2015 Summer Weather Outlook Temperatures, Precipitation, Drought, and Hurricanes.
Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends...
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Transcript of Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends...
![Page 1: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
WeatherUnit 6 Climate & Weather
![Page 2: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Weather•Weather is the day to day
state of the atmosphere.
•Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds and visibility
•Driven by air masses
![Page 3: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Air Masses•Air Mass- large body of air
•Defined by temperature and dew point (moisture parameters)
•Air masses are classified based on the source region of the air mass itself.
•Air masses are classified by its source and thermal type.
![Page 4: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Air Mass ClassificationSource Regions Thermal Types
• Maritime (m) – originates over oceans or large bodies of water
• Continental (c) – originates over land
• m or c indicate influence of surface on air mass characteristics (water and land)
• Tropical (T) – from low latitudes
• Polar (P) – from mid-high latitudes
• Arctic (A) – from high latitudes (> 65°N)
• P and T suggest importance of latitude of source regions
![Page 5: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Air Mass Properties-Continental Polar (cP) Summer Winter
• Source – central Canada
• Ample warming of surface through insulation
• Melts snow and permafrost
• Cool, dry and sometimes unstable due to insulation heating of lower layers
• Source – Central Canada and Siberia
• Frozen surface – ice and snow
• Intense radiation cooling, lack of insulation heating
• Extremely cold, stable, and dry
• Clouds are non-existent
![Page 7: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Air Mass Properties •Continental Tropical
(cT)
• Summer Only
• Source – Northern Mexico and extreme SW deserts of US
• Hot, dry and unstable
![Page 8: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Air Mass PropertiesMaritime Polar (mP)Summer Winter
• Source – open oceans in high latitudes – Gulf of Alaska and North Atlantic
• Cool and moist in lower layers and cool and dry aloft
• Overall temperature higher than in winter
• Instability in lower layers
• Source – open oceans of high latitudes – Gulf of Alaska and North Atlantic
• cP air mass from Syberia becomes mP air mass as it moves over ocean▫ Lower layers modified by
warmer water surface• Cool, moist, unstable in
surface layers
• Cool, dry aloft
![Page 9: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Air Mass PropertiesMaritime Tropical (mT)
Summer Winter
• Source – semi permanent high centers near 15N
• Very warm, moist and unstable
• Source – over open ocean near 30N
• Great semi permanent subtropical high pressure centers and in SW Caribbean
• Warm, moist and very unstable
![Page 10: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fronts•Front- a narrow transition zone between two
or more air masses with different densities.
•Depends on temperature and humidity
•4 types of fronts:▫Cold▫Warm▫Stationary ▫Occluded
![Page 11: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Front Properties• Cold Front- cold air
advancing replacing warm air.
• Leading edge of cold air▫ cP replacing mT▫ cP due south, mT due north
• Shown by solid blue triangles oriented towards the direction in which front is moving
• Rapid movement – up to 30 mph
![Page 12: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Front Properties• Cold dense air wedges under warm air forcing it upwards
• The faster the front the steeper the slope of the front
• Cold fronts are associated with dramatic changes in weather
![Page 13: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Front Properties •Warm front- Transition zone
between a retreating cold air mass and advancing warm air mass
•Shown by red half-circles pointing in the direction of where it’s going
•Warm and moist mT replacing dry cold mP
![Page 15: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Front Properties• Frontal changes are less abrupt than cold air
frontal passages▫ Long spells of cold weather do not come to a
rapid end• Cold air lies as a wedge under warm air
▫ As warm front approaches depth of cold air decreases
• Warm fronts are slow and depending on the moisture of the air can bring storms
![Page 16: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Front Properties •Stationary front- an air
mass with no movement
•Shown by alternating red half circles and blue triangles
•Obstacles prevent front from progressing▫Mountain ranges
![Page 18: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Front Properties•Occluded fronts- a frontal
system that forms when a cold front over takes a warm front
•Designated by a purple line with alternating purple triangles and purple semi-circles, all pointing in the direction of the frontal movement.
