fluid has moved (cm)

Change in fluid position (cm)

0 0.04 0.04

5 0.06 0.02

10 0.09 0.03

15 0.11 0.02

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ANSWER KEY

1. A2. D3. A4. A5. C6. C7. B8. C9. A10. D11. B12. C13. D14. D15. A16. D17. A18. D19. B20. A21. D22. C23. B24. B

25. C26. B27. D28. C29. C30. B31. B32. D33. A34. D35. B36. A37. D38. B39. C40. A

1. 5.71 x 1014 s2. 32 ATP3. 34%4. 651 nm5. 28%6. 0.004 cm/min

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