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Weather & Climate
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Weather and ClimateWeather is the state of theatmosphere at any one placeor time. This includes:humidity, temperature,sunshine hours, cloud cover,precipitation (any moisturereaching the earths surface).This includes rain, sleet,snow, hail, dew and frost.
Song:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
c3MKsTLnTKc
C l i m a t e is theaverage or longterm weatherconditions of aregion. It is theresult of years ofresearch into data.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3MKsTLnTKc -
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Weather or Climate
Hot and dry conditions, together with strong winds,led to Bushfires near Wagga.
At this time of year Darwin usually experienceshot and wet weather.
The maximum temperature in Moscow today is -
23 oC
On Monday night a southerly change arrived about10:30pm
Climate Weather
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Weather or Climate
Tully in Queensland is Australias wettest town.
September was chosen for the 2000 Olympics because thatmonth usually has the best weather.
On New Years Day the temperature inSydney was 45 oC
Sydney receives more rain per year than London
Climate Weather
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Bureau of Meteorology
http://www.bom.gov.au/ http://www.aus-
emaps.com/severe_weather.php
http://www.bom.gov.au/http://www.aus-emaps.com/severe_weather.phphttp://www.aus-emaps.com/severe_weather.phphttp://www.aus-emaps.com/severe_weather.phphttp://www.aus-emaps.com/severe_weather.phphttp://www.aus-emaps.com/severe_weather.phphttp://www.bom.gov.au/ -
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Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure or barometric pressureis the pressure exerted by the weight of theair on the earths surface.
Atmospheric pressure is measured inhectopascals (hPa).
Atmospheric pressure is mapped to formisobars.
http://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htm#downloads/flash/highpressure.swf
http://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htmhttp://www.juicygeography.co.uk/animations.htm -
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Atmospheric Pressure readings
How do theyget the landand seareadings?
What do allthese dotsform whenthey arelinked?
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Isobars
How do you work
out which arehigh pressure cellsand which are lowpressure cells?
An isobar is a line
on a map joining places of equalatmospheric
pressure
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Synoptic Charts Synoptic charts or weather maps provide a snapshot of
the weather experienced at a particular place at a certaintime.
They show information relating to air pressure, airmasses and fronts, cloud cover, wind speed, winddirection and rainfall.
This information allows us to make predictions relatingto temperature, humidity, ocean conditions and thelikely weather for the next few days.
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Synoptic ChartsSynoptic Charts
What is this feature?
What does the shadingrefer to?
What is the wind speed and direction?
What is the air pressure?
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Pressure cells - are defined by the patterns formed by isobars. Are these highpressure cell sor a lowpressure cells?
How can you
tell?
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High pressure cells(anticyclones)
occur where atmospheric pressure increases towardsthe centre of the system. High pressure systems arecharacterised by light winds, clear skies, dry weatherand a high diurnal (daily) temperature range.
A ridge is an extension of high pressure from a highpressure system.
http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtml
http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/weather/national/charts/synoptic.shtml -
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High pressure cells
Why does the air descend?
Why does the air movesoutwards?
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Typical weather associatedwith High pressure light winds clear skies, dry weather higher diurnal (daily) temperature range
i.e. hot days (sun rays maximum effect) cool nights (because of lack of cloud
cover). Frosts are likely in winter.
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Highs can bring rain from onshore warm waters
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Low pressure cells
(cyclones or depressions) occur where atmospheric pressure
decreases towards the centre of thesystem.
Low pressure systems are associatedwith stronger winds, cloudy skies, rain
a lower diurnal temperature range. A trough is an extension of low pressure
from a low pressure system.
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Low pressure cells
Ascending air
Why does the air rise?
Why does the air movesinwards?
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Typical weather associated
with Low pressure strong winds, cloudy skies, rain and a lower
diurnal (daily) temperature range i.e. mild
temperatures (sun does not have maximumeffect because of cloud cover, heat trapped inat night).
Frosts are unlikely.
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http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/pressure.shtml
http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/Worksheet23.shtml
http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/pressure.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/pressure.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/Worksheet23.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/Worksheet23.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/Worksheet23.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/Worksheet23.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/pressure.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/pressure.shtml -
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Tropical cyclones (T.C.)