•2 types cool-type & cold-type
![Page 19: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fronts on Weather Maps
Weather map symbols:1. cold front;2. warm front;3. stationary front;4. occluded front;5. surface trough;6. squall/shear line;7. dry line;8. tropical wave
![Page 20: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Troughs, Squalls, Dry-Lines, Tropical Waves
•Trough: an elongated region of relatively low atmospheric pressure, usually coming before a cold front
![Page 21: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
•Squall: a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed which is usually associated with active weather, such as rain showers, thunderstorms, or heavy snow▫A squall line is a line of severe thunderstorms
that can form along or ahead of a cold front
![Page 22: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Squall Line
![Page 23: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dry Line•A boundary separating moist and dry air
masses
![Page 24: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dry Line
![Page 25: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tropical Wave•a type of atmospheric trough, an extended
area of moderately low air pressure, leaning north to south, which move from east to west across the tropics creating areas of cloudiness and thunderstorms▫Approximately 60% of Atlantic tropical cyclones
originate from tropical waves, while approximately 85% of intense Atlantic hurricanes (Category 3 and greater) develop from tropical waves
![Page 26: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tropical Wave
![Page 27: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Global Wind Systems: Polar Easterlies, Prevailing Westerlies, & Trade Winds
•Polar easterlies: wind zones between 60◦ N latitude and the north pole, and 60◦ S latitude and the south pole▫Dense, polar air ▫As earth spins, it is deflected in an easterly direction away from each pole.▫Cold, weak, sporadic
![Page 28: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Global Wind Systems: Polar Easterlies, Prevailing Westerlies, & Trade Winds
•Prevailing Westerlies: wind systems located between latitudes 30▫ N and 60▫ N, and 30▫ S and 60▫ S▫Originate from the west▫Steady winds
![Page 29: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Global Wind Systems: Polar Easterlies, Prevailing Westerlies, & Trade Winds
• Trade Winds: 2 circulation belts of wind between latitudes 30▫ N and 30▫ S ▫Air sinks, warms, and moves toward the equator in
an easterly direction, then rises and moves back towards 30▫ N and 30▫ S, where it sinks
and the process repeats.
▫ the sinking air associated with trade winds creates an area of high pressure, resulting in a belt of weak surface winds called horse latitudes
![Page 30: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Jet Streams
•A large temperature gradient in upper-level air combined with the Coriolis effect results in strong westerly winds called jet streams.▫A narrow band of fast wind
![Page 31: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar Cells•Hadley cell: the strongest of the three cells of
circulation▫formed as warm air rises above the Equator and
starts to flow northward.
![Page 32: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar Cells•Ferrel Cell: The mid-latitude circulation cell
between the Polar cell and the Hadley cell
![Page 33: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar Cells•Polar Cell: Cold dense air
descends over the poles, which creates high pressure▫this cold air moves along the
surface to lower latitudes.▫At around 60°N & 60°S, this air
has been warmed up and rises upwards, creating a zone of low pressure.
![Page 34: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Weather Tools
![Page 35: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Hygrometer
•an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the environmental air, or humidity.
![Page 36: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Psychrometer•two thermometers, one which is dry and
one which is kept moist with distilled water on a sock or wick. The two thermometers are thus called the dry-bulb and the wet-bulb.
•Used to find relative humidity.
![Page 37: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Anemometer
•a device for measuring wind speed, and is a common weather station instrument.
![Page 38: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Barometer•a scientific instrument used in
meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure.
![Page 39: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Thermometer
•a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles.
![Page 40: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Rain Gauge•a type of instrument used by
meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation over a set period of time.
•also known as a udometer or a pluviometer or an ombrometer or a cup
![Page 41: Weather Unit 6 Climate & Weather. Weather Weather is the day to day state of the atmosphere. Depends on temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, clouds.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042718/56649e2d5503460f94b1cbbd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Wind Vane
•an instrument for showing the direction of the wind. They are typically used as an architectural ornament to the highest point of a building.