"We Accuse War Crimes and Genocide" Publish by Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam

8/2/2019 "We Accuse War Crimes and Genocide" Publish by Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam

1/143

n

F@G[LG[V

]_LDHFL''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8

LQLF\[NTL V\JJH_^ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4

NG[_@K\F[N@G '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8=

OHFIC_@\GK @D [AL F@GDBNF[''''''''''''''''''''''' 88

ANV[@_^ HGK ANCABNCA[V @D [AL \GVC

LQ]L_[ ]HGLB _L]@_[ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8" {alC`tlrgjlg{ `d Vrn Bhgihv ngfrlhvngc }`bnf~ `d

Vngahbnvh{n`g ahv f`g{ng|lk {` jhrcnghbnul hgk klv{r`~

{al nklg{n{~ `d {al rljghg{v `d {al [hjnb }l`}bl'

N{ nv sn{a {alvl dhf{v ng {al d`rlcr`|gk {ah{ {al [C[L

}rlvlg{v {anv o``ibl{ {` {al ng{lrgh{n`ghb f`jj|gn{~ h{

{al 8>{a

vlvvn`g `d {al \gn{lk Gh{n`gv A|jhg _nca{vF`|gfnb ng `rklr {` rlx|lv{ {ah{ {al ng{lrgh{n`ghb

ngtlv{nch{n`g" }r`}`vlk o~ \G Vlfrl{hr~ Clglrhbv ]hglb

`d Lq}lr{ _l}`r{ hv slbb hv jhg~ GC@v ol ngn{nh{lk'


9/143

3

@tlrtnls

[anv o``ibl{ ahv ollg }r`k|flk o~ Ngknhg hgk G`r{aHjlrnfhg hfhkljnfv {` }rlvlg{ dhf{v ng hg nbb|v{rh{ntl

jhgglr `d sanfa [hjnbv" o`{a ng hgk `|{ `d {al nvbhgk `d

Vrn Bhgih" ahtl ollg hshrl `d d`r klfhklv" ghjlb~ {ah{

`d {al ngfrlhvngcb~ rhknfhb }`bnfnlv `d {al C`tlrgjlg{ `d

Vrn Bhgih {ah{ ahtl ollg nj}bljlg{lk g`{ d`r {alnr

v{h{lk }|r}`vl `d jlrlb~ snggngc h shr `g {lrr`r" o|{

rh{alr {` jhrcnghbnul hgk klv{r`~ {al [hjnbv nklg{n{~

sa`vl gh{ntl a`jlv bnl ng {al G`r{alrg hgk Lhv{lrg

rlhfalv `d {al nvbhgk `d Vrn Bhgih' O`{a {al C`tlrgjlg{

`d Vrn Bhgihv v{rh{lcnlv `d shcngc hg hbb*`|{ shr hchngv{

{al B[[L hv slbb hv {al fntnbnhg [hjnb }`}|bh{n`g hgk

{al f`g{ng|lk }`bnfnlv `d Vngahbnvh{n`g d`r {al nvbhgk `d

Vrn Bhgih nbb|v{rh{l `gl" {al f`j}bl{l hggnanbh{n`g `d[hjnbv hv h knv{ngf{ }l`}bl sa` anv{`rnfhbb~ ollg

hvv`fnh{lk sn{a {al rlcn`gv {al~ ahtl tnlslk hv {alnr

hgflv{rhb a`jlbhgk'

Sn{a {anv o``ibl{" {al srn{lrv {rhfl {al anv{`r~ hgk rnvl `d

Vngahbh fah|tngnvj {ar`|ca {al nj}bljlg{h{n`g `d

c`tlrgjlg{ jhgkh{lv hgk klfrllv dr`j {al j`jlg{ `dVrn Bhgihg ngkl}lgklgfl {ar`|ca {al ngv|ddnfnlg{

h{{lj}{v h{ c`tlrgjlg{ hff`|g{honbn{~ k|rngc {al glhrb~

;= ~lhrv `d f`gdbnf{ {` {al ltlg{|hb hgk f|rrlg{ |vl `d

F`gv{n{|{n`ghb hgk blchb jhgn}|bh{n`gv {` orngc ho`|{ {al

h}}hrlg{ lgk c`hb `d Vrn Bhgihv Vngahblvl rlcnjl5 {al


10/143

1

klv{r|f{n`g `d [hjnb nklg{n{~ hgk {al f`b`gnuh{n`g `d

{alvl bhgkv o~ Vngahblvl ]`}|bh{n`g'

O~ lqhjngngc hgk f`j}hrngc o`{a ngkl}lgklg{" g`g*

}hr{nvhg rl}`r{v !ngfb|kngc" o|{ g`{ bnjn{lk {`" {al \G

Vlf'*Clg'v ]hglb `d Lq}lr{v `g Vrn Bhgihv _l}`r{"

K|obng ]l`}blv [rno|ghb `g Vrn Bhgihv dngkngc hgk \I

[lbltnvn`g Fahgglb ;v k`f|jlg{hr~" {al Ng{lrgh{n`ghb

Frnvnv Cr`|} rl}`r{. hv slbb hv {al C`tlrgjlg{ `d Vrn

Bhgihv `sg Blvv`gv Blhrglk hgk _lf`gfnbnh{n`g

F`jjnvvn`gv !BB_F. _l}`r{" {al srn{lrv `d {anv

o``ibl{ jhil h f`j}lbbngc fhvl d`r {s` f`gfb|vntl dhf{v5

8. {ah{ ng{lrgh{n`ghb frnjlv ghjlb~ Shr Frnjlv" Frnjlv

hchngv{ A|jhgn{~" hgk Clg`fnkl jh~ tlr~ slbb ahtl

ollg f`jjn{{lk hgk ?. {ah{ {al C`tlrgjlg{ `d Vrn

Bhgihv BB_F _l}`r{ sanfa hklx|h{lb~ dhnblk {`hkkrlvv {al hbblch{n`gv `d tn`bh{n`gv `d a|jhg rnca{v hgk

a|jhgn{hrnhg bhsv klj`gv{rh{lv {ah{ {alrl nv g` lddlf{ntl

k`jlv{nf jlfahgnvj {` jl{l `|{ e|v{nfl hgk

hff`|g{honbn{~'

N{ s`|bk ol h dhbbhf~ {` njhcngl" {ah{ {al tlr~ }`slr

v{r|f{|rl sanfa ahv ollg hff|vlk `d {alvl ng{lrgh{n`ghbfrnjlv" snbb olcng h }r`flvv {` orngc n{v `sg jljolrv {`

e|v{nfl'

[al o``ibl{ {alg f`j}hrlv {al }r`}`vlk ng{lrgh{n`ghb

ngtlv{nch{n`g sn{a }hv{ hgk }rlvlg{ ng{lrgh{n`ghb


11/143

>

jlfahgnvj ng {lrjv `d g|jolrv `d fhv|hb{nlv" {al

rh{n`ghb hgk {al h|{a`rn{~'

]nfingc dr`j {al K|obng ]l`}blv [rno|ghb `g Vrn Bhgihv

Dngkngc {ah{ [al h{{lj}{ {` hggnanbh{l {al [hjnb

}`}|bh{n`g sn{asn{a`|{ {al |vl `d nbblchb slh}`gv

flr{hngb~ f`gv{n{|{lv `gl d`rj `d shr frnjl' [al

x|lv{n`g rljhngv nd {al c`tlrgjlg{ ng{lgklk clg`fnkl ng

rlv}lf{ `d {al [hjnb }l`}bl ng or|{hbb~ v|}}rlvvngc

hrjlk hgk }`bn{nfhb rlvnv{hgfl" {al srn{lrv jhilv h fhvl

{ah{ {alrl nv hj}bl ltnklgfl d`r h }rnjh dhfl fhvl `d

clg`fnkl'

D`f|vngc `g {al }rlvlg{ vn{|h{n`g o~ hccrlvvntl

f`b`gnuh{n`g" klv{r|f{n`g `d [hjnb f|b{|rhb alrn{hcl hgk

v~jo`bv" {al vlq|hb tn`blgfl hgk a|jnbnh{n`g" {al [hjnbgh{n`g nv olngc v|oelf{lk {` v{r|f{|rhb clg`fnkl sanfa

}rlvlg{v h fblhr {arlh{ {` {al hggnanbh{n`g `d {al [hjnbv `d

Vrn Bhgih hv h knv{ngf{ }l`}bl sn{a {alnr `sg bhgc|hcl"

f|b{|rl hgk nklg{n{~'

[alrld`rl" {al [C[L fhbbv |}`g {al jljolr f`|g{rnlv `d

{anv vlvvn`g `d {al \GA_F {` {hil hff`|g{ `d {al dhf{vrldlrrlk {` ng {anv o``ibl{ hgk {` olcng {al }r`flvv `d

hvingc d`r hff`|g{honbn{~ hgk e|v{nfl o~ ngn{nh{ngc hg

ng{lrgh{n`ghb ngtlv{nch{n`g' @|r f`gvfnlgfl hv jljolrv

`d {al crlh{lr f`jj|gn{~ `d a|jhgn{~ kljhgkv |v {`

ljohri `g {anv }r`flvv {` lgv|rl {ah{ {alvl alng`|v

frnjlv snbb gltlr hchng `ff|r `g {anv lhr{a'


12/143

8=

NG[_@K\F[N@G

Ltlg{v d`r b`gclr {ahg {al bhv{ x|hr{lr flg{|r~ ahtl

}r`tnklk hj}bl ltnklgfl {ah{ {al Vrn Bhgihgv

c`tlrgjlg{ }`bnf~ {`shrk [hjnbv ahv f`gv{n{|{lk h

f`gvnv{lg{ }h{{lrg `d cr`vv tn`bh{n`gv `d a|jhg rnca{v hv

slbb hv vlrn`|v orlhfalv `d a|jhgn{hrnhg bhs'

]lr}l{rh{`rv `d a|jhg rnca{v tn`bh{n`gv hgk ng{lrgh{n`ghb

frnjlv ahtl g`{ ollg nklg{ndnlk" albk hff`|g{hobl d`r

{alnr hf{v `r or`|ca{ {` e|v{nfl'

D|r{alr" hf{v knrlf{lk h{ {al klv{r|f{n`g `d {al [hjnb

F`jj|gn{~" n{v nklg{n{~ hgk n{v tlr~ lqnv{lgfl f`g{ng|l

{` ol f`gk|f{lk o~ {al Vrn Bhgihg h|{a`rn{nlv'

[anv o``ibl{ v|jjhrnulv {al dngkngcv `d NC@ hgk GC@

f`jjlg{h{`rv sa` k`f|jlg{ a|jhg rnca{v hgk

ng{lrgh{n`ghb frnjnghb bhs tn`bh{n`gv'

N{ nv `|r dnrj olbnld" ohvlk `g `oelf{ntl ltnklgfl" {ah{ {al

vn{|h{n`g fhbbv d`r ng{lrgh{n`ghb ng{lrtlg{n`g {` orngc {`

e|v{nfl sr`gck`lrv" j`gn{`r {al }rlvlg{ vn{|h{n`g hgk {`

lgv|rl {ah{ {al [hjnb }l`}blv hrl c|hrhg{llk {alnr|gntlrvhb a|jhg rnca{v g`s hgk ng {al d|{|rl'

Nd {alrl nv ltlr {` ol {r|l }lhfl ng {al nvbhgk `d Vrn

Bhgih" hbb n{v }l`}blv j|v{ ol hdd`rklk {alnr a|jhg

rnca{v hgk {al tn`bh{`rv `d }hv{ nge|v{nflv j|v{ ol or`|ca{

{` e|v{nfl' Vnj}b~" sl vlli dr`j {al ng{lrgh{n`ghb


13/143

88

f`jj|gn{~ h rlf`cgn{n`g `d }hv{ frnjlv hgk {al

}r`{lf{n`g `d {al [hjnb }l`}bl sa` d`r {`` b`gc ahtl

ollg klgnlk {alnr a|jhg kncgn{~ hgk `d{lg {alnr bntlv'

OHFIC_@\GK @D [AL F@GDBNF[

Vrn Bhgih rlflntlk n{v ngkl}lgklgfl dr`j {al Orn{nva `g

{al ;{a `d Dlor|hr~ 8>;1 sn{a`|{ h drllk`j v{r|ccbl|gbnil n{v glncao`r Ngknh' [al tlr~ dnrv{ hf{ `d {al Vrn

Bhgihg }hrbnhjlg{ shv {` knvlgdrhgfanvl {al [hjnbv `d

Ngknhg `rncng9 {al~ slrl or`|ca{ {` {al nvbhgk o~ {al

Orn{nva ng 81?< {` s`ri ng {al [lh lv{h{lv `d Flg{rhb Vrn

Bhgih' J`rl {ahg `gl jnbbn`g `d {alj olfhjl

v{h{lblvv'8Vngfl {alg Vngahbh fah|tngnvj ahv {hrcl{lk {al

[hjnb f`jj|gn{!nlv.' [al glq{ ng bngl slrl {al gh{ntl

[hjnbv `d {al g`r{alhv{' [al }hrbnhjlg{ }hvvlk hf{v v|fa

hv {al Vngahbh @gb~ hf{ `d 8>18 o|rgngc

`d {al Ehddgh Bnorhr~ sanfa shv rlchrklk hv {al j`v{

8 Vll a{{}5}hf{'binvv|lvngknhg*{hjnb*nvv|lv

? vll a{{}5{hjnbgh{n`g'f`ngknf{jlg{ngknf{=88'a{j


14/143

8?

vhfrlk bnorhr~ `d {al [hjnbv hgk h v~jo`b `d [hjnb

nklg{n{~ ng Ehddgh'

G`g Tn`blg{ rlvnv{hgfl5 [hjnbv rlvnv{lk ho|vlv hgk

knvfrnjngh{n`g {ar`|ca }lhfld|b hgk klj`frh{nf jlhgv'

Vngfl 8>


15/143

86

ol vl{{blk {ar`|ca h shr';[al clg`fnkhb shr rlv{hr{lk ng

?==4 hgk f|bjngh{lk sn{a {al jhvvhfrl `d {a`|vhgkv `d

ngg`flg{ fntnbnhgv hgk v|rrlgklrlk f`joh{hg{v `d {al

B[[L''

[al }hglb f`gvnv{lk `d Jr' Jhru|in Khr|vjhg

!Ngk`glvnh." Jv' ^hvjng V``ih !V`|{a Hdrnfh. hgk ]r`d'

V{ltlg _h{glr !\VH.'

[al }hglb shv {hvilk sn{a lqhjngngc {al j`khbn{nlv"

h}}bnfhobl ng{lrgh{n`ghb v{hgkhrkv hgk f`j}hrh{ntl

lq}lrnlgfl sn{a rlchrk {` hff`|g{honbn{~ }r`flvvlv"

{hingc ng{` hff`|g{ {al gh{|rl hgk vf`}l `d hg~ hbblclktn`bh{n`gv `d ng{lrgh{n`ghb a|jhgn{hrnhg hgk a|jhg

rnca{v bhs k|rngc {al dnghb v{hclv `d {al f`gdbnf{ ng Vrn

Bhgih' [al~ olchg {alnr s`ri ng Vl}{ljolr ?=8='

[al }hglbv dngkngcv f`g{rhknf{ jhg~ `d Vrn Bhgihv

}|obnf hvvlr{n`gv ho`|{ {al f`gk|f{ `d n{v {r``}v hgk

v|}}`r{v {al frn{nf hrc|jlg{v {ah{ {al Vrn Bhgihg jnbn{hr~klbnolrh{lb~ valbblk fntnbnhgv fh|ca{ ng {al shr

u`gl' [lgv `d {a`|vhgkv `d [hjnb fntnbnhgv {rh}}lk

olangk lglj~ bnglv jh~ ahtl knlk k|rngc {al dnca{ngc'3

3 vll _l}`r{ `d {al Vlfrl{hr~*Clglrhb#v ]hglb `d Lq}lr{v `g Hff`|g{honbn{~ ng Vrn Bhgih' \gn{lk Gh{n`gv' 68

Jhrfa ?=88 sanfa }|{ {al g|jolr h{ |} {` ;==== !}hrh 863" } ;8.


