WEATHER &

CLIMATE

Atmosphere It is the layer of gaseous material that

envelopes the Earth and where all phenomena of weather and climate occur.

composed of different gases such as: 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Argon and

other Inert Gases

Layers of Atmosphere

Troposphere - Most of the weather occurs. Stratosphere - 19% of the atmosphere’s gases are here; ozone layer is hereMesosphere - Most meteorites burn up here. Thermosphere - High energy rays from the sun are absorbed; hottest layer. Exosphere - Molecules from atmosphere escape into space; satellites orbit here.

Is an important element of climate It is the degree of hotness and coldness It is influenced by certain factors such as

latitude and altitude.

Temperature

• Is the condition of the air or the atmosphere in general, at a particular moment or over a short period of time, over a particular place.

• It is what we experience from day to day and may change any time.

• It is the average condition of the atmosphere in a given place or region.

• It is observed every year and it is the summary of the weather patterns of a given region.

Climate

Elements of Weather and

Climate

PRECIPITATION

Temperature

Pressure Wind

Climatic Element Is a component of climate which defines

the condition of a particular place.

Climatic Control Is a factor of the physical environment

that influence the behavior of the elements.

Controls of Climate

1. Latitude and Temperature 2. Altitude or Elevation Modifies the effect of latitude.3. Orographic or Mountain Barriers Affect the amount of rainfall a place will

receive depending on its position, whether it lies on the leeward or windward side of the mountain.

Windward Side Leeward Side

Windward side of the mountain is where the wind blows and undergoes cooling and condensation.

> Orographic rainfall occurs

Leeward side other side of the mountain where no rain falls.

4. The different pressure belts of the world.control the flow of winds and the

amount of precipitation received by place.

are created due to the differential heating of the Earth’s surface. Each belt has a corresponding wind system.

> High Pressure System> Low Pressure System

5. The ocean currents of the world.Help distribute heat all over the Earth

bringing warm temperatures to the cold areas and cold temperatures to places that are warm or hot.

Is a large volume of ocean water that moves as a unit and in specific direction.

Currents maybe warm or cold depending on their source or origin.

6. The land breeze and sea breeze This phenomena illustrate how the

heating differences between land and water bodies affect the development of pressure systems and movement of winds.

• Is the movement of wind from the land towards the sea.

• Occurs during the night when the land cools faster than water creating a relatively higher pressure over it causing wind to flow from the land toward the sea.

Land Breeze

• Occurs during the day when the land heats faster than the sea, thus, having a lower pressure relative to the sea. Wind will then flow from the sea toward the land.

Sea Breeze

7. Typhoon

The word typhoon comes from the Chinese word “tai-fung”, which means “big wind”.

It is a compact low pressure system that moves as a unit and within which winds are spiraling with great speed.

It is formed over large bodies of water such as the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean.

Tropical cyclone or Typhoon is a compact system within which winds are spiraling with great speed. Typhoons usually bring a lot of damage to areas along their path.

8. Wind flow or Monsoon

Monsoon comes from the Arabic word “mausin”, which means season.

Monsoon is a seasonal flow of winds between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Two Monsoon Systems

Southwest Monsoon or “Habagat”

>this seasonal wind flow is experienced during June to September (summer in the Northern Hemisphere)> brings a lot of rain to South and Southeast Asia as a result of reversals in wind direction and differences in pressure systems between the Northern and Southern hemisphere.

Northeast Monsoon > The winds come from the high pressure over the Siberian region and flow towards Pacific Ocean.> this is experienced during November to February ( winter season of the Northern Hemisphere) and brings cool and wet conditions to most of Northeastern Luzon.

ACT

UPON

CONTROLS OF CLIMATE

ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE

CLIMATES OF THE WORLD

-latitude-altitude-pressure belts-orographic barriers-ocean currents -wind flows-typhoons

-temperature-precipitation-pressure and winds

Classification of Climates

by Latitudinal zones

• Low Latitudes- Tropic areas that bounded by the Tropic of Cancer(23 ½⁰) in the North and the Tropic of Capricorn (23 ½⁰) in the South.- Tropical climates: >tropical rainforest climate (does not have dry season >tropical savanna ( wet and dry periods) >tropical desert climate ( found in hot and dry places)Sahara in Northern Africa.

• Middle Latitude Climates- found between the Tropic of Cancer and the

Arctic Circle (66 ½⁰) in the Northern Hemisphere, and those between the Tropic Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle(66 ½⁰) in the Southern Hemisphere.

- Regions receive the slanting or oblique rays of the Sun and used to be referred to as the temperate zones

Four Seasons

• Winter • Spring• Summer• Fall (Autumn)

Climates of middle latitude are divided into three:

• Mesothermal Climates> have mild winters• Microthermal Climates> severe winters• Middle Latitude Desert Climates> dry and relatively cooler in temperature

• High Latitude Climates

- North of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle.

- Temperatures are cold in these regions because they receive less heat from the Sun.

Two types of Climate in High Latitude

• Tundra Short summer periodIce melts allowing some form of vegetation to grow;

mosses, lichens and sedges.

• Perpetual Frost or Permanent Ice SheetMostly found in Antarctica and in places where the

land is permanently covered with ice throughout the year

4 Types Of Climate in the Philippines

• Type 1-two pronounced season, dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Maximum rain period is from June to September.

• Type 2- No dry season with a very pronounced maximum rain period from December to February. Places that has this Type are exposed to North East Monsoon. Tropical Cyclone are frequent in this areas. Minimum rainfall occurs during the period from March to May.

• Type 3-no pronounced maximum rain period with a dry season lasting only from one to three months, either during the period from December to February or from March to May, this type resembles type I since it has a short dry season.

• Type 4 - Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. North East Luzon, Southern part of Luzon, Southern Mindanao, and few areas in Visayas experience this type of climate.

Inclination or Tilt of the Earth and Climate

• Earth is tilted from its axis by about 23 ½⁰.• The tilting of Earth on its axis affects the

climates of the world• Observed when Northern Hemisphere is tilted

away from the Sun, North Pole receives no sunlight, same with South Pole when the Southern Hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun.

THANK YOU!!!Prepared by:

MARIEFEL M. GENADA BEED 2-A