Are a very intense low pressuresystem. They generate very
strong winds, produce roughseas and heavy rains
Wide spread damage occurs if
they make landfall (contact withland).
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A cross section of a Tropical Cyclone
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What is wind? Wind is the movement of air masses (common bodies of
air) from high pressure areas (highs) to low pressure areas
(lows). The effect of this movement of air is to rebalancethe pressure in the atmosphere .
Note that: the greater the difference between the high and the low
pressure, the greater the wind speed will be, and the closer together the isobars are on the weather map, the
stronger the winds will be.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/weather/elementsofweatherrev8.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/weather/elementsofweatherrev8.shtml -
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Wind speed is determined by the closeness of the
isobars. The closer the isobars the strongerthe winds.
A steep pressure gradient exists whereisobars are close together.
If isobars are far apart a place will generally
experience light winds. This is called a slightpressure gradient.
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Reading Wind Direction on a
Weather Map
Sydney
N
Close up of a map
Easterly (Remember that wename our winddirection on where the
wind came from )
Not whereits going too
x
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How to Read Wind Speed on a
Weather map
Legend- Wind Speed
5 km/hr
10 km/hr
20 km/hr
To work out the
wind speed ofan area, all youneed to do ismatch up thewind speedsymbol found
on the map withthe symbolfound in the key
The wind speed at
point A is 5 km/hr
A
30km/hr
Calm
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Wind direction
Wind is named accordingto the direction the wind iscoming from, e.g. south =
southerly. Wind direction is largely
determined by the locationof pressure systems.
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Wind direction
Remember we always refer to where the wind is coming from!
Where has the wind come from?
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Wind Direction Anticyclones(High Pressure cells)
In the southern hemisphere winds blowoutwards in an anticlockwise direction from
areas of high pressure.
ANTICYCLONE = ANTICLOCKWISE WINDS.
Wi d bl d i i l k i
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Wind blows outwards in an anticlockwisedirection in areas of high pressure.
ANTICYCLONE = ANTICLOCKWISE WINDS.
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Wind Direction Depressions(Low pressure cells) In the southern hemisphere winds
associated with low pressure systems
blow in a clockwise direction towards thecentre of the system.
LOW T. C. = CYCLONE = CLOCKWISE WINDS.
Wi d bl t d th t f l
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Winds blow towards the centre of a lowpressure system and in a clockwise direction
LOW P. C. = CYCLONE = CLOCKWISE WINDS.
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Identifying wind direction
First - Identify the type of pressure system. Southern HemisphereLOW =clockwise
HIGH = anticlockwise. (the reverse is true in the northern hemisphere) Wind, generally speaking, moves across the
isobars
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FRONTS A front is the leading edge of change. They are
the border zone between warm and cold air.There are two types of fronts:
Warm fronts occur when warm air is pushedinto a cold air mass. These are very rare inAustralia. They result in drizzle and light rainover a few days.
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A warm front
C ld f f i A li
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Cold fronts are far more common in Australiaand occur when cold air is pushed into a warmair mass. This forces the warm air to rise causing
a number of changes: (a) Decrease in temperature: cold air replaceswarm air. (b) Change in wind direction and sometimesspeed. (c) Build up of cumulonimbus or rain bearingclouds. (d) Increase in humidity: corresponding to a buildup of clouds. (e) Probability of rain.
Make up an acronym to remember these changes.
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A cold front
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Temperature and humidity:
are related to the wind. Winds pick upthe characteristics of where they form sea or land these are called sourceregions
Remember: Winds off the land are generally hotter
and drier. Winds off the sea tend to be cooler and
wetter (greater moisture = greaterhumidity).