18/143

84

Vrn Bhgihv c`tlrgjlg{" sanfa rld|vlk {` f``}lrh{l

sn{a {al }hglb" ahv frn{nfnulk {al _l}`r{v dngkngcv hv

d|gkhjlg{hbb~ dbhslk hgk ohvlk `g |gtlrndnlk fbhnjv'

[al ]hglb fhbbv `g {al Vrn Bhgihg C`tlrgjlg{

njjlknh{lb~ {` f`jjlgfl clg|ngl ngtlv{nch{n`gv ng{`

{alvl hgk `{alr hbblclk tn`bh{n`gv `d ng{lrgh{n`ghb

a|jhgn{hrnhg hgk a|jhg rnca{v bhs f`jjn{{lk o~ o`{a

vnklv ngt`btlk ng {al hrjlk f`gdbnf{' [al rl}`r{ hbv`

rlf`jjlgkv {ah{ {al Vlfrl{hr~ Clglrhb njjlknh{lb~

}r`fllk {` lv{hobnva hg ngkl}lgklg{ ng{lrgh{n`ghb

jlfahgnvj'

[al ltnklgfl `o{hnglk o~ {al }hglb rltlhblk /h tlr~

knddlrlg{ tlrvn`g `d {al dnghb v{hclv `d {al shr {ahg {ah{

jhng{hnglk {` {anv kh~ o~ {al C`tlrgjlg{ `d VrnBhgih/

1'[al }hglb d`|gk /frlknobl hbblch{n`gv" sanfa nd

}r`tlg" ngknfh{l {ah{ h snkl rhgcl `d vlrn`|v tn`bh{n`gv

`d ng{lrgh{n`ghb a|jhgn{hrnhg bhs hgk ng{lrgh{n`ghb

a|jhg rnca{v bhs slrl f`jjn{{lk o`{a o~ {al

C`tlrgjlg{ `d Vrn Bhgih hgk {al B[[L" v`jl `d sanfa

s`|bk hj`|g{ {` shr frnjlv hgk frnjlv hchngv{

a|jhgn{~/'> [al }hglb f`gfb|klk {ah{ {al /f`gk|f{ `d {alshr rl}rlvlg{lk h crhtl hvvh|b{ `g {al lg{nrl rlcnjl `d

1nonk' }' nn'

>nonk


19/143

83

ng{lrgh{n`ghb bhs klvncglk {` }r`{lf{ ngkntnk|hb kncgn{~

k|rngc o`{a shr hgk }lhfl/'8=

[al }hglb d`|gk /frlknobl hbblch{n`gv/ {ah{ {al Vrn

Bhgihg jnbn{hr~c`tlrgjlg{ inbblk fntnbnhgv {ar`|ca

snklv}rlhk valbbngc9 valbblk a`v}n{hbv hgk a|jhgn{hrnhg

`oelf{v9 klgnlk a|jhgn{hrnhg hvvnv{hgfl9 tn`bh{lk {al

a|jhg rnca{v `d fntnbnhgv hgk [hjnb [nclr f`joh{hg{v9

hgk tn`bh{lk {al a|jhg rnca{v `d g`g* f`joh{hg{v

`|{vnkl {al f`gdbnf{ u`gl v|fa hv {al jlknh

rl}rlvlg{h{ntlv'88

[al }hglb d`|gk /frlknobl hbblch{n`gv/

{ah{ {al [hjnb [nclrv |vlk fntnbnhgv hv h a|jhg o|ddlr9

inbblk fntnbnhgv h{{lj}{ngc {` lvfh}l [hjnb [nclr f`g{r`b9

|vlk jnbn{hr~ lx|n}jlg{ ng {al }r`qnjn{~ `d fntnbnhgv9

d`rfnob~ rlfr|n{lk fanbkrlg9 |vlk d`rflk bho`r9 hgk inbblk

fntnbnhgv |vngc v|nfnkl h{{hfiv'

Dngkngcv `d {al }hglb5

[al Vrn Bhgihg jnbn{hr~ hff`rkngc {` {al ]hglb _l}`r{

|vlk bhrcl*vfhbl hgk snklv}rlhk valbbngc fh|vngc bhrclg|jolrv `d fntnbnhg klh{av' [anv f`gv{n{|{lk h tn`bh{n`g

`d a|jhgn{hrnhg bhs sn{a {al fntnbnhg }`}|bh{n`g `d

Thggn v|ddlrngc vncgndnfhg{ fntnbnhg fhv|hb{nlv

8=nonk

88nonk


20/143

81

[al Vrn Bhgihg c`tlrgjlg{ {rnlk {` ng{njnkh{l

hgk vnblgfl {al jlknh hgk `{alr frn{nfv `d {al shr

|vngc h thrnl{~ `d {arlh{v hgk hf{n`gv" hbblclkb~

ngfb|kngc {al |vl `d san{l thgv {` hok|f{ hgk {`

jhil sn{glvvlv knvh}}lhr'

[al Vrn Bhgihg jnbn{hr~ valbblk `g h bhrcl vfhbl

{al {arll Vhdl U`glv salrl n{ ahk lgf`|rhclk {al

fntnbnhg }`}|bh{n`g {` f`gflg{rh{l ng `rklr {` vllivhdl{~' N{ knk {anv ltlg hd{lr vh~ngc n{ s`|bk flhvl

|vngc alht~ slh}`gv'

[al Vrn Bhgihg jnbn{hr~ valbblk {al \G a|o" d``k

knv{rno|{n`g bnglv hgk _lk Fr`vv van}v f`jngc {`

rlvf|l {al s`|gklk hgk {alnr rlbh{ntlv' N{ knk {anv

klv}n{l ahtngc ng{lbbnclgfl hv slbb hvg`{ndnfh{n`gv o~ {al \G" {al _lk Fr`vv hgk

`{alrv'

Ltnklgfl v|}}`r{v {ah{ j`v{ `d {al fntnbnhg

fhv|hb{nlv slrl h{ {al ahgkv `d {al Vrn Bhgihg

jnbn{hr~ sa` valbblk {al v|}}`vlk vhdl hrlhv'

[al Vrn Bhgihg jnbn{hr~ v~v{ljh{nfhbb~ valbblk

a`v}n{hbv `g {al dr`g{bnglv" sanfa slrl fblhrb~

jhrilk hgk hrl v|}}`vlk {` ol }r {lf{lk o~

ng{lrgh{n`ghb a|jhgn{hrnhg bhs' Hbb a`v}n{hbv ng

{al Thggn slrl an{ o~ j`r{hrv hgk hr{nbblr~"

v`jl{njlv rl}lh{lkb~" klv}n{l {al Vrn Bhgihg


21/143

8>

jnbn{hr~ ig`sngc {alnr b`fh{n`gv hv vn{lv {ah{ slrl

{` ol blchbb~ }r`{lf{lk'

[al Vrn Bhgihg c`tlrgjlg{ v~v{ljh{nfhbb~

kl}rntlk fntnbnhgv ng {al f`gdbnf{ u`gl `d

a|jhgn{hrnhg hnk" ng {al d`rj `d d``k hgk jlknfhb

v|}}bnlv" hkkngc {` {alnr v|ddlrngc' [al

c`tlrgjlg{" hrc|hob~ sn{a ng{lg{" |gklrlv{njh{lk

{al g|jolr `d fntnbnhgv ng `rklr {` kl}rntl {alj`d a|jhgn{hrnhg hnk'

[lgv `d {a`|vhgkv `d fntnbnhgv slrl inbblk

ol{sllg Ehg|hr~ hgk Jh~ ?==>' Jhg~ knlk

hg`g~j`|vb~ ng {al dnghb kh~v hgk {al hf{|hb

g|jolrv hgk nklg{n{~ hrl g`{ ig`sg sn{a

hff|rhf~'

Hd{lr {al shr5

[al Vrn Bhgihg c`tlrgjlg{ v|oelf{lk {al

fntnbnhgv sa` jhghclk {` lvfh}l {al f`gdbnf{

u`gl {` d|r{alr kl}rnth{n`g hgk v|ddlrngc'

Vfrllgngc d`r [hjnb [nclrv {``i }bhfl sn{a`|{

hg~ {rhgv}hrlgf~ `r lq{lrghb vfr|{ng~' V`jl `d

{a`vl vl}hrh{lk o~ {al vfrllgngc slrl v|jjhrnb~


22/143

?=

lqlf|{lk sanbv{ s`jlg slrl rh}lk'8?

@{alrv

vnj}b~ knvh}}lhrlk'

Hbb NK]v slrl kl{hnglk ng fb`vlk `tlrfr`sklk

fhj}v salrl {al~ slrl kl}rntlk `d {alnr ohvnf

rnca{v hgk kncgn{~' [al f`gkn{n`gv ng {al fhj}v

rlv|b{lk ng jhg~ |gglflvvhr~ klh{av ng

f`g{rhtlg{n`g `d ng{lrgh{n`ghb ngv{r|jlg{v {ah{

ngvnv{ `g {al }r`{lf{n`g `d NK] fhj}v'

[alrl slrl nbblchb ng{lrr`ch{n`gv hgk hbblch{n`gv

`d {`r{|rl ng {al fhj}v' V|v}lf{lk [hjnb [nclrv

slrl vl}hrh{lk hgk {hilg {` `{alr dhfnbn{nlv salrl

{al~ dhflk d|r{alr ho|vl'

8?nonk" }hrhv 834$ ?8; }'


23/143

?8

LQFL_][V D_@J F@JJLG[V D_@J

GC@V ]L_[HNGNGC [@ \G ]HGLB @D

LQ]L_[V _L]@_[

[al \G Anca F`jjnvvn`glr d`r A|jhg _nca{v Ghtn

]nbbh~ nvv|lk h v{h{ljlg{ `g ?4 H}rnb ?=88 slbf`jngc

{al }|obnfh{n`g `d {al rl}`r{ hgk v|}}`r{ngc {al rl}`r{#v

fhbb d`r d|r{alr ng{lrgh{n`ghb ngtlv{nch{n`g'86

[al

v{h{ljlg{ slg{ `g {` v{h{l9/[al sh~ {anv f`gdbnf{ shv

f`gk|f{lk" |gklr {al c|nvl `d dnca{ngc {lrr`rnvj"

fahbblgclk {al tlr~ d`|gkh{n`gv `d {al r|blv `d shr hgk

f`v{ {al bntlv `d {lgv `d {a`|vhgkv `d fntnbnhgv'''N a`}l {al

knv{|rongc gls ngd`rjh{n`g f`g{hnglk ng {anv rl}`r{ snbb

va`fi {al f`gvfnlgfl `d {al ng{lrgh{n`ghb f`jj|gn{~ ng{`

dnghbb~ {hingc vlrn`|v hf{n`g'''{anv rl}`r{ kljhgk h d|bb"

nj}hr{nhb" ngkl}lgklg{ hgk {rhgv}hrlg{ ngtlv{nch{n`g'''\gblvv {alrl nv h vlh*fahgcl ng {al

C`tlrgjlg{v rlv}`gvl" sanfa ahv v` dhr ollg `gl `d

{ {hb klgnhb hgk obhgil{ nj}|gn{~" h d|bb*dblkclk

ng{lrgh{n`ghb ngx|nr~ snbb fblhrb~ ol gllklk/'8;

8. Hjglv{~ Ng{lrgh{n`ghb !HN. ahv fhbblk d`r

ng{lrgh{n`ghb hff`|g{honbn{~ d`r {a`vl rlv}`gvnobl d`r

{al shr frnjlv hbblclk ng {al rl}`r{" v{h{ngc {ah{ {al

/\G rl}`r{ dnghbb~ lq}`vlv {al Vrn Bhgihg

86 /\G a|jhg rnca{v fanld slbf`jlv Vrn Bhgih rl}`r{" |rclv d|r{alr ngtlv{nch{n`g ng{` f`gk|f{ `d dnghb v{hclv `d

{al shr/' @ddnfl `d {al \gn{lk Gh{n`gv Anca F`jjnvvn`glr d`r A|jhg _nca{v' ?4 H}rnb ?=88

8; nonk


24/143

??

c`tlrgjlg{v san{lshva ng n{v ldd`r{v {` klg~ e|v{nfl

{` {al shrv tnf{njv/'8

6. Lbltlg ng{lrgh{n`ghb a|jhg rnca{v cr`|}v vlg{ h e`ng{

bl{{lr {` \gn{lk V{h{lv Vlfrl{hr~ `d V{h{l Anbbhr~

Fbng{`g !?3 Jh~ ?=88. |rcngc {al \V c`tlrgjlg{ {`|vl {al 83{a vlvvn`g `d {al \gn{lk Gh{n`gv A|jhg

8< /\G j|v{ hf{ g`s `g Vrn Bhgih shr frnjlv rl}`r{/' Hjglv{~ Ng{lrgh{n`ghb' ?4 H}rnb ?=88

84 nonk

83 /Vrn Bhgih5 \G Fanld Va`|bk Lv{hobnva Ng{lrgh{n`ghb Ngx|nr~/' A|jhg _nca{v Sh{fa' ?< H}rnb ?=88

81nonk

8>nonk


25/143

?6

_nca{v F`|gfnb {` }rlvv d`r ng{lrgh{n`ghb

hff`|g{honbn{~ d`r shr frnjlv ng Vrn Bhgih" slbf`jl

{al lq}lr{ }hglb#v rl}`r{" lq}rlvv f`gflrg h{ n{v

dngkngcv hgk fhbb d`r /d|bb nj}bljlg{h{n`g/ `d {al

}hglb#v rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv'?=

[AL FAHGGLB ; K@F\JLG[H_^ [AL

INBBNGC DNLBKV @D V_N BHGIHV

AH_K LTNKLGFL

[al Fahgglb ; hff`|g{ `d {al Inbbngc Dnlbkv `d Vrn

Bhgih {ah{ slg{ `g hnr `g {al 8;{a

`d E|gl ?=88"

}r`tnklk f`rr`o`rh{ntl tnv|hb ltnklgfl ng {al d`rj `d

l~lsn{glvv hff`|g{v" hjh{l|r dnbj d``{hcl" }a`{`crh}av

hgk j`onbl }a`gl tnkl`v' [al ;1 jng|{l dnbj kl}nf{lk

/klh{a" nge|r~" lqlf|{n`g hgk ltnklgfl `d vlq|hb ho|vl

hgk j|rklr/'

[s` knv{ngf{ ingkv `d d``{hcl ahk c`gl ng{` {al jhingc

`d Fahgglb ;#v hff`|g{ `d {al fb`vngc slliv `d {al shr

hchngv{ {al [hjnb [nclrv' [al dnrv{ {s` vlf{n`gv f`gvnv{lkjhngb~ `d hjh{l|r dnbj jhkl o~ fntnbnhgv" va`{ o~ {al

tnf{njv {aljvlbtlv" k|rngc `r ng {al njjlknh{l hd{lrjh{a

`d olngc valbblk" {rh}}lk ng {al h}}hbbngc /g` dnrl u`glv/

{ah{ slrl lv{hobnvalk o~ {al Vrn Bhgihg c`tlrgjlg{' [al

?= Vlfrl{hr~ Anbbhr~ Fbng{`g \'V' Kl}hr{jlg{ `d V{h{l/' Drllk`j A`|vl' ?3 Jh~ ?=88


26/143

?;

d``{hcl shv ig`sngcb~ rlf`rklk {` k`f|jlg{ frnjlv

sn{glvvlk o~ {al dnbjjhilrv' [al d``{hcl" crh}anf hgk

kll}b~ knv{|rongc" h{{lv{v {` {al frnjnghb hf{v }lr}l{rh{lk

k|rngc k|rh{n`g `d {al f`gdbnf{'

[al dnghb {anrk `d {al }r`crhj d`f|vlk `g j`onbl }a`gl

dnbjv `d h vlrnlv `d bntl lqlf|{n`gv `d }rnv`glrv" hgk {al

knv}`vhb hgk ho|vl `d rh}lk hgk j|{nbh{lk o`knlv" dnbjlk

o~ {al j|rklrlrv {aljvlbtlv hv {r`}a~ d``{hcl' @{alr

v`bknlrv f`|bk ol vllg dnbjngc {al vflglv sn{a {alnr

}a`glv h{ {al vhjl {njl' [al dnbj {lv{nj`g~ }r`tnklv

ngf`g{r`tlr{nobl ltnklgfl {ah{ shr frnjlv ahk {hilg

}bhfl'

Fahgglb ;#v dnbj hkkrlvvlk *vlrn`|v hf{v `d `jnvvn`g hv

slbb {al dhnb|rl `d {al ng{lrgh{n`ghb f`jj|gn{~ {`lddlf{ntlb~ }r`{lv{ hchngv{ {al {rlh{jlg{ `d fntnbnhgv ng

