Weather Basics Temperature Pressure Moisture. Temperature.
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Transcript of Weather Basics Temperature Pressure Moisture. Temperature.
Weather Basics
Temperature
Pressure
Moisture
Temperature
Diurnal Temperature: Why?
Lag time varies, Phoenix Zoo
Global Pattern
Warm Lower Latitudes
Cold Mtns
Cold Higher Latitudes
Cold Currents
Classroom Resource
Global pattern shows warmer in lower latitudes; colder in higher latitudes
Why Latitude Temp Differences?
Seasonal Changes: more with higher latitudes and
warmth follows the sun
Temperature Differences Create Climate Zones
Why San Diego “even” climate and Phoenix more “extreme”?
Cold and Warm currents influence temperature
THINK
San
Diego
vs
Phoenix
Classroom Resources
Can see continentality in these movies (bigger changes in temperature between winter and summer in the middle of North America
East Coasts: Warm Water
Pressure
Classroom Resource: Sea Breeze as example of pressure gradient
Cold Air Drainage
Most intense closest to poles because greatest difference in speed of rotation
Classroom Resources
Online Resource
Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Animations
• http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/atmospheric_pressure.html
Coriolis Effect
impacts more than
atmosphere and oceans
Geostrophic Wind
Combination of all 3
Effect of Friction: cross the isobars
Classroom Resource
Divergence at surface generates uplift and cloud formation
Opposite in So. Hemisphere
Global Patterns of Pressure Drive Earth’s Climates: Example of Asian
MonsoonWinter
High Pressure
Siberia.
Air flow from
Siberia (dry air) outward
Winter DrySummer Wet
Then, in summer, winds reverse
Monsoon (singular) is a seasonal wind shift
Indus Floods
Before
After
After
Before
Arizona (Mexican) Monsoon:Wind shift from westerly winds
To easterly winds
Season shift in wind brings trpoical moisture from east and south
Mexican Monsoon, as reflected by percentage of rain in summer
Moisture at mid-levels generates weaker storms
Lower-level moisture often comes from the
gulf, giving sudden surge of moisture
Combination of mid and low level moisture generates stronger storms
July – mid September(storms not Monsoons)
Classroom Resource: Movie showing global patterns in water vapor
Dark – little water vapor
Bright: lots of water vapor
Example of Condensation by Adding Moisture: Lake Effect
Snows
Example of Condensation by Cooling: Advection Fog
Advection Fog Common over Cold Currents
California Cold Currentproduces fog
Example of Condensation by Cooling: Air Goes Up & Cools
Can go up by convergence
Cloud Types
Vertical Development: Cumulus
More horizontal flow: Stratus
Online Resource
Need to get large enough to drop out
Classroom Resource: Precipitation in the U.S. throughout the year
Watch Arizona in monsoon months (wetter)
Watch Pacific Northwest in winter (wetter)
Global Pattern of Precipitation
• More around equator• Less in subtropics• More around latitude 50• Seasonal shifts (summer monsoon in low laittudes; winter storms in higher latitudes)
Another way of thinking about moisture: Air Masses
Classroom Resources
• Can see outbreaks of Continental Polar air in movie
• Can see Arizona develop Continental Tropical Air mass in June
Global Air Masses
Online Resources
Atmosphere Animations
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/atmosphere.html
Atmospheric Heating Animations
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/atmospheric_heating.html
Moisture Animations
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/moisture.html
Imagery seen in this presentation is courtesy of Ron Dorn and other ASU colleagues, students and colleagues in other academic departments, individual illustrations in scholarly journals such as Science and Nature, scholarly societies such as the Association of American Geographers, city, state governments, other countries government websites and U.S. government agencies such as NASA, USGS, NRCS, Library of Congress, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USAID and NOAA.