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVykQfRC_aI http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/weather/elementsofweatherrev6.shtml
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVykQfRC_aIhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/weather/elementsofweatherrev6.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/weather/elementsofweatherrev6.shtmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVykQfRC_aI -
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Types of rainfall: Orographic
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/weather/elementsofweatherrev6.shtml http://www.radioblog club.com/open/51998/elevation_u2/U2_-_Elevation
Elev ation U2. url
Orographic Rainfall
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/weather/elementsofweatherrev6.shtmlhttp://www.radioblogclub.com/open/51998/elevation_u2/U2_-_Elevationhttp://www.radioblogclub.com/open/51998/elevation_u2/U2_-_Elevationhttp://www.radioblogclub.com/open/51998/elevation_u2/U2_-_Elevationhttp://www.radioblogclub.com/open/51998/elevation_u2/U2_-_Elevationhttp://www.radioblogclub.com/open/51998/elevation_u2/U2_-_Elevationhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/weather/elementsofweatherrev6.shtml -
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Orographic Rainfall
The dry air mass becomes warmer, with littlechance of rain. Deserts are often found on theleeward side of large mountain ranges
Warm moist airapproaches amountain barrier
The air mass isforced to rise as ithits the mountainand c o n d e n s e s
into clouds
Orographic
rainfall occurson thew i n d w a r d sideof themountains
The air mass, nowdrier, flows down
the l eeward side ofthe mountains
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l h d f f ll
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Flash video on types of rainfall
Show Weather Rainfall wmv
http://blip.tv/scripts/flash/blipplayer.swf?auto
Start=false&file=http://blip.tv/file/get/Gatm-Rainfall922.flv?source=3
http://blip.tv/scripts/flash/blipplayer.swf?autoStart=false&file=http://blip.tv/file/get/Gatm-Rainfall922.flv?source=3http://blip.tv/scripts/flash/blipplayer.swf?autoStart=false&file=http://blip.tv/file/get/Gatm-Rainfall922.flv?source=3http://blip.tv/scripts/flash/blipplayer.swf?autoStart=false&file=http://blip.tv/file/get/Gatm-Rainfall922.flv?source=3http://blip.tv/scripts/flash/blipplayer.swf?autoStart=false&file=http://blip.tv/file/get/Gatm-Rainfall922.flv?source=3http://blip.tv/scripts/flash/blipplayer.swf?autoStart=false&file=http://blip.tv/file/get/Gatm-Rainfall922.flv?source=3http://blip.tv/scripts/flash/blipplayer.swf?autoStart=false&file=http://blip.tv/file/get/Gatm-Rainfall922.flv?source=3http://blip.tv/scripts/flash/blipplayer.swf?autoStart=false&file=http://blip.tv/file/get/Gatm-Rainfall922.flv?source=3 -
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Seasons
are determined by the location of variouspressure systems.
Remember: Summer = Lows over Northern Australia
and Highs over Southern Australia. Winter = Highs over Northern Australia
and Lows over Southern Australia.
S th
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Summer weather map
Where are the different cells located?
Winter weather map
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Winter weather map
Where are the different cells located?
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Clear skies allow thesuns rays to have
maximum effect.Daytime temperatures
are usually high.
At night, clear skiesallow heat to be lost
causing temperaturesto fall. In winterfrosts are likely.
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World Pattern of Climate
The climate of a particular place on the earthssurface depends on 5 main factors.
Latitude:
radiation from the sun is stronger and more directat the equator. Places at the equator are thereforegenerally hotter than the places near the poles. Alsoseasonal differences are more obvious away fromthe equator.
L i d
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Latitudehttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/c
ontrols/latitude.html
The suns rays are
concentrated at the equator but spread out at the poles.
http://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/latitude.htmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/latitude.htmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/label/simple.shtmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/latitude.htmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/latitude.html -
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Altitude (elevation):
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The air is generally thinner and therefore colder higher upin the mountains than it is at sea level. Also precipitation(rainfall and snowfall) is generally affected by mountainranges as moist air will be forced to rise over themountains (orographic rainfall). This will cause the air tocool and then condense into cloud.
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Distance from the sea:
The ocean acts as a stabilising influence ontemperatures as the sea heats and cools moreslowly than the land. Thus diurnal (daily) andannual (yearly) ranges of temperature are smallernear the coast and greater in inland areas. Thismeans that inland areas generally have hotter
summers and colder winters than coastal areas.Also moist air near the coast may result in morerainfall in coastal areas than places inland.