{al fb`vngc v{hclv `d {al fntnb shr f`gv{n{|{lv h vlrn`|v

fahrcl hchngv{ {al ng{lrgh{n`ghb f`jj|gn{~ sanfa tnh {al

_lv}`gvnonbn{~ {` ]r`{lf{ k`f{rngl" hv `|{bnglk o~ VC Ohg

In J``g" ahv hg `obnch{n`g9 !]rngfn}bl [arll. d`f|vlv

`g {al rlv}`gvnonbn{~ `d ng{lrgh{n`ghb f`jj|gn{~ {` {hil

{njlb~ hgk klfnvntl hf{n`g {` }rltlg{ hgk ahb{ jhvv

h{r`fn{nlv salg h V{h{l nv jhgndlv{b~ dhnbngc {` }r`{lf{ n{v

}`}|bh{n`gv'?8

?8 Ehg|hr~ ?==>" \G Vlfrl{hr~*Clglrhb Ohg In*J``g" Nj}bljlg{ngc {al _lv}`gvnonbn{~ {` ]r`{lf{'


27/143

?16 {` ?==>" hgk {` }r`tnkl rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv d`r hg

lrh `d alhbngc hgk }lhfl o|nbkngc' Hd{lr hg 81 j`g{angx|nr~" {al f`jjnvvn`g v|ojn{{lk n{v rl}`r{ {` {al

]rlvnklg{ `g 8< G`tljolr ?=88' [al rl}`r{ shv jhkl

}|obnf `g 84 Klfljolr ?=88" hd{lr olngc {hoblk ng

{al }hrbnhjlg{'


31/143

?>

Jhgkh{l

[` ngx|nrl hgk rl}`r{ `g {al d`bb`sngc jh{{lrv {ah{ jh~ahtl {hilg }bhfl k|rngc {al }lrn`k ol{sllg ?8v{

Dlor|hr~" ?==? hgk 8>{a Jh~" ?==>" ghjlb~5

[al dhf{v hgk fnrf|jv{hgflv sanfa blk {` {al

dhnb|rl `d {al flhvldnrl hcrlljlg{ `}lrh{n`ghbnvlk

`g ?8v{ Dlor|hr~" ?==? hgk {al vlx|lgfl `d

ltlg{v {ah{ d`bb`slk {alrlhd{lr |} {` {al 8>{a `d

Jh~" ?==>'

Sal{alr hg~ }lrv`g" cr`|} `r ngv{n{|{n`g knrlf{b~

`r ngknrlf{b~ olhr rlv}`gvnonbn{~ ng {anv rlchrk

[al blvv`gv sl s`|bk blhrg dr`j {a`vl ltlg{v

hgk {alnr h{{lgkhg{ f`gflrg" ng `rklr {` lgv|rl

{ah{ {alrl snbb ol g` rlf|rrlgfl

[al jl{a`k`b`c~ salrlo~ rlv{n{|{n`g {` hg~

}lrv`g hddlf{lk o~ {a`vl ltlg{v `r {alnr

kl}lgkhg{v `r {alnr alnrv" fhg ol hddlf{lk

[al ngv{n{|{n`ghb hkjngnv{rh{ntl hgk blcnvbh{ntl

jlhv|rlk sanfa gllk {` ol {hilg ng `rklr `r

}rltlg{ hg~ rlf|rrlgfl `d v|fa f`gflrgv ng {al

d|{|rl" hgk {` }r`j`{l d|r{alr gh{n`ghb |gn{~ hgk

{al rlf`gfnbnh{n`g hj`gc hbb f`jj|gn{nlv" hgk {`

jhil hg~ v|fa `{alr rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv sn{a


32/143


33/143

68

f`gdr`g{lk sn{a hg |g}rlflklg{lk vn{|h{n`g

salrl g` `{alr fa`nfl shv }`vvnobl `{alr {ahg

rl{|rgngc dnrl ng{` {al GDUv ng rl}b~ {` {al

ngf`jngc dnrl" hgk hbb /dlhvnobl }rlfh|{n`gv/ {ah{

slrl }rhf{nfhobl ng {al fnrf|jv{hgflv ahk ollg

{hilg' Kl{lrjngngc hgk `o{hngngc `d h rl*

f`gv{r|f{n`g `d hbb {al f`gkn{n`gv |gklr sanfa {al

/f`joh{ hf{n`g/ {``i }bhfl s`|bk ol /glq{ {`

nj}`vvnobl/'

Valbbv ahk ng dhf{ dhbblg `g a`v}n{hbv fh|vngc

khjhcl hgk rlv|b{ngc ng fntnbnhg fhv|hb{nlv' O|{

ltnklgfl v|ojn{{lk nv lx|nt`fhb ng gh{|rl hgk

k`lv g`{ shrrhg{ h kldngn{ntl f`gfb|vn`g {ah{ `gl

}hr{~ `r {al `{alr shv rlv}`gvnobl d`r {al

valbbngc'

[al C`tlrgjlg{ `d Vrn Bhgih sn{a {al f`*

`}lrh{n`g `d {al hnk hclgfnlv ahv {hilg hbb

}`vvnobl v{l}v ng cl{{ngc d``k" jlknfhb v|}}bnlv

hgk `{alr lvvlg{nhb n{ljv hfr`vv {` {al lg{rh}}lk

fntnbnhgv' A`sltlr {alrl h}}lhrv {` ahtl ollg h

}h|fn{~ `d jlknfnglv hgk {al jlknfhb dhfnbn{nlv

h}}lhr {` ahtl ollg nghklx|h{l'

[al B[[L shv lgchclk ng crhtl tn`bh{n`gv `d

f`rl }rngfn}blv `d Ng{lrgh{n`ghb a|jhgn{hrnhg bhs

!NAB. o~ |vngc fntnbnhgv hv a|jhg vanlbkv"

}bhfngc hgk |vngc jnbn{hr~ lx|n}jlg{ ng fntnbnhg


34/143

6?

flg{lrv" va``{ngc h{ fntnbnhgv {r~ngc {` lvfh}l ng{`

vhdl hrlhv" f`gvfrn}{ngc ~`|gc fanbkrlg {` lgchcl

ng f`joh{ l{f'

Hovlgfl `d h }r`}lr tlrndnfh{n`g }r`flvv k|rngc

{al dnghb v{hclv `d {al shr ahv f`g{rno|{lk {` {al

|gtlrndnlk vsll}ngc clglrhbnuh{n`gv `d h ancab~

v}lf|bh{ntl gh{|rl" hv rlchrkv fhv|hb{~ dnc|rlv'

[alrl hrl h g|jolr `d va`r{f`jngcv ng {al

lqnv{ngc NAB rlcnjl }lr{hngngc {` ng{lrghb

f`gdbnf{v ngt`btngc v{h{lv hgk g`g*v{h{l hrjlk

cr`|}v'

[lfagnfhb hjonc|n{nlv" lblf{r`gnf {hj}lrngc hgk

{al hr{ndnfnhb f`gv{r|f{n`g `d {al #ob``k lddlf{# ng{al 6 vl}hrh{l tnkl`v !`rncnghbb~ ng 6C] d`rjh{.

{ah{ h}}lhrv ng Fahgglb ; k`f|jlg{hr~ Vrn

Bhgih#v Inbbngc Dnlbkv" fhv{ vncgndnfhg{ k`|o{v `g

{alnr h|{alg{nfn{~" blhkngc {` x|lv{n`gv `g

sal{alr {al ngfnklg{v hrl #rlhb# `r #v{hclk#'

[alrl slrl hg hbhrjngcb~ bhrcl g|jolr `drl}rlvlg{h{n`gv jhkl ng dr`g{ `d {al f`jjnvvn`g

hbblcngc hok|f{n`gv" |gbhsd|b hrrlv{v" hron{rhr~

kl{lg{n`g hgk ngt`b|g{hr~ knvh}}lhrhgflv"

rlchrkngc sanfa g` `ddnfnhb hf{n`g ahv ollg

{hilg'


35/143

66

]r`crhjv ng rlahonbn{h{n`g flg{lrv d`r lq*B[[L

f`joh{hg{v hrl f`gk|f{lk ng h }r`dlvvn`ghb hgk

fhrngc jhgglr'

[al crnlthgflv `d {al [hjnb f`jj|gn{~ ahtl

ollg h r``{ fh|vl d`r {al l{agnf f`gdbnf{'

Hb`gc sn{a hg ngkl}lgklg{ e|knfnhr~ hgk h

{rhgv}hrlg{ blchb }r`flvv" v{rnf{ hkalrlgfl {`

{al r|bl `d bhs nv h vngl x|h g`g d`r }lhfl hgk

v{honbn{~ `d {al f`|g{r~'

Hg ngkl}lgklg{ hgk }lrjhglg{ ]`bnfl

F`jjnvvn`g nv h }rl*rlx|nvn{l {` c|hrhg{ll {al

lddlf{ntl d|gf{n`gngc `d {al ]`bnfl vlrtnfl'

Sanbl {al knv{rno|{n`g `d jlhgngcd|b }`slrv {`

{al }lrn}alr~ nv lvvlg{nhb" {alrl hrl }`slrv sanfa

d`rj {al f`rl rlv}`gvnonbn{nlv `d {al v{h{l hgk

sanfa fhgg { ol v` klt`btlk" hgk gllk {` ol

rl{hnglk hgk lqlrfnvlk o~ {al c`tlrgjlg{ h{ {al

flg{rl'

_lf`jjlgkh{n`gv `d {al BB_F

D|r{alr ngtlv{nch{n`gv va`|bk ol fhrrnlk `|{

rlchrkngc d`|r }hr{nf|bhr ngfnklg{v sanfa fh|vlk


36/143

6;

klh{a `r nge|r~ {` fntnbnhgv" `g }`vvnobl nj}bnfh{n`g

`d {al vlf|rn{~ d`rflv'

Glflvvhr~ ngtlv{nch{n`gv va`|bk ol fhrrnlk `|{ ng{`

v}lfndnf hbblch{n`gv `d knvh}}lhrhgflv hd{lr

v|rrlgklrhrrlv{" hgk salrl v|fa ngtlv{nch{n`gv

}r`k|fl ltnklgfl `d hg~ |gbhsd|b hf{ `g {al }hr{ `d

ngkntnk|hb jljolrv `d {al Hrj~" {al sr`gck`lrv

va`|bk ol }r`vlf|{lk hgk }|gnvalk'

[hil k|l hff`|g{ `g v|rrlgklrlk B[[L fhkrlv

hchngv{ sa`j ngtlv{nch{n`gv rltlhb }rnjh

dhfnl jh{lrnhb d`r }r`vlf|{n`g'

NAB rlcnjl va`|bk {hil ng{` hff`|g{ {al crl~ hrlhv

ng {al lqnv{ngc blchb drhjls`ri h}}bnfhobl {` ng{lrghb

f`gdbnf{v ngt btngc v{h{lv hgk g`g*v{h{l hrjlk

cr`|}v'

H }r`dlvvn`ghbb~ klvncglk a`|vla`bk v|rtl~ va`|bk

ol f`gk|f{lk f`tlrngc hbb hddlf{lk dhjnbnlv ng hbb

}hr{v `d {al nvbhgk {` hvflr{hng dnrv{ahgk {al vfhbl hgk

{al fnrf|jv{hgflv `d klh{a hgk nge|r~ {` fntnbnhgv" hvslbb hv khjhcl {` }r`}lr{~ k|rngc {al }lrn`k `d {al

f`gdbnf{'

Ngv{n{|{l hg ngkl}lgklg{ ngtlv{nch{n`g ng{` Fahgglb ;

tnkl`v'


37/143

6>= jhvvhfrl `d Vrn Bhgihg ]`bnfl `ddnflrv'

H d|bb ngtlv{nch{n`g va`|bk ol k`gl `g {al hbblclk

hf{v `d lq{`r{n`g f`jjn{{lk o~ jljolrv `d

{al Llbhj ]l`}bl#v Klj`frh{nf ]hr{~ !L]K].'

V{l}v va`|bk ol {hilg {` gl|{rhbnvl {al hf{ntn{nlv `d h

chgc blk o~ h }lrv`g fhbblk Jhe`r Vllbhg ng

f`gglf{n`g sn{a `ddlgflv `d hok|f{n`g" lq{`r{n`g hgk

r`oolr~ |vngc {al vlf|rn{~ d`rflv dhfnbn{nlv hv h f`tlr'


40/143

61

\gn{v `d {al H{{`rgl~ Clglrhb#v kl}hr{jlg{ va`|bk ol

vl{ |} ng {al }r`tngflv {` c|nkl hgk hktnvl {al ]`bnfl

rlchrkngc frnjnghb ngtlv{nch{n`gv" }r`vlf|{n`gv hgk

`{alr jh{{lrv {`|fangc |}`g {al frnjnghb e|v{nfl

v~v{lj'

Hg ngkl}lgklg{ ]|obnf Vlrtnfl F`jjnvvn`g va`|bk

ol lv{hobnvalk sn{a`|{ klbh~ {` lgv|rl {ah{ {alrl nv

g` }`bn{nfhb ng{lrdlrlgfl ng {al }|obnf vlrtnfl'

H c``k*dhn{a ldd`r{ va`|bk ol {hilg {` kltlb`} h

f`gvlgv|v `g }`slr klt`b|{n`g" o|nbkngc `g sah{

lqnv{v o`{a" d`r jhqnj|j }`vvnobl klt`b|{n`g {`

{al }lrn}alr~" hv slbb hv }`slr vahrngc h{ {al flg{rl'

Blhrgngc `d lhfa `{alrv bhgc|hclv va`|bk ol jhkl h

f`j}|bv`r~ }hr{ `d {al vfa``b f|rrnf|b|j'

Hbb C`tlrgjlg{ `ddnflv va`|bk ahtl [hjnb*v}lhingc

`ddnflrv h{ hbb {njlv' ]`bnfl V{h{n`gv va`|bk ahtl on*

bngc|hb `ddnflrv `g h ?;*a`|r ohvnv'

H }r`hf{ntl }`bnf~ va`|bk ol nj}bljlg{lk {`

lgf`|rhcl jnqlk vfa``bv vlrtngc fanbkrlg dr`j

knddlrlg{ l{agnf hgk rlbncn`|v ohficr`|gkv'

C`tlrgjlg{ va`|bk lgchcl sn{a {al v`*fhbblk

#a`v{nbl knhv}`rh cr`|}v# f`gv{r|f{ntlb~ hgk hkkrlvv

{alnr f`gflrgv'


41/143

6>

Gh{n`ghb hg{alj va`|bk ol v|gc vnj|b{hgl`|vb~ ng

{s` bhgc|hclv {` {al vhjl {|gl'

Bhsv va`|bk ol v{rnf{b~ lgd`rflk `g {al ngv{hgflv

`d ah{l v}llfa {ah{ f`g{rno|{lv {` f`jj|ghb

knvahrj`g~'

H vl}hrh{l ltlg{ va`|bk ol vl{ h}hr{ `g {al Gh{n`ghb

Kh~ !;{a `d Dlor|hr~. {` lq}rlvv v bnkhrn{~ hgk

lj}h{a~ sn{a hbb tnf{njv `d {al {rhcnf f`gdbnf{ hgk

}blkcl {al f bblf{ntl f`jjn{jlg{ {` lgv|rl {ah{

{alrl va`|bk gltlr ol v|fa ob``k*bl{{ngc ng {al

f`|g{r~ hchng'

@ovlrth{n`gv `d {al \G ]hglb `d Lq}lr{v `g {al

gh{|rl `d {al BB_F

[al ]hglb f`gfb|klk {ah{ {al C`tlrgjlg{v g`{n`g `d

hff`|g{honbn{~ nv g`{ ng hff`rkhgfl sn{a ng{lrgh{n`ghb

v{hgkhrkv' [al c`tlrgjlg{ h}}`ng{lk Blvv`gv Blhrg{

hgk _lf`gfnbnh{n`g F`jjnvvn`g ahv ollg |gklr vfr|{ng~

o~ {al }hglb hv {al rl}`r{ vh~v" {al BB_F nv kll}b~

dbhslk" k`lv g`{ jll{ Ng{lrgh{n`ghb v{hgkhrkv d`r hg

lddlf{ntl hff`|g{honbn{~ jlfahgnvj hgk" {alrld`rl" k`lv

g`{ hgk fhgg`{ vh{nvd~ {al e`ng{ f`jjn{jlg{ `d {al


42/143

;=

]rlvnklg{ `d Vrn Bhgih hgk {al Vlfrl{hr~*Clglrhb {` hg

hff`|g{honbn{~ }r`flvv'?;

[al dbhslk BB_F rl}`r{ rln{lrh{lv {al gllk d`r hg

nj}hr{nhb Ng{lrgh{n`ghb Ngx|nr~ ng{` Shr Frnjlv

[al BB_F shv d`rjlk {` ohnb `|{ {al Vrn Bhgihg

c`tlrgjlg{ salg {al g``vl shv {nca{lglk o~ {al a|jhgrnca{v cr`|}v slv{lrg c`tlrgjlg{v {` vl{ |} hg

ngkl}lgklg{ f`jjnvvn`g `d lgx|nr~ {` ngtlv{nch{l {al

hbblch{n`gv `d v{h{l v}`gv`rlk bhrcl vfhbl shr frnjlv'

H{ {al tlr~ `|{vl{" {al F`jjnvvn`g shv vl{ |} hd{lr

f`gvnklrhobl }rlvv|rl hv Vrn Bhgih shv frn{nfnulk o~

ng{lrgh{n`ghb GC@v hgk shv ngknf{lk d`r shr frnjlv o~

{al ]lrjhglg{ ]l`}blv [rno|ghb `g Shr Frnjlv hchngv{

Vrn Bhgih albk h{ K|obng ng Ehg|hr~ ?=8=" d`bb`slk o~

{al rl}`r{ `d {al Ng{lrgh{n`ghb Frnvnv Cr`|} ng Jhrfa

?=8= hgk {alg {al \gn{lk Gh{n`gv Vlfrl{hr~ Clglrhb"

Ohg In J``g h}}`ng{ngc h tlr~ frlknobl ]hglb `d

Lq}lr{v!Jhru|in Khr|vjhg sn{a ^hvjng V``ih hgkV{ltl _h{glr.'

