Geology; Rocks Soil Formation Soil Deposits Soil Mineralogy Soil Structure Engineering
Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all...
Transcript of Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all...
![Page 1: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Weathering and Mass Wasting
The Beginnings of Erosion, Slope Formation and Landscape Evolution
![Page 2: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Earth’s external processes • Weathering – the physical breakdown
(disintegration) and chemical alteration
(decomposition) of rock at or near Earth’s
surface
• Mass wasting – the transfer of rock and soil
downslope under the influence of gravity
![Page 3: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Earth’s external processes
• Erosion – the physical removal of material
by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice, or
gravity
![Page 4: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Weathering
• Two types of weathering
• Mechanical weathering – breaking of rocks
into smaller pieces
• Four types of mechanical weathering
– Frost wedging – alternate freezing and thawing
of water in fractures and cracks promotes the
disintegration of rocks
![Page 5: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Frost wedging
![Page 6: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Increase in surface area by
mechanical weathering
![Page 7: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Weathering • Mechanical Weathering continued
–Unloading – exfoliation of igneous and
metamorphic rocks at the Earth’s surface due to
a reduction in confining pressure
–Thermal expansion – alternate expansion and
contraction due to heating and cooling
–Biological activity – disintegration resulting from
plants and animals
![Page 9: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Exfoliation of igneous rocks
![Page 10: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Joint-controlled weathering
in igneous rocks
![Page 14: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Weathering • Chemical Weathering
• Breaks down rock components and the
internal structures of minerals
• Most important agent involved in chemical
weathering is water (responsible for
transport of ions and molecules involved in
chemical processes)
![Page 18: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Weathering • Major processes of chemical weathering
• Dissolution
–Aided by small amounts of acid in the water
– Soluble ions are retained in the underground
water supply
• Oxidation
–Any chemical reaction in which a compound or
radical loses electrons
![Page 19: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Weathering
• Major processes of chemical weathering
• Oxidation continued
– Important in decomposing ferromagnesian
minerals
• Hydrolysis
–The reaction of any substance with water
–Hydrogen ion attacks and replaces other positive
ions
![Page 20: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Weathering
• Alterations caused by chemical weathering
• Decomposition of unstable minerals
• Generation or retention of materials that are
stable
• Physical changes such as the rounding of
corners or edges
![Page 21: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Weathering • Rates of weathering
• Advanced mechanical weathering aids chemical weathering by increasing the surface area
• Others factors affecting weathering
• Rock characteristics
–Rocks containing calcite (marble and limestone) readily dissolve in weakly acidic solutions
![Page 22: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Weathering
• Others factors affecting weathering
• Rock characteristics continued
– Silicate minerals weather in the same order as
their order of crystallization
• Climate
–Temperature and moisture are the most crucial
factors
–Chemical weathering is most effective in areas of
warm, moist climates
![Page 23: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Weathering
• Differential weathering
• Masses of rock do not weather uniformly due
to regional and local factors
• Results in many unusual and spectacular
rock formations and landforms
![Page 24: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Soil • Soil is a combination of mineral and organic
mater, water, and air
• That portion of the regolith (rock and
mineral fragments produced by weathering)
that supports the growth of plants
![Page 25: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Typical components in a soil
that yield good plant growth
![Page 26: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Soil
• Factors controlling soil formation
• Parent material
–Residual soil – parent material is the underlying
bedrock
–Transported soil – forms in place on parent
material that has been carried from elsewhere
and deposited
![Page 27: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Soil • Factors controlling soil formation
• Time
– Important in all geologic processes
–Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils depending on geologic and climatic conditions
• Climate
–Most influential control of soil formation
–Key factors are temperature and precipitation
![Page 28: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Mass Wasting and
landform development
• Mass wasting refers to the downslope
movement of rock, regolith, and soil
under the direct influence of gravity
• Role of mass wasting
• Geologic process that often follows
weathering
• Combined effects of mass wasting and
running water produce stream valleys
![Page 29: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Mass Wasting and
landform development
• For mass wasting to occur, there must be
a slope angle
• Most rapid events occur in areas of
rugged, geologically young mountains
• As a landscape ages, less dramatic
downslope movements occur
![Page 30: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Controls and triggers of
mass wasting
• Gravity is the controlling force
• Important triggers include
• Saturation of the material with water
–Diminishes particle cohesion
–Water adds weight
• Oversteepening of slopes
– Stable slope angle (angle of repose) is
different for various materials
![Page 31: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Controls and triggers of
mass wasting
• Important triggers include
• Oversteepening of slopes
–Oversteepened slopes are unstable
• Removal of anchoring vegetation
• Ground vibrations from earthquakes
–May cause expensive property damage
–Can cause liquefaction – water saturated surface materials behave as fluid-like masses that flow
![Page 32: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Classification of mass
wasting events
• Generally each event is classified by
• Type of material involved
–Debris
–Mud
–Earth
–Rock
![Page 34: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Classification of mass
wasting events
• Generally each event is classified by
• Type of motion
– Fall (free-falling pieces)
– Slide (material moves along a surface as a coherent mass)
– Flow (material moves as a chaotic mixture)
• The velocity of the movement
– Fast
– Slow
![Page 35: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Forms of mass wasting • Slump
• Movement of a mass of rock or uncon-
solidated material as a unit along a curved
surface
• Occurs along oversteepened slopes
![Page 36: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Pacific Palisades 2/4/56
![Page 37: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Forms of mass wasting • Rockslide
• Blocks of bedrock slide down a slope
• Generally very fast and destructive
• Debris flow (mudflow)
• Consists of soil and regolith with a large
amount of water
• Often confined to channels
![Page 39: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Forms of mass wasting • Debris flow
• Serious hazard in dry areas with heavy rains
• Debris flows composed mostly of volcanic
materials on the flanks of volcanoes are
called lahars
![Page 44: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
A lahar from the 1980
Mt. St. Helens eruption
![Page 45: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Valtellina Debris Flow- Dolomite Mountains, Italy
![Page 46: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Forms of mass wasting
• Earthflow
• Form on hillsides in humid regions
• Water saturates the soil
• Commonly involve materials rich in clay and
silt
![Page 53: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Weathering and Mass Wasting...Soil •Factors controlling soil formation •Time –Important in all geologic processes –Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071113/5fe9f5d21210507f8147ec24/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)