Distance from the Sea
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Distance from the Sea In the summer, the sun heats the
land quickly but it takes longerto heat up the water which islarge and deep.
http://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/contr ols/landwater1.html
However, the water stores heatfor longer and so in winter, thetemperature of the sea is
warmer relative to the land andso keeps coastal places warmer.
http://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/landwater1.htmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/landwater1.htmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/landwater1.htmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/landwater1.htmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/landwater1.htmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/landwater1.html -
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Ocean Currents:
Cold ocean currents cool the air andgenerally cause dry conditions along the
coastline. Warm ocean currents will warmthe air and cause warmer, wetter conditions.
http://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/m
ods4car/ccontrol/controls/ocean.html
http://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/ocean.htmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/ocean.htmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/ocean.htmlhttp://people.cas.sc.edu/carbone/modules/mods4car/ccontrol/controls/ocean.html -
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Prevailing Winds
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Prevailing Winds These are the winds that
blow most often. Winds can affect
temperature and precipitation.
Winds blowing overtropical oceans bring warmand wet weather.
Winds blowing from the poles and over land bringcold and dry weather.
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Factors Affecting TemperatureLatitude Length of Day & Night
Seasonal Differences Elevation
Add the Title
Draw up this tableusing a full page
Draw simpleannotated sketches
describing eachfactor
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Mt Cotopaxi Ecuador's second highest mountain
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Factors Affecting Temperature and Rainfall
Mountain Barriers Distance From The Sea
Ocean Currents Prevailing Winds
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Worldwide Climate stats
http://www.worldreviewer.com/world-weather/
http://www.worldreviewer.com/world-weather/http://www.worldreviewer.com/world-weather/http://www.worldreviewer.com/world-weather/http://www.worldreviewer.com/world-weather/http://www.worldreviewer.com/world-weather/ -
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The Seasons
Seasons are created by the combination ofthe earths tilt and its orbit around the sun.
The distance between the earth and sun isabout 149 million kms. The earth rotatesaround the sun in an elliptical, or oval
shaped path and takes about 365 days or 1year to complete an orbit.
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The earth also rotates in an anti-clockwisedirection about its north-south axis, an
imaginary line that runs between the poles.It takes 24 hours for the earth to spin aroundonce, and this rotation creates day andnight. When one half of the world is indarkness, the other is in daylight.
The earth is also tilted about 23.5 degrees on its
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gaxis. So, depending on the time of year, certainlatitudes of the earth incline toward the sun more
than others. Throughout the year different areas, particularly those that are far from the equator,receive more or less solar radiation. If the earthdid not tilt, we would not have seasons.
Seasons animations http://www.school- portal.co.uk/GroupDownloadFile.asp?GroupId=12426&ResourceID=40423
http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/textb/ phys/seasonsanim.htm
http://www.school-portal.co.uk/GroupDownloadFile.asp?GroupId=12426&ResourceID=40423http://www.school-portal.co.uk/GroupDownloadFile.asp?GroupId=12426&ResourceID=40423http://www.school-portal.co.uk/GroupDownloadFile.asp?GroupId=12426&ResourceID=40423http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/textb/phys/seasonsanim.htmhttp://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/textb/phys/seasonsanim.htmhttp://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/textb/phys/seasonsanim.htmhttp://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/textb/phys/seasonsanim.htmhttp://www.school-portal.co.uk/GroupDownloadFile.asp?GroupId=12426&ResourceID=40423http://www.school-portal.co.uk/GroupDownloadFile.asp?GroupId=12426&ResourceID=40423http://www.school-portal.co.uk/GroupDownloadFile.asp?GroupId=12426&ResourceID=40423http://www.school-portal.co.uk/GroupDownloadFile.asp?GroupId=12426&ResourceID=40423 -
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During summer in the Northern Hemispherethe longest day (the summer solstice) occurs
when the sun is directly over the tropic ofCancer. As the earth continues its year longorbit the North Pole tilts away from the sun,and the South Pole tilts towards the sun.
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World Sunlight Map
http://www.die.net/earth/
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Interactive Game
http://www.games4geog.com/cg/climatkeyterms.swf
http://www.games4geog.com/cg/climatkeyterms.swfhttp://www.games4geog.com/cg/climatkeyterms.swf