N{ shv `gb~ hd{lr {anv {ah{ {al Vrn Bhgihg c`tlrgjlg{

h}}`ng{lk {al lnca{ jljolr Blvv`gv Blhrg{ hgk

?; v|}rh 3 h{ }'t


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;8

_lf`gfnbnh{n`g F`jjnvvn`g sn{a `gb~ h dls jljolrv

dr`j {al }rngfn}hbb~ hccrnltlk f`jj|gn{~'

Dr`j {al olcnggngc Ng{lrgh{n`ghb A|jhg _nca{v cr`|}v

slrl hchngv{ h k`jlv{nf ngtlv{nch{n`g d`r {al vnj}bl

rlhv`g {ah{ {al }rltn`|v ]rlvnklg{nhb f`jjnvvn`gv `g

jhg~ `{alr nvv|lv knk g`{ olhr hg~ }`vn{ntl `|{f`jlv d`r

{al tnf{njv'

[al Fahnrjhg `d {al F`jjnvvn`g F' _' Kl Vnbth shv {al

H{{`rgl~ Clglrhb hgk {al fanld bhs `ddnflr `d {al }rlvlg{

c`tlrgjlg{' Vnbth shv hff|vlk `d ng{lrdlrngc ng h

}rltn`|v f`jjnvvn`g" {al ?==4*?==> ]rlvnklg{nhb

F`jjnvvn`g `d Ngx|nr~ ng{` hbblch{n`gv `d vlrn`|v a|jhg

rnca{v tn`bh{n`gv o~ {al vlf|rn{~ d`rflv' [al Ng{lrgh{n`ghb

Ngkl}lgklg{ Cr`|} `d Ljnglg{ ]lrv`gv" sa` ahk ollgngtn{lk o~ {al ]rlvnklg{ {` `tlrvll {al F`jjnvvn`gv

s`ri" rlvncglk ng H}rnb ?==1 fn{ngc Kl Vnbth#v olahtn`|r

hv `gl `d jhe`r rlhv`gv d`r k`ngc v`' Hg`{alr jljolr

shv }hr{ `d {al \G hk*a`f F`jjn{{ll `g Jlhv|rlv {`

Lbnjngh{l Ng{lrgh{n`ghb [lrr`rnvj!sah{ nv {` ol g`{lk

alrl nv {ah{ {al Vrn Bhgihg c`tlrgjlg{ orhgklk hbb

[hjnbv hv ln{alr B[[L {lrr`rnv{v `r v~j}h{anulrv." h {anrkjljolr A' J' C' V' ]hbnahiihrh vlrtlk hv Vrn Bhgihv

]lrjhglg{ _l}rlvlg{h{ntl {` {al \gn{lk Gh{n`gv k|rngc

{al dnghb v{hclv `d {al shr hgk }|obnfhbb~ kldlgklk {al

hf{n`gv `d {al Vrn Bhgihg jnbn{hr~ k|rngc {al dnghb

j`g{av `d {al fntnb shr'H' _`ahg ]lrlrh shv blchb


44/143

;?

hktnv`r {` {al D`rlncg Jngnv{r~ k|rngc {al }lrn`k

ngtlv{nch{lk o~ {al BB_F'

J`v{ `d {al f`jjnvvn`glrv hrl slbb ig`sg {` ol fb`vl {`

{al r|bngc }`bn{nfhb }`slr hgk {alrl shv crlh{ k`|o{ {ah{

{al~ s`|bk ol `oelf{ntl {` krhd{ h frlknobl rl}`r{ hchngv{

{al ngv{n{|{n`ghb jlfahgnvjv |vlk {` f`jjn{ frnjlv

k|rngc {al f`|rvl `d {al shr'

[al BB_F jhkl `gb~ 83 kh~v `d dnlbk tnvn{v hgk e|v{ 4

kh~v {` {al shr {alh{rl ng Thggn `|{ `d glhrb~ 81 j`g{av'

[anv rhnvlv x|lv{n`gv hv {` a`s {al~ f`|bk krhd{ h

frlknobl rl}`r{(

[al f`jjnvvn`g bhfilk h tnf{nj flg{rnf h}}r`hfa hv n{

shv h{ {al tlr~ dnrv{ ngv{hgfl n{ shv a`|vlk ng F`b`jo`

sn{a g` }r`dlvvn`ghb f`|gvlb`rv sa` f`|bk hnk {al

tnf{njv kl}`vngc old`rl {alj' [al BB_F bhfilk clgklr

vlgvn{ntn{~ hgk h tnf{nj flg{lrlk h}}r`hfa hv {alrl hrl g`

lj`{n`ghb hgk }v~fa`b`cnfhb rlf`|rvl {` tnf{njv cntngc

{lv{nj`g~' 1=, `d {al tnf{njv hrl s`jlg hgk fanbkrlg

o|{ {al lnca{ jljolr {lhj ahk `gb~ `gl s`jhg' [alrl

shv h bhfi `d {rhgv}hrlgf~ hv g`o`k~ igls sah{ {alf`jjnvvn`g shv s`ringc `g hgk {al~ knk g`{ vlli

`|{vnkl v|}}`r{' Vncgndnfhg{b~" {al f`jjnvvn`g ahk g`

jhgkh{l d`r h crnlthgfl rlkrlvvhb jlfahgnvj'

[alrl shv g` sn{glvv vlf|rn{~ `r v|ovlx|lg{ }r`{lf{n`g'

Hd{lr jhingc hbblch{n`gv sn{glvvlv ahk {` c` ohfi hgk


45/143

;6

bntl sn{a {al hff|vlk }lr}l{rh{`rv `d {al frnjl9 {al Vrn

Bhgihg hrjlk d`rflv sanfa ahk {hilg }`vvlvvn`g `d `tlr

;=, `d bhgk olb`gcngc {` {al [hjnbv' F|b{nth{n`g hgk

`{alr bntlbna``k hf{ntn{nlv `d {al [hjnbv slrl frn{nfhbb~

hddlf{lk'

[al jljolrv knk g`{ jhil hg h{{lj}{ {` jlg{n`g `d {al

lqhf{ `r h}}r`qnjh{l g|jolrv `d fntnbnhgv inbblk"

jnvvngc `r |ghff`|g{hobl9 flr{hngb~ hg nj}`r{hg{ hv}lf{

`d hg~ òelf{ntl dngkngc `d a|jhgn{hrnhg bhs tn`bh{n`g'

Hff`rkngc {` {al rlf`rkv `d {al Vrn Bhgihg C`tlrgjlg{

Hclg{ `ddnflv `d J|bbhn{nt| hgk Inbbng`fafan knv{rnf{v"

{al }`}|bh{n`g `d Thggn shv ;?>"= ng @f{òlr ?==1'

[al {`{hb g|jolr `d }l`}bl sa` slrl }|{ |gklr Vrn

Bhgihg c`tlrgjlg{ f`g{r`b hd{lr {al shr shv ?1?"61="hff`rkngc {` {al \G |}kh{l !8= E|b~ ?==>.' K|l

fbhrndnfh{n`g va`|bk ol jhkl rlchrkngc sah{ ah}}lglk {`

8;4"43> }l`}bl" sanfa nv {al knvfrl}hgf~ ol{sllg {al

g|jolr `d }l`}bl sa` fhjl {` c`tlrgjlg{ f`g{r`bblk

hrlhv ol{sllg @f{òlr ?==1 Jh~ ?==> hgk {al

}`}|bh{n`g rl}`r{lk {` ol ng Thggn ng lhrb~ @f{òlr

?==1" vhnk {al Fh{a`bnf Onva`} `d Jhgghhr" _{' _lt'Kr' _h~h}}| E`vl}a ng anv v|ojnvvn`g {` {al BB_F `g

{al >{a

`d Ehg|hr~ ?=88' [al Onva`} hbv` rhnvlk {al nvv|lv

`d jnbn{hrnuh{n`g" f`b`gnuh{n`g" bhgk crho" Vngahbnuh{n`g"

O|kkanfnvh{n`g hgk fntnb hv slbb hv a|jhg rnca{v ho|vlv

{ah{ f`g{ng|l {` {hil }bhfl ng {al [hjnb bhgk d`bb`sngc


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47/143

; }l`}bl hrl g`{ hff`|g{lk d`r' [al BB_F `gb~nklg{ndnlk d`|r ngv{hgflv ng sanfa {alrl f`|bk ahtl ollg

ngkntnk|hb lqflvv o~ {al hrjlk d`rflv' V|rlb~" d`|r

ngv{hgflv `d ngkntnk|hb lqflvv f`|bk g`{ ahtl rlv|b{lk ng

j`rl {ahg ;="=== jhvv fhv|hb{nlv' [a|v" {al BB_F nv hg

h{{lj}{ {` ankl {al }`bnf~*`rnlg{lk" ngv{n{|{n`ghbnulk

ng{lrgh{n`ghb frnjlv' V|fa h fahrhf{lrnuh{n`g `d nv`bh{lk


48/143

;4

lqflvv hbv` }r`tnklv hg lvfh}l fahgglb dr`j {al vlrn`|v

fahrclv jlg{n`glk ng {al \GVC ]hglb _l}`r{'

[al f`jjnvvn`g ng n{v rl}`r{ v{h{lk {ah{ {al jnbn{hr~

v{rh{lc~ `d {al Vrn Bhgihg d`rflv shv vh{nvdhf{`r~ hgk

{ah{ n{ chtl {al ancalv{ }rn`rn{~ {` {al }r`{lf{n`g `d {al

fntnbnhg }`}|bh{n`g' Salrlhv" h Dlklrhb F`|r{ `d H}}lhb

ng H|v{rhbnh ng VUN[_ t' Jngnv{lr `d Njjncrh{n`g hgk

J|b{nf|b{|rhb Hddhnrv" Y?==4Z DFH 83 g`{lk {ah{ {al

{rno|ghb ahk d`|gk {al Vrn Bhgihg vlf|rn{~ d`rflv"

ngfb|kngc {al hrj~" k|rngc {al rlblthg{ }lrn`k f`jjn{{lk

hf{v `d {`r{|rl hchngv{ [hjnb fntnbnhgv `d v|fa g|jolr

hgk r`|{ngl drlx|lgf~ hv {` f`gv{n{|{l snklv}rlhk `r

v~v{ljh{nf h{{hfi hchngv{ {al [hjnb }`}|bh{n`g ltlg nd

{alrl shv g` d`rjhbb~ v{h{lk hrj~ `r kldlgvl jngnv{r~

}`bnf~ }r`j|bch{lk ng {anv f`gglf{n`g' N{ d|r{alr g`{lk{ah{ {al H}}bnfhg{ ng {ah{ fhvl ahk vllg jhg~ klhk

o`knlv `d fntnbnhgv hgk ahk vllg v`bknlrv va``{ ngg`flg{

fntnbnhgv" sanfa shv {` frlh{l dlhr hgk {lrr`r ng {al

[hjnb rhfl'

[al f`jjnvvn`g k`lv g`{ hgvslr {al x|lv{n`gv rhnvlk o~

{al A|jhg _nca{v cr`|}v rlchrkngc {al lq}|bvn`g `dNGC@v hgk GC@v dr`j {al shr u`glv ng Vl}{ljolr

?==1" hv slbb hv {al ohg `g }rnth{l hgk ngkl}lgklg{

jlknh f`tlrngc {al shr'

Hj`gc tn`bh{n`gv g`{ f`gvnklrlk o~ {al F`jjnvvn`g

slrl5 {al san{l thg hok|f{n`gv `d hg{n*shr hf{ntnv{v


49/143

;3

hfr`vv {al sa bl nvbhgk9 {al inbbngc `d ngkl}lgklg{

e`|rghbnv{v hfr`vv {al nvbhgk9 {al rlfr|n{jlg{ `d Fanbk

V`bknlrv o~ }r`*c`tlrgjlg{ }hrhjnbn{hr~ cr`|}v9 {`r{|rl9

{al |gflr{hng d|{|rl `d {al >="=== shr snk`sv dr`j {al

g`r{a hgk {al lhv{9 {al knvr|}{n`g `d lk|fh{n`g `d

fanbkrlg9 {al dh{l `d `r}ahgv9 {al ngfhrflrh{n`g `d

?1?"=== [hjnbv ng {al Jhgni Dhrj fhj}v d`r j`rl {ahg

h ~lhr9 {al rlv{rnf{n`g `d j`tljlg{ `d {al [hjnbv9 hj`gc

`{alr ldd`r{v {` o|rklg {al [hjnb }l`}bl dr`j rlv}lf{ngc{alnr f|b{|rl hgk bntlv' Hff`rkngcb~ h t`nk ng {al

F`jjnvvn`gv dngkngcv hrl5 {al lf`g`jnf ljohrc` `g

{al [hjnb hrlhv dr`j {al lgk `d ?==39 {al v{hrth{n`g `d

fntnbnhgv dr`j E|gl ?==19 {al f`g{ng|`|v hlrnhb o`jongcv

`g fntnbnhg {hrcl{v9 |vngc {al kl}rnthb `d d``k" sh{lr hgk

jlknfngl hv slh}`gv `d shr9 {al nglddlf{ntl hgk blvv

{ahg f`j}bl{l rlvl{{bljlg{ `d [hjnbv9 {al klv}lrh{l v{h{l

`d [hjnb rld|cllv d`rflk {` blhtl {alnr a`jl hgk dngk

rld|cl hr`|gk {al s`rbk hv slbb hv h j|b{n{|kl `d `{alr

}`bnfnlv {ah{ nj}hf{ [hjnbv hgk {alnr sh~ `d bndl'

[al f`jjnvvn`g ahv rlf`jjlgklk crhg{ngc

f`j}lgvh{n`g !`d{lg nghklx|h{l. {` tnf{njv `gb~ hv hg

lj}{~ clv{|rl rh{alr {ahg h rnca{ `d {al tnf{nj {` cl{ dhnr

f`j}lgvh{n`g hgk`r e|v{nfl' N{ d|r{alr k`lv g`{ v}lhi `d

{al lf`g`jnf b`vvlv v|v{hnglk o~ {al [hjnbv k|rngc {al

f`|rvl `d {al shr ng g`{ hbb`sngc kltlb`}jlg{ hgk

ngtlv{jlg{ ng {al {rhkn{n`ghb hrlhv `d [hjnb ahon{h{n`g'


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;1

N{ j|v{ ol hkjn{{lk klv}n{l g { hkkrlvvngc {al thv{

g|jolr `d tn`bh{n`gv `d a|jhg kncgn{~ {ah{ }`vn{ntl

`|{f`jlv hrl {al rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv {` kljnbn{hrnul {al

g`r{a hgk lhv{ hgk {` knvjhg{bl {al }hrhjnbn{hr~ cr`|}v'

[anv hb`gl snbb g`{ hbb`s cr`s{a hgk slbb*olngc `d {al

rlcn`gv sanfa [hjnbv {rhkn{n`ghbb~ fhbb {alnr a`jl'

^l{ hchng {anv f`jjnvvn`g ahv f`jl {` {al hnk `d {al Vrn

Bhgihg ]rlvnklg{ ng o|~ngc {njl `d glhrb~ `gl hgk h ahbd

~lhrv hgk }htngc sh~ d`r o|~ngc j`rl {njl ng {al shil

`d rlf`jjlgkngc vl{{ngc |} `d j`rl f`jjnvvn`gv {`

lgx|nrl ng{` jhg~ `{alr hbblch{n`gv" lv}lfnhbb~ ng{`

h{r`fn{nlv f`jjn{{lk o~ ngkntnk|hb v`bknlrv'

[al \G ]hglbnv{v rl}`r{ tlr~ fblhrb~ v{h{lv {ah{ {njl hgk

hchng {alnr `ddnflv" a|ov hgk ltlg rlbnld knv{rno|{n`gflg{lrv slrl rlblg{blvvb~ h{{hfilk hgk x|lv{n`glk sa~

{al \G knk g`{ orngc n{ {` {al g`{nfl `d {al `|{lr s`rbk `r

shrg {al Vrn Bhgihg d`rflv sa` klbnolrh{lb~ o`jolk {al

\G lv{hobnvajlg{v' [al vh{lbbn{l }a`{`crh}av `d {al \G

VH[ hrl {alrl hv f`gfrl{l ltnklgfl" sanfa {al BB_F

fhgg`{ rld|{l'

[al s`rbk ahv rlhk hgk vllg {al c`r~ ngfnklg{v `d {al

shr hchngv{ fntnbnhgv salg {al~ rlhk {al \G }hglb `d

Lq}lr{v rl}`r{ v|ojn{{lk ng Jhrfa ?=889 [al Fhcl" h

o``i srn{{lg o~ C`rk`g Slnvv" d`rjlr \G

V}`ilv}lrv`g `d Vrn Bhgih' [alg {al tnv|hb

k`f|jlg{hrnlv5 [al Inbbngc Dnlbkv `d Vrn Bhgih o~


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;>

Fahgglb ;9 N sn{glvvlk Clg`fnkl o~ Alhkbnglv [`kh~

hgk Vrn Bhgihv bnlv" }r`k|flk o~ Ngknhg Fahgglbv" {al

OOF hgk Hb Ehullrh {lblfhv{ngc v{`rnlv `d shr frnjlv'

Fblhrb~ {al jlknh ahv g`{ hffl}{lk {al BB_F rl}`r{

sanfa nv tnlslk o~ jhg~ f`jjlg{h{`rv hv onhvlk hgk

g`{ rl}rlvlg{h{ntl `d {al hf{|hb anv{`r~ hgk vn{|h{n`g `d

{al }`bnfnlv `d {al Vrn Bhgihg c`tlrgjlg{ {`shrkv {al

[hjnbv `d Vrn Bhgih

N{ nv vahjld|b {ah{ {anv f`jjnvvn`gv dngkngcv ahtl

d|r{alrlk {al fh|vl `d nj}|gn{~ `d {al r|bngc fbhvv sanfa

f`jjn{{lk {al alng`|v frnjl `d inbbngc hgk nge|rngc

fntnbnhgv ng {al ghjl `d lbnjngh{ngc {lrr`rnvj' [al

f`jjnvvn`g" ng va`r{" hvvlr{lk n{v b`~hb{~ {` {al ]rlvnklg{

hv n{ knk g`{ vlli {` knvf|vv {al r``{ fh|vlv `d {al v`

fhbblk {lrr`rnvj `d B[[L hgk k`lv g`{ knvf|vv {alv{h{l {lrr`rnvj `d {al Vrn Bhgihg c`tlrgjlg{'

[al x|lv{n`g j|v{ ol }`vlk9 sah{ slrl {al blvv`gv

blhrg{0 O~ sa`j0 [alrl fhg ol g` v|ov{n{|{l {` h

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rlhbnv{nf rlf`gfnbnh{n`g hgk`r h }`bn{nfhb rlv`b|{n`gsanfa j|v{ ol {al d`|gkh{n`g `d h bhv{ngc hgk e|v{ }lhfl'


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{al H{{`rgl~*

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63/143

48

slrl

rh}lk'

@{alrv

vnj}b~

knvh}}lhrl

k

{hilg `|{

dr`j {al

NK]

fhj}v ng

Tht|gn~h

hgk gltlr

rl{|rglk'

Clglrhb {`

ngn{nh{l

frnjnghb

}r`fllkngcv hv

h}}r`}rnh{l

Hbb NK]v

slrl

kl{hnglk ng

fb`vlk

`tlrfr`sk

lk fhj}v

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ltnklgfl

dnbjlk

o~

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;hthnbhobl

G`

f`jjlg{

Knk g`{

hkkrlvv

{al nvv|l'

Jhgkh{l k`lv

g`{ f`tlr }`v{

shr vn{|h{n`g

!Jh~ 8>{a

?==>

`gshrkv.

[al

f`gkn{n`gv

ng {al

fhj}v

rlv|b{lk ngjhg~

|gglflvvhr

Gnfi

]h{`g

Shbva

rl}`r{ d`r

Fahgglb;

hthnbhobl

`g

G`

f`jjlg{

Knk g`{

hkkrlvv

{al nvv|l'

Jhgkh{l k`lv

g`{ f`tlr }`v{

shr vn{|h{n`g

!Jh~ 8>{a

?==>

`gshrkv.

?3a{{}5sss'fahgglb;'f`jglsvhr{nfblv}`bn{nfvng{lrgh{n`ghbP}`bn{nfvcrnj)vflglv)h{)vrn)bhgihg)fhj}v)68?

4?


64/143

4?

~ klh{av ~`|{|ol?1

[alrl slrl

ng{lrr`ch{n

`gv hgk

{`r{|rl ng

{al fhj}v

Gnfi

]h{`g

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rl}`r{ d`r

Fahgglb

;hthnbhobl

`g

~`|{|ol?>

]r`tlg Knk g`{

hkkrlvv

{al nvv|l'

Ngtlv{nch{l hgk

ngx|nrl ng{`

hbblclk

ngfnklg{v `d

vlrn`|v

tn`bh{n`gv `da|jhg rnca{v

ngfb|kngc

{al ?==4

[rngf`jhbll

jhvvhfrl hgk

{al ?==4

jhvvhfrl `d 83hnk s`rilrv

V|v}lf{lk

[hjnb

[nclrv

slrl {hilg

{` `{alr

dhfnbn{nlv

salrl {al~

dhflk

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o~

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;

hthnbhobl

]r`tlg Knk g`{

hkkrlvv

{al nvv|l'

[hil k|l

hff`|g{ `g

v|rrlgklrlk

B[[L fhkrlv

hchngv{ sa`j

ngtlv{nch{n`gv

rltlhb }rnjh

dhfnl jh{lrnhb

?1nonk

?>nonk


65/143

46

d|r{alr

ho|vl'

d`r }r`vlf|{n`g

G@[L5 [al BB_F _l}`r{ v{h{lv {ah{ [lfagnfhb

hjonc|n{nlv" lblf{r`gnf {hj}lrngc hgk {al hr{ndnfnhb

f`gv{r|f{n`g `d {al #ob `k lddlf{# ng {al 6 vl}hrh{l

tnkl`v !`rncnghbb~ ng 6C] d`rjh{. {ah{ h}}lhrv

ng Fahgglb ; k`f|jlg{hr~ Vrn Bhgih#v Inbbngc Dnlbkv"

fhv{ vncgndnfhg{ k`|o{v `g {alnr h|{alg{nfn{~" blhkngc

{` x|lv{n`gv `g sal{alr {al ngfnklg{v hrl #rlhb# `r

#v{hclk#'


66/143

4;

VH[LBBN[L NJHCLV @D [AL SH_

U@GLV D_@J \G VH[LBBN[LV


67/143

4


68/143

44

Old`rl hgk Hd{lr5 _nca{ njhcl !Jh~ 8=. va`sv

vncgndnfhg{ rlj`thb `d NK] valb{lrv f`j}hrlk {` bld{

njhcl !Jh~ 4.


69/143

43

[anv njhcl va`sv h}}hrlg{ nj}hf{ frh{lrv ng {al

Vhdl U`gl `g Jh~ 8=" ?==>" sanfa shv g`{ }rlvlg{ng {al Jh~ 4 njhcl'

DLNCGNGC FNTNBNUH[N@G [@ ANKL

OH_OH_NVJ


70/143

41

H O_NLD ANV[@_^ @D [AL V_N BHGIHG

C@TL_GJLG[V [HF[NFV NG

LV[HOBNVANGC F@JJNVVN@GV [@

SH_K @DD NG[L_GH[N@GHB @_

K@JLV[NF ]_LVV\_LV'

[al anv{`r~ `d {al frlh{n`g `d f`jjnvvn`gv `d ngx|nr~

kh{lv ohfi {` {al }hvvngc `d {al F`jjnvvn`gv `d Ngx|nr~

@rknghgfl G`' > `d 813?" sanfa jh~ ol rlchrklk hv {alblcnvbh{ntl }rlf|rv`r {` {al }rlvlg{ F@N Hf{ `d 8>;1'

]rn`r {` {al hk`}{n`g `d {anv `rknghgfl" v|fa

F`jjnvvn`gv slrl h}}`ng{lk }|rv|hg{ {` Hr{nfbl TNN `d

{al Bl{{lrv ]h{lg{ f`gv{n{|{ngc {al `ddnfl `d C`tlrg`r hgk

F`jjhgklr ng Fanld `d {al nvbhgk `d Fl~b`g" {alg h

fr`sg f`b`g~'

Sn{a {al f`jngc ng{` `}lrh{n`g `d {al Ngkl}lgklgfl

F`gv{n{|{n`g" }`slr d`rjlrb~ tlv{lk ng {al C`tlrg`r

v{``k f`gdlrrlk `g {al C`tlrg`r Clglrhb hv {al

rl}rlvlg{h{ntl `d {al J`ghrfa ng Lgcbhgk" {al g`jnghb

Alhk `d V{h{l' [al ]rlvnklg{ kl dhf{` hvv|jlk {al

C`tlrg`r Clglrhbv r`bl sn{a {al lg{r~ ng{` d`rfl `d {al

8>3? F`gv{n{|{n`g" sanfa }rlvlrtlk {al Slv{jngv{lr

j`klb `d fhongl{ c`tlrgjlg{' [al }r`j|bch{n`g `d {al

8>31 F`gv{n{|{n`g chtl {al glsb~ lv{hobnvalk Lqlf|{ntl

]rlvnklg{ {al }`slr {` h}}`ng{ v|fa f`jjnvvn`gv ![al

f`g{ng|h{n`g `d {al F@N Hf{ `d 8>;1 shv }rlvlrtlk


71/143

4>

j|{h{nv j|{hgknv ng {lrjv `d Hr{nfbl 84!8. `d {al 8>31

F`gv{n{|{n`g.'6=

8. [al Vhgv`gn F`jjnvvn`g

H}}`ng{lk `g5 >{a

G`tljolr" 8>33

_l}`r{lk `g5 ?gk

E|b~" 8>1=

Jhgkh{l5 [` ngx|nrl ng{` {al ngfnklg{v {ah{ {``i }bhflol{sllg 86

{aH|c|v{ hgk 833" rlv|b{ngc ng klh{a

`r nge|r~ {` }lrv`gv" {al klv{r|f{n`g `r khjhcl `d}r`}lr{~ `d hg~ }lrv`g `r v{h{l }r`}lr{~9

Sal{alr hg~ }lrv`g `r o`k~ `d }lrv`gv `r hg~

`rchgnuh{n`g `r hg~ }lrv`g `r }lrv`gv f`gglf{lk

sn{a v|fa `rchgnuh{n`g" f`jjn{{lk `r f`gv}nrlk

{` f`jjn{" hnklk `r hol{{lk `r f`gv}nrlk {alrl{`

{` hnk `r hol{ `r hvvnv{lk hgk lgf`|rhclk `r

f`gv}nrlk {alrl{` `r lgf`|rhclk {al f`jjnvvn`g

`d v|fa ho`tl jlg{n`glk hf{v9 hgk

6=Vll Vlf{n g ?!8. ` d {al F@N Hf{ `d 8>;1'


72/143

3=

[` rlf`jjlgk v|fa jlhv|rlv hv jh~ ol

glflvvhr~ {` rlahonbn{h{l `r hvvnv{ v|fa hddlf{lk

}lrv`gv hgk {` lgv|rl {al vhdl{~ `d {al }|obnf hgk

}rltlg{ h rlf|rrlgfl `d v|fa ngfnklg{v'

Dngkngcv5 [a`|ca {alrl shv h clglrhb f`gkljgh{n`g `d

|gr|b~ olahtn`r `d {al }`bnfl" {anv knv}`vn{n`g {` hffl}{

}`bnfl tlrvn`gv `d }hr{nf|bhr ngfnklg{v v`blb~ `g {al ohvnv

{ah{ g` f`j}bhng{ ahk ollg jhkl {` {al }`bnfl"68

hgk {`

knvjnvv l~l*sn{glvv hff`|g{v `d h rlncg `d }`bnfl {lrr`r

k|rngc {al 8>33 f`jj|ghb tn`blgfl" rhnvlk |grlv`btlk

x|lv{n`gv ho`|{ {al Vhgv`gn _l}`r{'

?. Ngx|nr~ ng{` h{{hfi `g JVD Tlanfbl !]hbhj}nkkn*

Nrhghn _`hk Ngx|nr~.6?

H}}`ng{lk `g5 >{a

Jh~" 8>>8

_l}`r{lk `g5 E|gl" 8>>8

Jhgkh{l5 {` ngx|nrl ng{` {al va``{ngc hgk h{{hfi o~

hnrfrhd{ sanfa fh|vlk nge|r~ hgk khjhcl {` }lrv`gglb

hgk }r`}lr{~ `d Jlklfngv Vhgv Dr`g{nlrlv !JVD. `g 6

68 [al Vhgv`gn F`jjnvvn`g rl}`r{" Vlvvn`ghb ]h}lr G`' TNN" E|b~ 8>1=" h{ }'>6

6? H}}`ng{lk o~ ]rlvnklg{ _' ]rljhkhvh' B' A kl Hbsnv d|gf{n`glk hv {al `gl*jhg F`jjnvvn`glr' [anv nv

f`jj`gb~ rldlrrlk {` hv {al JVD F`jjnvvn`g rl}`r{'


73/143

38

Jh~" 8>>8 hgk {` hvflr{hng sal{alr {al dnrngc |}`g `d

{al JVD tlanfbl o~ h c`tlrgjlg{ albnf`}{lr shv

ng{lg{n`ghb `r hffnklg{hb' [al F`jjnvvn`g d`|gk {ah{ {al

JVD `ddnflrv ahk g`{ `o{hnglk {al rlx|nvn{l }lrjnvvn`g

rlchrkngc r`|{l fblhrhgfl dr`j {al E`ng{ @}lrh{n`gv

F`jjhgk !E@F. {` |vl {al ]hbhj}nkkn*Nrhghn r`hk

sanfa r`|{l shv" h{ {ah{ }`ng{" glhr hg `gc`ngc jnbn{hr~

`}lrh{n`g sn{a h f|rdls ahtngc ollg klfbhrlk ng

Tht|gn~h'66

Dngkngcv5 [al F`jjnvvn`g f`gfb|klk {ah{ {a`|ca E@F

ahk h}}r`tlk h }hr{nf|bhr r`|{l `g {al jhng Jhgghr*

Tht|gn~h r`hk" JVD ahk g`{ {hilg {ah{ r`|{l o|{ ahk

d`bb`slk {al ]hbhj}nkkn*Nrhghn r`hk' N{ hbv` f`gfb|klk

{ah{ {al dnrngc shv hffnklg{hb" {ah{ {al va``{ngc `r h{{hfi

shv g`{ f`gk|f{lk sn{a`|{ k|l fhrl hgk }rlfh|{n`gv d`r{al vhdl{~ `d }lrv`gv" o|{ shv k|l {` h jnv{hil jhkl ng

c``k dhn{a'6;

[al F`jjnvvn`gv dngkngc" a`sltlr" shv f`g{rhr~ {`

ltnklgfl dr`j {al nge|rlk JVD }lrv`gglb {ah{ hd{lr {al

dnrv{ va`{ shv dnrlk h{ {alnr tlanfbl !sanfa shv fblhrb~

jhrilk dr`j hbb vnklv sn{a {al JVD ljoblj. dr`j {alhrj~ albnf`}{lr" {al d`|r }lrv`gglb ahk f`jjlgflk {`

shtl {al JVD dbhcv ng `rklr {` lv{hobnva nklg{n{~'

A`sltlr" klv}n{l {alnr k`ngc v`" {al va``{ngc f`g{ng|lk"

66 JVD F`jjnvvn`g rl}`r{

6;nonk


74/143

3?

d`bb`slk o~ {al kr`}}ngc `d o`jov `g {al tlanfbl' N{ shv

h{ {ah{ }`ng{ {ah{ {al JVD }lrv`gglb slrl nge|rlk'6>8

_l}`r{lk `g5 >{a

Jhrfa 8>>?

Jhgkh{l5 [` rl}`r{ `g sal{alr {alrl shv hg~

f`gglf{n`g ol{sllg {al {s` ngfnklg{v `d {al lq}b`vn`g `d

h kltnfl `g 8? E|gl 8>>8 rlv|b{ngc ng {al klh{av `d {s`

v`bknlrv hgk {al nge|r~ {` hg`{alr hgk {al inbbngc `d vnq{~*

vltlg fntnbnhg ngahon{hg{v `d glhro~ tnbbhclv ng

Oh{{nfhb`h' N{ shv hbv` rlx|nrlk" ng{lr hbnh" {` rl}`r{ `gsal{alr {al fntnbnhg klh{av rlv|b{lk dr`j hf{n`gv `d {al

hrjlk d`rflv'

[al F`jjnvvn`g shv lv{hobnvalk o~ {alg ]rlvnklg{ _'

]rljhkhvh" rlv}`gkngc {` }|obnf }rlvv|rl {` nklg{nd~ {al

}lr}l{rh{`rv `d {al jhvvhfrl' [al F`jjnvvn`g" ng n{v

Dnghb _l}`r{" d`|gk {al inbbngcv `d {al fntnbnhgv knrlf{b~

h{{rno|{hobl {` {al v`bknlrv v{h{n`glk ng {al I`iihknfa`bhn

hrj~ fhj}' [al hf{n`gv slrl v{h{lk {` knvfb`vl }lghb

`ddlgflv9 ghjlb~ j|rklr" hrv`g" r`oolr~" |gbhsd|b

hvvljob~ hgk vnjnbhr `ddlgflv'

6


75/143

36

A`sltlr" ng hg hvvlvvjlg{ `d {al f`g{lq{ hgk

fnrf|jv{hgflv v|rr`|gkngc {al jhvvhfrl" n{ shv

f`gfb|klk {ah{ {al fntnbnhg inbbngcv slrl {al rlv|b{ `d

|grlv{rhnglk olahtn`r `d v`bknlrv hd{lr {al lq}b`vn`g hgk

klh{a `d {s` `d {alnr f`bblhc|lv hgk {al nge|r~ `d ~l{

hg`{alr'

Dngkngcv5 [ah{ {al sn{glvvlv dr`j {al tnbbhclv ngt`btlk

slrl x|lv{n`glk hv {` sal{alr old`rl {anv ngfnklg{" {alrl

shv hg~ ahrhvvjlg{ o~ `r ohk f`gk|f{ `d {al v`bknlrv'

[al tnbbhclrv slrl |ghgnj`|v ng v{h{ngc {ah{ vngfl {al

Fhj} shv lv{hobnvalk h{ Iìihknfa`bhn ho`|{ 4 j`g{av

}rn`r {` E|gl 8>>8" {alrl ahk ollg g` ahrhvvjlg{ dr`j

{al v`bknlrv hgk {ah{ n{ h}}lhrv {alrl ahk ollg f`rknhbrlbh{n`gv sn{a {al v`bknlrv'

64

Hf{n`g5 Hff`rkngcb~" {al inbbngcv slrl g`{ d`|gk {` ol

{al rlv|b{ `d jnbn{hr~ hf{n`g o|{ rh{alr" `ddlgflv

f`jjn{{lk o~ v`bknlrv sa` rhg hjì' [al F`jjnvvn`g`}nglk {ah{ {al `ddlgflv slrl }|gnvahobl ng {lrjv `d {al

]lghb F`kl o|{ {ah{" k|l {` {al dngkngc {ah{ {alrl shv g`

ltnklgfl hchngv{ hg~ }hr{nf|bhr v`bknlr `r v`bknlrv hv

64Dnghb rl}`r{ `d {al Iìihknfa`bhn F`jjnvvn`g `d Ngx|nr~" Vlvvn`ghb ]h}lr G`' 88" 8>>?" h{ }' 4'


76/143

3;

v|fa" n{ shv kl{lrjnglk {ah{ {al `ddlgklrv fhgg { ol

or`|ca{ old`rl h frnjnghb f`|r{ `d bhs'63

;. [al 8>>8*>6 ]rlvnklg{nhb F`jjnvvn`gv !8>>8*

8>>6.

F`jjnvvn`gv h}}`ng{lk o~ ]rlvnklg{ _' ]rljhkhvh

H}}`ng{lk `g5 88 Ehg|hr~ 8>>89 86 Ehg|hr~ 8>>?5 ?>661

_l}`r{lk `g5 G`{ ]|obnvalk

Jhgkh{l5 [` ngx|nrl ng{` hgk `o{hng ngd`rjh{n`g hgk

rl}`r{ ng rlv}lf{ `d {al }lrn`k f`jjlgfngc 88 Ehg|hr~8>>8 !{alrlhd{lr 86 Ehg|hr~ 8>>? hgk ?< Ehg|hr~ 8>>6.

|g{nb {slg{~*d`|r j`g{av d`bb`sngc |}`g {al kh{l alrl`d'

[al F`jjnvvn`g shv {` ngx|nrl ng{` hbblch{n`gv {ah{

}lrv`gv hrl olngc ngt`b|g{hrnb~ rlj`tlk dr`j {alnr

}bhflv `d rlvnklgfl o~ }lrv`gv |gig`sg hgk rl}`r{ `g

{al d`bb`sngc5

!n. Hg~ f`j}bhng{v `d v|fa hbblclk rlj`thb" hgk`r {al

v|ovlx|lg{ bhfi `d ngd`rjh{n`g `d {al salrlho`|{v

`d {al }lrv`g `r }lrv`gv v` rlj`tlk9

63nonk

61 Shrrhg{v `d {al F`jjnvvn`gv Chul{{l G`' 4;;?3" 88'=8'8>>8" Chul{{l G`' 4>3


77/143

3>6' [anv

d`|r{a F`jjnvvn`g shv h}}`ng{lk o~ ]rlvnklg{ K' O' Snel{|gcl |}`g hvv|jngc {al `ddnfl `d {al Lqlf|{ntl

]rlvnklgf~ va`r{b~ d`bb`sngc ]rlvnklg{ _' ]rljhkhvhv hvvhvvngh{n`g o~ hg B[[L v|nfnkl o`jolr `g =8'=


79/143

33

4. [al 8>>; F`jjnvvn`gv `d Ngx|nr~ ng{`

Knvh}}lhrhgflv

H}}`ng{lk `g5 6={a

G`tljolr 8>>;'

_l}`r{lk `g5 Vl}{ljolr 8>>3'

Jhgkh{l5 {` ngx|nrl ng{` hgk rl}`r{ `g {al d`bb`sngc

jh{{lrv5

!h. sal{alr hg~ }lrv`gv ahtl ollg ngt`b|g{hrnb~

rlj`tlk `r ahtl knvh}}lhrlk dr`j {alnr }bhflv `d

rlvnklgfl ng {al YFlg{rhb" G`r{a Slv{lrg" G`r{a

Flg{rhb hgk \th ]r`tngflvG`r{alrg $ Lhv{lrg

]r`tngflv Slv{lrg ]r`tngfl" V`|{alrg ]r`tngfl

hgk {al Vhohrhchj|sh ]r`tngflZ h{ hg~ {njl hd{lr

8 Ehg|hr~ 8>119

!o. {al ltnklgfl hthnbhobl {` lv{hobnva v|fa hbblclk

rlj`thbv `r knvh}}lhrhgflv9

!f. {al }rlvlg{ salrlho`|{v `d {al }lrv`gv hbblclk {`

ahtl ollg v` rlj`tlk" `r {` ahtl knvh}}lhrlk9

!k. sal{alr {alrl nv hg~ frlknobl jh{lrnhb ngknfh{ntl `d

{al }lrv`g `r }lrv`gv rlv}`gvnobl d`r {al hbblclk

rlj`thbv `r knvh}}lhrhgflv9

;?nonk" Vfalk|bl O'


80/143

31

!l. {al blchb }r`fllkngcv {ah{ fhg ol {hilg hchngv{ {al

}lrv`gv albk {` ol v` rlv}`gvnobl9

!d. {al jlhv|rlv glflvvhr~ {` }rltlg{ {al `ff|rrlgfl `d

v|fa hbblclk hf{ntn{nlv ng {al d|{|rl9

!c. {al rlbnld" nd hg~" {ah{ va`|bk ol hdd`rklk {` {al

}hrlg{v" v}`|vlv hgk kl}lgklg{v `d {al }lrv`gv

hbblclk {` ahtl ollg v` rlj`tlk `r {` ahtl

knvh}}lhrlk9 hgk

!a. {` jhil v|fa rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv sn{a rldlrlgfl {` hg~

`d {al jh{{lrv {ah{ ahtl ollg ngx|nrlk ng{` |gklr {al

{lrjv `d {anv Shrrhg{' Ng tnls `d {al nj}`r{hgfl `d

{alvl F`jjnvvn`g _l}`r{v" {al d`bb`sngc hghb~vnv

klhbv sn{a knddlrlg{ hv}lf{v `d {alnr lv{hobnvajlg{"

d|gf{n`gngc hgk rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv'

[alvl {arll F`jjnvvn`gv ngtlv{nch{lk h {`{hb `d ?3"


81/143

3>

Dngkngcv5 [al 8>>; F`jjnvvn`gv _l}`r{v hrl

|ghjonc|`|v sn{a rlchrk {` {al lq}lf{h{n`g {ah{ e|v{nfl

hgk rl}hrh{n`gv d`bb`s {alnr kl{lrjngh{n`g `d {r|{a hv

knvfb`vlk {ar`|ca {alnr ngx|nrnlv' [anv F`jjnvvn`g

rlf`jjlgkv h tnc`r`|v }r`vlf|{n`g `d {a`vl rlv}`gvnobl

d`r knvh}}lhrhgflv';;

Vltlrl knvfn}bnghr~ jlhv|rlv va`|bk

ol jl{lk `|{ {` C`tlrgjlg{ @ddnfnhbv sa` ahtl dhnblk {`

{hil hklx|h{l jlhv|rlv {` }rltlg{ knvh}}lhrhgflv';>; Knvh}}lhrhgflvF`jjnvvn`gv ng rlbh{n`g {` rld`rjv `d {al bhs hgk blchb

}r`flvv ngfb|klk {al d`bb`sngc5

Ngtlv{nch{n`gv ng{` hbb hf{v `d cr`vv a|jhg rnca{v ho|vlv

va`|bk ol fhrrnlk `|{ {ar`|ca h v}lfnhb |gn{ `d {al }`bnfl

|gklr {al knrlf{ v|}lrtnvn`g `d hg `ddnflr g`{ olb`s {al

rhgi `d h Kl}|{~ Ngv}lf{`r Clglrhb `d ]`bnfl9;4

HgNgkl}lgklg{ A|jhg _nca{v ]r`vlf|{`r va`|bk ol

lv{hobnvalk hv hg ngv{n{|{n`g vnjnbhr {` {al F`jjnvvn`glr

;;Dnghb rl}`r{ `d {al 8>>; Slv{lrg" V`|{alrg hgk Vhohrhchj|sh Knvh}}lhrhgflv F`jjnvvn`g" Vlvvn`ghb ]h}lr

G`' T" 8>>3" h{ }' 83


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1=

`d Lblf{n`gv hgk {al H|kn{`r Clglrhb sn{a d|gkv

}r`tnklk o~ ]hrbnhjlg{9 Ltnklg{nhr~ r|blv ng rlchrk {`

fhvlv `d lgd`rflk knvh}}lhrhgflv hgk lq{rhe|knfnhb

lqlf|{n`gv va`|bk rljhng {ah{ `d {al g`rjhb bhs'

A`sltlr" `gfl kl{lg{n`g nv lv{hobnvalk" {al o|rklg

va`|bk vand{ {` {al }lrv`g fahrclk ng {al hovlgfl `d hg

lq}bhgh{n`g'

Blchb }rngfn}blv rlbh{ngc {` fahng*`d*f`jjhgk bnhonbn{~

va`|bk ol fbhrndnlk o~ {al V|}rljl F`|r{ ng {al lqlrfnvl

`d n{v e|rnvknf{n`g ng {lrjv `d Hr{nfbl 8?4 `d {al

F`gv{n{|{n`g' K|l `olknlgfl va`|bk g`{ ol lg{lr{hnglk hv

h kldlgvl {` ho|vlv'

[al _l}`r{v `d {al F`jjnvvn`gv v|ojn{{lk {` ]rlvnklg{

I|jhrh{|gcl ng 8>>3 slrl g`{ jhkl }|obnfb~ hthnbhoblng h clglrhbnulk sh~ |g{nb v`jl ~lhrv bh{lr" ltlg {a`|ca

{al Vlvvn`ghb ]h}lrv {aljvlbtlv hrl kh{lk 8>>3' Ng hg~

ltlg{" v`jl }`r{n`gv `d {alvl rl}`r{v ahtl v{nbb g`{ ollg

jhkl }|obnf' [al rlbh{ntlv `d {al tnf{njv hgk {a`vl sa`

h}}lhrlk old`rl {al F`jjnvvn`gv slrl g`{ ngkntnk|hbb~

`r f`bblf{ntlb~ ngd`rjlk `d {al dngkngcv `d {al

F`jjnvvn`gv' Lqfl}{ d`r {al }h~jlg{ `d f`j}lgvh{n`gng flr{hng fhvlv" g` lddlf{ntl hf{n`g shv d`r{af`jngc ng

knv}bhfngc {al v~v{ljv hgk v{r|f{|rlv {ah{ }lrjn{{lk hgk

lgf`|rhclk {al knvfb`vlk frnjlv'


83/143

18

Hf{n`g5 H dhf{`r {ah{ nv v`jl{njlv `tlrb``ilk ng {anv

f`g{lq{ nv {ah{ h}hr{ dr`j }r`vlf|{n`gv" {al dngkngcv ng

{alvl F`jjnvvn`g _l}`r{v s`|bk ahtl shrrhg{lk

ng{lrghb knvfn}bnghr~ hf{n`g {` ol {hilg ng rlv}lf{ `d

`ddnflrv d`|gk frlknob~ nj}bnfh{lk ng {al ngfnklg{v

ngtlv{nch{lk ng {lrjv `d ng{lrghb kl}hr{jlg{hb `rklrv `d

{al }`bnfl hgk vlrtnflv _lc|bh{n`gv `d {al d`rflv'

A`sltlr" sah{ltlr hf{n`g {hilg `g {anv ohvnv ahv hbv`

ollg glcbncnobl' D|r{alr" hv hktlr{lk {` bh{lr" h 8>>4}rlvnklg{nhb knrlf{n`g {` {al F`jjhgklr `d {al Hrjlk

D`rflv {` vlgk ?== vlrtnflv }lrv`gglb nj}bnfh{lk ng {al

dngkngcv `d {al {arll 8>>; Knvh}}lhrhgflv F`jjnvvn`gv

`g f`j}|bv`r~ blhtl" shv ncg`rlk'

3. [al 8>>1 Hbb Nvbhgk Knvh}}lhrhgflv F`jjnvvn`g

H}}`ng{lk `g5 6={a

H}rnb 8>>1'

_l}`r{lk `g5 Jhrfa ?==8'

Jhgkh{l5 {` ngx|nrl ng{` hgk rl}`r{ `g {al d`bb`sngc

jh{{lrv5

!h. [al hbblch{n`gv ho`|{ {al ngt`b|g{hr~ rlj`thb `d

}lrv`gv dr`j {alnr rlvnklgflv" `r {al knvh}}lhrhgflv

`d }lrv`g v dr`j {alnr rlvnklgflv" jhkl {` {al

F`jjnvvn`gv `d Ngx|nr~ h}}`ng{lk |gklr {al

F`jjnvvn`gv `d Ngx|nr~ Hf{" hgk {lrjv `d rldlrlgfl


84/143

1?

`d sanfa hrl }|obnvalk rlv}lf{ntlb~" ng Chul{{lv G`'

1>


85/143

16

sn{a rldlrlgfl {` hg~ `d {al jh{{lrv {ah{ ahtl ollg

ngx|nrlk ng{` |gklr {al {lrjv `d {anv shrrhg{'

[al 8>>1 Hbb*Nvbhgk Knvh}}lhrhgflv F`jjnvvn`g vlg{ h

bnv{ `d ngkntnk|hbv nj}bnfh{lk ng {al lgd`rflk

knvh}}lhrhgflv |gklr f`gdnklg{nhb f`tlr {` {al ]rlvnklg{"

d`bb`sngc {al 8>>; Knvh}}lhrhgflv F`jjnvvn`gv

}r`flk|rlv ng g { ljohringc {` {al vlf`gk v{hcl `d

hdd`rkngc {al hbblclk }lr}l{rh{`rv hg `}}`r{|gn{~ {`

{lv{nd~';3

N{ shv f`gfb|klk {ah{ ng {al ;";36 fhvlv salrl

lgd`rflk knvh}}lhrhgflv ahk ollg }r`tlk" hclg{v `d {al

v{h{l" }hrhjnbn{hrnlv hf{ngc ng f`bbho`rh{n`g sn{a {alj" hv

slbb hv v|otlrvntl cr`|}v" slrl nj}bnfh{lk';1

]lrv`ghb

lgljnlv hgk |gig`sg }lrv`gv slrl hbv` g`{lk {` ol

rlv}`gvnobl d`r v`jl `d {al fhvlv'

Dngkngcv5 [al F`jjnvvn`g rlf`jjlgklk" ng{lr hbnh"

{al d`bb`sngc jlhv|rlv ng rlv}lf{ `d blchb }r`fllkngcv

hchngv{ {a`vl rlv}`gvnobl d`r cr`vv a|jhg rnca{v

tn`bh{n`gv5

[al frlh{n`g `d hg `ddnfl `d hg Ngkl}lgklg{

A|jhg _nca{v ]r`vlf|{`r

;3_l}`r{ `d {al 8>>1 Hbb*Nvbhgk Knvh}}lhrhgflv F`jjnvvn`g" Vlvvn`ghb ]h}lr G` 8" ?==8" h{ }'>'

;1nonk" h{ }' 8='


86/143

1;

[al frlh{n`g `d h frnjl `d lgd`rflk

knvh}}lhrhgflv hgk ngfb|vn`g `d {al f`gfl}{ `d

f`jjhgk rlv}`gvnonbn{~;>

Ng{lrknf{n`g dr`j vlrtnfl `d hbblclk }lr}l{rh{`rv

{` {hil }bhfl d`bb`sngc {al ngn{nh{n`g `d frnjnghb

hgk`r knvfn}bnghr~ }r`fllkngcv

Hddnrjh{n`g `d {al }rngfn}bl `d hff`|g{honbn{~ ng

rlv}lf{ `d }hv{ hf{v d`r {al c``k `d v`fnl{~ ng {al

d|{|rl

Hf{n`g5 _lf`jjlgkh{n`g g`{ nj}bljlg{lk

;>_l}`r{ `d {al 8>>1 Hbb*Nvbhgk Knvh}}lhrhgflv F`jjnvvn`g" Vlvvn`ghb ]h}lr G` 8" ?==8" h{ }}' 84*83'


87/143

118*1;.

H}}`ng{lk `g5?6 E|b~ ?==816" ngfb|kngc {al fnrf|jv{hgflv sanfa blk {` v|fa

tn`blgfl9

!o. Sal{alr hg~ }lrv`g" cr`|} `r ngv{n{|{n`g shv knrlf{b~

`r ngknrlf{b~ rlv}`gvnobl d`r v|fa tn`blgfl9

!f. [al gh{|rl hgk lq{lg{ `d {al khjhcl" o`{a }a~vnfhb

hgk jlg{hb" v|ddlrlk o~ {al tnf{njv `d v|fa l{agnf

tn`blgfl9

1;. nv }|obnvalk hv

Vlvvn`ghb ]h}lr G`' NNN" ?==6'


88/143

14

!k. Sah{ f`j}lgvh{n`g `r v`bh{n|j va`|bk ol crhg{lk {`

v|fa tnf{njv `r {` {alnr kl}lgklg{v `r alnrv9

!l. {al ngv{n{|{n`ghb" hkjngnv{rh{ntl hgk blcnvbh{ntl

jlhv|rlv sanfa gllk {` ol {hilg ng `rklr {` }rltlg{

h rlf|rrlgfl `d v|fa tn`bh{n`gv `d a|jhg rnca{v hgk

klv{r|f{n`g `r khjhcl `d }r`}lr{~ ng {al d|{|rl hgk

{` }r`j`{l gh{n`ghb |gn{~ hgk rlf`gfnbnh{n`g hj`gc

hbb f`jj|gn{nlv hgk {` jhil v|fa rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv

sn{a rldlrlgfl {` hg~ `d {al jh{{lrv {ah{ ahtl ollg

ngx|nrlk ng{` |gklr {al {lrjv `d {anv Shrrhg{'

_lf`jjlgkh{n`gv5 [al _l}`r{ `d {anv F`jjnvvn`g

rltlhbv sn{glvv {lv{nj`g~ hgk `{alr ltnklgfl ng rlchrk {`

{al o|rgngc `d {al Ehddgh ]|obnf Bnorhr~ ng 8>18" {al

Knv{rnf{ Kltlb`}jlg{ F`|gfnb lblf{n`gv !8>18." {al E|b~

rn`{v !8>16. hgk {al inbbngc `d }rnv`glrv h{ {al Slbnihkh

]rnv`g !8>16.' [al F`jjnvvn`g rl}`r{ ahk" ng dhf{"

jngnjhb }`vn{ntl nj}hf{ `g }|obnf `}ngn`g hgk knk g`{

vlrtl hv h jlfahgnvj d`r hff`|g{honbn{~ `r rlkrlvv

Hf{n`g5 Klv}n{l {al jhg~ }r`g`|gfljlg{v `d {anv

F`jjnvvn`g hv {` {al {hingc `d jlhv|rlv {ah{ slrl

klljlk glflvvhr~ d`r gh{n`ghb alhbngc" {alrl shv g`

nj}bljlg{h{n`g `d hg~ `d {alvl rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv'


89/143

13

>. [al Ongk|g|slsh F`jjnvvn`g

H}}`ng{lk `g51{a Jhrfa" ?==8


90/143

11

Hf{n`g 5_lf`jjlgkh{n`g g`{ nj}bljlg{lk'

8=. [al Ng{lrgh{n`ghb Ngkl}lgklg{ Cr`|} `d

Ljnglg{ ]lrv`gv !NNCL]." shv h cr`|} `d

ngkntnk|hbv g`jngh{lk o~ ng{lrgh{n`ghb k`g`r

f`|g{rnlv hgk {al c`tlrgjlg{ `d Vrn Bhgih" tlv{lk

sn{a h snkl jhgkh{l {` `ovlrtl hbb ngtlv{nch{n`gv

hgk ngx|nrnlv f`gk|f{lk o~ hgk `g olahbd `d {al

F`jjnvvn`g `d Ngx|nr~ ng{` hbblclk a|jhg rnca{v

ho|vlv ng Vrn Bhgih'

H}}`ng{lk `g5 G`tljolr ?==4

_l}`r{lk `g5 G`{ ]|obnvalk

Jhgkh{l5 [al ]rlvnklg{nhb Shrrhg{ bnjn{v {al vf`}l `d

{al F`jjnvvn`g {` h rl{r`v}lf{ntl hgk dhf{*dngkngc r`bl'

[al f`rl s`ri `d {al F`jjnvvn`g nv {` `o{hng

ngd`rjh{n`g" ngtlv{nch{l hgk ngx|nrl ng{` hbblclk vlrn`|v

tn`bh{n`gv `d a|jhg rnca{v hrnvngc vngfl 8 H|c|v{ ?==


91/143

1>

{al nklg{n{nlv" klvfrn}{n`gv hgk ohficr`|gkv `d {al

}lrv`gv hgk cr`|}v rlv}`gvnobl d`r {al f`jjnvvn`g `d

klh{av hgk `{alr hf{v9 jlhv|rlv `d rl}hrh{n`g {` ol

}r`tnklk {` {al tnf{njv9 hgk rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv ng `rklr

{` }rltlg{ {al `ff|rrlgfl `d ngfnklg{v ng {al gh{|rl `d

{a`vl ngtlv{nch{lk hgk hg~ `{alr rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv

f`gvnklrlk hv rlblthg{'

_lvncgh{n`g5 [al jljolrv `d NNCL] h{ {alnr G`tljolr

?==3 }blghr~ f`gfb|klk {ah{ {al~ s`|bk {lrjngh{l {al

NNCL] `ovlrth{n`g r`bl sn{a lddlf{ dr`j H}rnb 8" ?==1

hgk ngd`rjlk ]rlvnklg{ Jhangkh _heh}hivl `d {alnr

klfnvn`g' Ng {alnr f`gfb|kngc }|obnf v{h{ljlg{"{al~

`|{bnglk {ah{ {al~ knk g`{ vll {ah{ f`g{ng|lk `ovlrth{n`gs`|bk fahgcl {al vn{|h{n`g" hgk {ah{ klv}n{l NNCL]

krhsngc h{{lg{n`g {` kldlf{v ng {al s`ringcv `d {al

F`jjnvvn`g" {alnr rlf`jjlgkh{n`gv ahtl ollg bhrclb~

knvrlchrklk'

[al jhng f`gflrgv `d {al NNCL] slrl5

H bhfi `d }`bn{nfhb snbb dr`j {al C`tlrgjlg{ `d Vrn

Bhgih {` v|}}`r{ h vlhrfa d`r {al {r|{a'

H f`gdbnf{ `d ng{lrlv{ ng {al }r`fllkngcv old`rl {al

F`jjnvvn`g" sn{a `ddnflrv dr`j {al H{{`rgl~


92/143

>=

Clglrhb }bh~ngc hg ngh}}r`}rnh{l hgk nj}lrjnvvnobl

r`bl ng {al }r`fllkngcv'

Bhfi `d lddlf{ntl tnf{nj hgk sn{glvv }r`{lf{n`g

Bhfi `d {rhgv}hrlgf~ hgk {njlbnglvv ng {al

}r`fllkngcv

Bhfi `d d|bb f``}lrh{n`g o~ V{h{l o`knlv

Bhfi `d dnghgfnhb ngkl}lgklgfl `d {al F`jjnvvn`g

[AL DNGKNGCV @D [AL K\OBNG [_NO\GHB

[AL FBHNJ @D CLG@FNKL KN_LF[LKHCHNGV[ [HJNBV HGK [AL K@F[_NGL

@D K@\OBL LDDLF[

Ng rlf`cgn{n`g `d {al shr frnjlv hgk frnjlv hchngv{

a|jhgn{~ f`jjn{{lk o~ {al Vrn Bhgihg c`tlrgjlg{ hgk

n{v h|{a`rn{nlv" sl gllk {` hvi sal{alr {alrl nv h |gnx|l

fhvl `r knv{ngf{ frnjl alrl `d Clg`fnkl'

[al dhf{v rl}lh{lkb~ tlrndnlk o~ NC@ hgk GC@ v|v{hng h

f`gfb|vn`g {ah{ hf{v `d Clg`fnkl" h{{lj}{lk Clg`fnkl"

f`gv}nrhf~ {` f`jjn{ Clg`fnkl rlx|nrl h `ddnfnhb

f`gkljgh{n`g `d }lr}l{rh{`rv'


93/143

>8

[al clg`fnkl `d [hjnbv ng Vrn Bhgih ahv {hilg }bhfl

`tlr h }lrn`k `d {njl ngt`btngc vltlrhb v{l}v hgk

v{rh{lcnlv' [anv ngfb|klv f`g{ng|`|v h{{hfi hgk

klv{r|f{n`g `d {al lvvlg{nhb d`|gkh{n`gv `d a|jhg bndl `d

{al [hjnbv ng Vrn Bhgih' [` ol }rlfnvl" {al Vrn Bhgihg

c`tlrgjlg{ ahv lj}b`~lk {al k`f{rngl `d k`|obl

lddlf{" jlhgngc {al or|{hb jnbn{hr~ jlhgv f`jonglk

sn{a {al b`gc*{lrj v{rh{lc~ knrlf{lk h{ {al [hjnb

f`jj|gn{~ {ah{ fhg ol f`gvnklrlk h }`bnf~ `d l{agnffblhgvngc'

Hv v`jl hg{ar`}`b`cnv{v hrc|l clg`fnkhb jhvvhfrlv

`d{lg }rlvhcl h clg`fnkl' Clg`fnkhb jhvvhfrlv hrl

vbh|ca{lrv `g h vjhbblr vfhbl hgk rlv|b{v dr`j h clglrhb

h{{n{|kl `d ah{l {`shrkv {al `{alr cr`|}v' Ol{sllg 8>


94/143


95/143

>6

!o. Fh|vngc vlrn`|v o`knb~ `r jlg{hb ahrj {` jljolrv

`d {al cr`|}9

E|v{ ng {al bhv{ slli `d {al hvvh|b{ `g {al [hjnb

}`}|bh{n`g ng Jh~ ?==> `tlr


96/143

>;

Bhgihg v{h{l' Olvnklv {anv a|gkrlkv `d [hjnb s`jlg

ahtl ollg rh}lk" jhg~ `d {alj inbblk" o~ {al Vrn Bhgihg

vlf|rn{~ d`rflv'

[`kh~" j`rl hgk j`rl ltnklgfl hgk fbhnjv hrl

ljlrcngc {` hrc|l {ah{ [hjnb s`jlg slrl v|oelf{lk {`

d`rfld|b ho`r{n`g hgk v{lrnbnuh{n`g9 {anv" nd }r`}lrb~

ngtlv{nch{lk hgk tlrndnlk f`gv{n{|{l hf{v `d clg`fnkl ng

tn`bh{n`g `d Hr{nfbl NN !k. `d {al Clg`fnkl F`gtlg{n`g''

!l. D`rfnob~ {rhgvdlrrngc fanbkrlg `d {al cr`|} {`

g`{alr cr`|}'

D`bb`sngc {al lgk `d {al fntnb f`gdbnf{ ng ?==>" `tlr

8="=== [hjnb ~`|{a !jhg~ `d {alj fanbkrlg. slrl

kl{hnglk o~ {al Vrn Bhgihg hrj~" {alnr salrlho`|{v hgk

vhdl{~ hrl v{nbb |gflr{hng hd{lr h }lrn`k `d `tlr ? ~lhrv'

Fblhrb~ {alvl fbhnjv rlx|nrl hg `oelf{ntl ngtlv{nch{n`g

hgk hg a`glv{ }|rv|n{ d`r tlrndnfh{n`g `d {alvl vlrn`|v

fahrclv'

[al Ng{lg{ Glflvvhr~ d`r {al Dngkngc `d Clg`fnkl

Vngfl {al frlh{n`g `d ng{lrgh{n`ghb frnjnghb {rno|ghbv

{alrl ahv ollg e|rnv}r|klgfl {` d|r{alr lq}bhng {al gh{|rl

`d {al frnjl `d clg`fnkl hgk {al ltnklg{nhr~ }r``d


97/143

>4

lk|fh{n`ghb ngv{n{|{n`gv hgk {al ngknvfrnjngh{l {hrcl{ngc

`d [hjnbv d`r hrrlv{v" nbblchb kl{lg{n`g hgk {`r{|rl o~ {al

v{h{l vlf|rn{~ d`rflv'

]r`anon{ngc [hjnbv dr`j }lrd`rjngc f|b{|rhb hgk

rlbncn`|v rn{lv'

[al 81{a `d Jh~ nv h kh~ `d j`|rgngc d`r ltlr~ [hjnba`|vla`bk vngfl ?==> hv v`jl`gl klhr hgk glhr {` {alj

shv inbblk ng {al shr' D`r {al bhv{ f`|}bl `d ~lhrv `g {al

ltl `d {al hggntlrvhr~ {al hrj~ f`jjhgklrv jhkl n{ h

v}lfnhb }`ng{ {` {arlh{lgv rlbncn`|v blhklrv hgk g`{ {`

hbb`s hg~ rlbncn`|v flrlj`gnlv f`jjlj`rh{ngc {al

klh{a `d {alnr b`tlk `glv'

Hok|f{n`gv [al san{l thg ngfnklg{v'

Sah{ ahv olf`jl f`jj`gb~ fhbblk san{l thg

hok|f{n`gv f`g{ng|l ng Ehddgh" Tht|gn~h" F`b`jo`"

[rngf`jhbll hgk Oh{{nfhb`h' [al }hrhjnbn{hr~ cr`|}v

s`ri ahgk ng cb`tl sn{a {al hrjlk d`rflv ng }lr}l{rh{ngc

{anv hf{' \v|hbb~ {al inkgh}}lk }lrv`gv dhjnb~ nv

{hrcl{lk hgk j`v{ bnilb~ {al~ vlblf{ }l`}bl sa` ahtl

dhjnbnlv v|}}`r{ngc {alj dr`j L|r`}l" H|v{rhbnh `r

Hjlrnfh' [alg h rhgv`j nv kljhgklk dr`j {al dhjnbnlv

`d {al hok|f{lk }lrv`gv" salg {al hj`|g{v hrl g {


99/143

>3

klbntlrlk {al hok|f{lk }lrv`g nv inbblk ng or|{hb dhvan`g

`r c`lv jnvvngc' [al C|hrknhg !\I." }`v{lk {al

d`bb`sngc hr{nfbl ng {al Bhgih E`|rghb salrl {al~

fbhnjlk {ah{5 [alrl hrl ?8= }l`}bl dr`j F`b`jo` `g

{al jnvvngc bnv{ alrl h{ {al Fntnb J`gn{`rngc F`jjnvvn`g

alhkx|hr{lrv ng ]l{{ha' Hbb slrl rl}`r{lkb~ hok|f{lk ng

h vnjnbhr sh~" o~ `gl `d {al g`{`rn`|v san{l thgv {ah{

jhg~ [hjnbv vh~ hrl {lrr`rnvngc {alnr f`jj|gn{nlv ng

F`b`jo` hgk lbvlsalrl' Obhjl nv bltlblk hchngv{ {alhrj~" ght~ hgk }`bnfl" o|{ hbv` hchngv{ {al c`tlrgjlg{

d`r dhnbngc {` ngtlv{nch{l {al fhvlv }r`}lrb~'


100/143

>1

Hbv` {al bh{lv{ rl}`r{ `d {al \G F`jjn{{ll `g

F`gtlg{n`g Hchngv{ [`r{|rl }|obnvalk `g 1 Klfljolr

?=88 v{h{lv ng{lr hbnh5

G`{sn{av{hgkngc {al gls fnrf|jv{hgflv

}rlthnbngc vngfl {al kldlh{ `d {al Bnolrh{n`g

[nclrv `d [hjnb Llbhj !B[[L. hgk {al gllk `d

{al jnbn{hr~ f`gdbnf{ {ah{ ahk f`gv|jlk {al

f`|g{r~ d`r 6= ~lhrv" hgk {al V{h{l }hr{~v }|obnf

f`jjn{jlg{ {` {al F`jjn{{ll {ah{ n{ ahv h ulr`*

{`blrhgfl }`bnf~ `g {`r{|rl hv h jh{{lr `d V{h{l

} bnf~ hgk }rhf{nfl" {al F`jjn{{ll rljhngv

vlrn`|vb~ f`gflrglk ho`|{ {al f`g{ng|lk hgk

f`gvnv{lg{ hbblch{n`gv `d snklv}rlhk |vl `d

{`r{|rl hgk `{alr fr|lb" nga|jhg `r klcrhkngc

{rlh{jlg{ `d v|v}lf{v ng }`bnfl f|v{`k~"lv}lfnhbb~ {` lq{rhf{ f`gdlvvn`gv `r ngd`rjh{n`g

{` ol |vlk ng frnjnghb }r`fllkngcv' [al

F`jjn{{ll nv d|r{alr f`gflrglk h{ rl}`r{v {ah{

v|cclv{ {ah{ {`r{|rl hgk nbb*{rlh{jlg{ }lr}l{rh{lk

o~ V{h{l hf{`rv" o`{a {al jnbn{hr~ hgk {al }`bnfl"

ahtl f`g{ng|lk ng jhg~ }hr{v `d {al f`|g{r~ hd{lr

{al f`gdbnf{ lgklk ng Jh~ ?==> hgk nv v{nbb

`ff|rrngc ng ?=88'

G`{sn{av{hgkngc {al v{h{ljlg{ `d {al Vrn Bhgihg

klblch{n`g fh{lc`rnfhbb~ klg~ngc hbb hbblch{n`gv


101/143

>>

ho`|{ {al lqnv{lgfl `d |ghfig`sblkclk kl{lg{n`g

dhfnbn{nlv ng n{v {lrrn{`r~" {al F`jjn{{ll nv

vlrn`|vb~ f`gflrglk ho`|{ rl}`r{v rlflntlk dr`j

g`g*c`tlrgjlg{hb v`|rflv rlchrkngc vlfrl{

kl{lg{n`g flg{lrv r|g o~ {al Vrn Bhgihg jnbn{hr~

ng{lbbnclgfl hgk }hrhjnbn{hr~ cr`|}v salrl

lgd`rflk knvh}}lhrhgflv" {`r{|rl hgk lq{rhe|knfnhb

inbbngcv ahtl hbblclkb~ ollg }lr}l{rh{lk'

[al F`jjn{{ll d|r{alr g`{lv sn{a f`gflrg

rl}`r{v k`f|jlg{ngc ngkntnk|hb fhvlv `d {`r{|rl

hgk nbb*{rlh{jlg{ salrl {al tnf{njv slrl

hbblclkb~ rhgk`jb~ vlblf{lk o~ } bnfl {` ol

hrrlv{lk hgk kl{hnglk d`r sah{ h}}lhrv {` ol hg|gv|ov{hg{nh{lk fahrcl hgk v|ovlx|lg{b~

v|oelf{lk {` {`r{|rl `r nbb*{rlh{jlg{ {` `o{hng h

f`gdlvvn`g d`r {a`vl fahrclv !hr{' ?" 88" 8< hgk

84.'

Nj}|gn{~ d`r hf{v `d {`r{|rl hgk nbb*{rlh{jlg{

81' [al F`jjn{{ll rljhngv f`gflrglk ho`|{ {al

}rlthnbngc fbnjh{l `d nj}|gn{~ ng {al V{h{l }hr{~

hgk {al h}}hrlg{ dhnb|rl {` ngtlv{nch{l }r`j}{b~


102/143

8==

hgk nj}hr{nhbb~ salrltlr {alrl nv rlhv`ghobl

cr`|gk {` olbnltl {ah{ hg hf{ `d {`r{|rl ahv ollg

f`jjn{{lk' N{ hbv` g`{lv {al hovlgfl `d hg

lddlf{ntl ngkl}lgklg{ j`gn{`rngc jlfahgnvj {`

ngtlv{nch{l f`j}bhng{v `d {`r{|rl' [al F`jjn{{ll

lq}rlvvlv f`gflrg `tlr rl}`r{v {ah{ {al H{{`rgl~

Clglrhb#v `ddnfl ahv v{`}}lk rldlrrngc fhvlv {` {al

V}lfnhb Ngtlv{nch{n`gv \gn{ !V\]. `d {al }`bnfl

hgk {al bhrcl }r`}`r{n`g `d }lgkngc fhvlv v{nbb`|{v{hgkngc' [al F`jjn{{ll nv hbv` f`gflrglk h{

g|jlr`|v rl}`r{v f`gflrgngc {al bhfi `d

ngkl}lgklgfl `d {al e|knfnhr~ !hr{v' 88" 8? hgk

86.'

[al F`jjn{{ll g`{lv {ah{ glhr {al lgk `d {al

hrjlk f`gdbnf{ ng ?==> `tlr ?1="=== }l`}bl dblk

dr`j {al g`r{alrg BN[L*f`g{r`bblk hrlhv {`

c`tlrgjlg{*f`g{r`bblk {lrrn{`r~ ng Tht|gn~h"

Jhgghr" Ehddgh hgk [rngf`jhbll knv{rnf{v" salrl

{al thv{ jhe`rn{~ `d {alj lg{lrlk fb`vlk jnbn{hr~*

r|g ng{lrgjlg{ fhj}v [al F`jjn{{ll"a`sltlr" rljhngv f`gflrglk ho`|{ f`gvnv{lg{

hbblch{n`gv `d {`r{|rl hgk nbb {rlh{jlg{ k|rngc

x|lv{n`gngc `d fhj} rlvnklg{v o~ {al Frnjnghb

Ngtlv{nch{n`g Kl}hr{jlg{ !FNK. hgk {al [lrr`rnv{

Ngtlv{nch{n`g Kl}hr{jlg{ ![NK.'


103/143

8=8

F`jjn{{ll g`{lv {ah{ {alrl ahtl ollg h g|jolr`d hk a`f f`jjnvvn`gv `d ngx|nr~ b``ingc ng{`

}hv{ a|jhg rnca{v tn bh{n`gv" ngfb|kngc {al

]rlvnklg{nhb F`jjnvvn`g `d Ngx|nr~ {` ngtlv{nch{l

vlrn`|v fhvlv `d a|jhg rnca{v tn`bh{n`gv {ah{

`ff|rrlk vngfl 8 H|c|v{ ?==


104/143

8=?

[al F`jjn{{ll nv hbv` f`gflrglk ho`|{ rl}`r{lk

fhvlv `d shr*{njl rh}l hgk `{alr hf{v `d vlq|hb

tn`blgfl {ah{ `ff|rrlk d`bb`sngc {al lgk `d {al

f`gdbnf{" ng }hr{nf|bhr ng jnbn{hr~*f`g{r`bblk

fhj}v' !Hr{v' ?" 8?" 86 hgk 84.'

D`bb`sngc {ah{ {al d`rjlr Vrn Bhgihg V|}rljl F`|r{

E|v{nfl" Jr' F'T' Sncglvshrhg v{h{lk ng{lr hbnh ng hg

ng{lrtnls }|obnvalk `g 83 Klfljolr ?=885

X5 [al \G F`jjn{{ll hchngv{ [`r{|rl !FH[. ng

n{v f`gfb|kngc `ovlrth{n`gv `g Vrn Bhgih

rlblhvlk `g ?< G`tljolr lq}rlvvlk f`gflrg

ho`|{ {al /f`g{ng|lk hgk f`gvnv{lg{ hbblch{n`gv

`d {al snklv}rlhk |vl `d {`r{|rl/ hgk {al

lqnv{lgfl `d vlfrl{ kl{lg{n`g flg{rlv ng Vrn Bhgih'Nv {anv v`jl{angc {ah{ s`rrnlv ~`|0

[anv ahv ollg s`rr~ngc jl dr`j {al {njl N shv

ng{r`k|flk {` {al vltlrhb {`r{|rl jl{a`kv |vlk o~

{al jnbn{hr~ hgk {al }`bnfl salg N alhrk ][H

fhvlv ng {al Anca F`|r{ `d F`b`jo` {slg{~ ~lhrv

hc`' H{ {al lgk `d ltlr~ fhvl salrl {`r{|rl shv|vlk" {al _lcnv{rhr `d {al F`|r{ shv knrlf{lk {`

orngc {alvl jh{{lrv {` {al g`{nfl `d thrn`|v

h|{a`rn{nlv bnil {al Jngnv{r~ `d E|v{nfl" ]rnv`gv

hgk {al NC]'


105/143

8=6

Nd v{l}v slrl {hilg {alg {` f|r{hnb `r hrrlv{ v|fa

ankl`|v ngknvfrl{n`gv" {al \G FH[ jh~ g`{ ahtl

ahk `ffhvn`g {` lq}rlvv f`gflrg ho`|{

f`g{ng|h{n`g `d {`r{|rl ng {anv f`|g{r~' G`g*

hf{n`g `g {al }hr{ `d {al h|{a`rn{nlv ahv frlh{lk h

f|b{|rl `d nj}|gn{~' N{ nv vncgndnfhg{ {` g`{l {ah{

hbb {ah{ {al Ljlrclgf~ _lc|bh{n`gv valk o~ tnr{|l

`d n{v rlj`thb ahtl hbb ollg g`s or`|ca{ ohfi

hgk hkklk ng{` {al ][H' Sn{a {al shr `tlr sa~va`|bk {al v{h{l hrj n{vlbd sn{a {alvl

lq{rh`rknghr~ }r`tnvn`gv hchngv{ sanfa

f`gvnklrhobl }|obnf hcn{h{n`g {`ì }bhfl lhrbnlr

blhkngc {` {al hor`ch{n`g `d {al Ljlrclgf~

_lc|bh{n`gv0 Nv n{ {` f`g{ng|l tn`blgfl hchngv{

ngkntnk|hbv0

[al [hjnb }rlvv rl}`r{v f`rrò`rh{l {al FH[#v

òvlrth{n`gv' Ng dhf{ `gl `d {al f`gv{hg{ f`gflrgv

hgk kljhgk hj`gc [hjnbv nv {` }ròl ng{` hgk

dngk `|{ {al salrlho`|{v `d h bhrcl g|jolr `d

kl{hngllv sa` rljhng jnvvngc' Sa~ va`|bk

hg~`gl ol il}{ ngf`jj|gnfhk` hgk ng vlfrl{

hd{lr Jh~ ?==> |gblvv v`jl{angc {lrrnobl nv olngc

k`gl {` {alj9 nv {al x|lv{n`g hvilk' [al [hjnb

f`jj|gn{~ hgk `{alrv ng Vrn Bhgih hrl }lr{|rolk

{ah{ {alnr }`bn{nfnhgv ahtl g`{ ollg hobl {`

hklx|h{lb~ hvvnv{ g`r hrl {al F`|r{v rlv}`gkngc {`

kljhgkv d`r e|v{nfl'


106/143

8=;

Hd{lr {al shr" nv n{ a|jhg vlf|rn{~ {ah{ gllkv}rlflklgfl" `r v{h{l vlf|rn{~0 ^l{ {al Vrn Bhgihg

c`tlrgjlg{ }|{v n{v lj}ahvnv `g vlf|rn{~ h{ {al

lq}lgvl `d kltlb`}jlg{ hgk {r|l rlf`gfnbnh{n`g'

[al ]rltlg{n`g `d [lrr`rnvj Hf{

Jhg~ [hjnb kl{hngllv !{al lqhf{ g|jolrv hrl g`{ ig`sg

hv {al c`tlrgjlg{ ahv g`{ }r`k|flk hg~ bnv{ `d kl{hngllv.

slrl hrrlv{lk |gklr {al }rltlg{n`g `d {lrr`rnvj

blcnvbh{n`g ng{r`k|flk hv h {lj}`rhr~ bhs ng 8>3> hgk

jhkl }lrjhglg{ {s` ~lhrv bh{lr' \gklr {al hf{" v|v}lf{v

fhg ol albk d`r |} {` 81 j`g{av sn{a`|{ fahrcl `r {rnhb'

O|{ v`jl kl{hngllv ahtl v}lg{ j`rl {ahg 8? ~lhrv ng ehnb"

sn{a fhvlv v{nbb }lgkngc ng f`|r{v' A|jhg rnca{v hf{ntnv{v

vh~ j`rl {ahg 4


107/143

8= gh{n`ghb ancash~" sanfa nv

g`s srn{{lg hv @jhg{ah" h{ {anv }bhfl salrl j`rl {ahg

>=, `d {rhtlblrv hrl [hjnb v}lhingc" `gl gllkv {` c`

sn{a h }lrv`g ig`sngc Vngahbh {` hgvslr {al x|lrnlv `d

{al h|{a`rn{nlv sa` hrl dr`j {al hrjlk d`rflv" nd {al

c`tlrgjlg{ ahk ollg rlhbb~ vlgvn{ntl {` {al b`fhbv {al~

s`|bk ahtl h}}`ng{lk [hjnb {rhgvbh{`rv' [al vnca{ `d {al

O|kkanv{ v{h{|lv ngfrlhvlv hv `gl alhkv {`shrkvInbbng`fafan `r J|bbhn{nt|'

[al vnca{ `d jnbn{hr~ fhj}v hgk Vngahbh v}lhingc

v`bknlrv nv lgkblvv hv {al~ hrl }rlvlg{ ng j`rl {ahg 86 `d

{al [hjnb v}lhingc hrlhv' @|{ `d h {`{hb bhgk jhvv `d

4" {al kldlgvld`rflv ahtl `ff|}nlk j`rl {ahg 3"=== vx ijv `d bhgk'

[anv va`sv {ah{ {al [hjnb k`jngh{lk hrlhv ahtl ollg

|vlk o~ Vngahbh d`rflv d`r {alnr `ff|}h{n`g ng {al ghjl

`d vlf|rn{~ f`gflrgv |{nbnungc sh{lr" bhgk" d`rlv{v" dnva

h}hr{ dr`j }`bb|{ngc {al }lhfld|b tnbbhcl lgtnr`gjlg{'

H}hr{ dr`j {anv n{ hbv` }rltlg{v {al b`fhbv {` blhk hg`rjhb bndl salg {al~ hrl |gklr {al vfr|{ng~ `d {al

`ff|}~ngc kldlgvl d`rflv' N{ ahv hbv` }rltlg{lk {al

rl{|rg `d {a`|vhgkv `d knv}bhflk }l`}bl" sa` hrl v{nbb

bntngc ng fhj}v" sn{a drnlgkv hgk rlbh{ntlv vl}hrh{lk

dr`j {al bhrclr }`}|bh{n`g'


110/143

8=1

N{ nv hbv` lv{njh{lk {ah{ ?


111/143

8=>

Sa` hrl {al ng{lgklk olgldnfnhrnlv `d {anv v`*fhbblk

kltlb`}jlg{ }r`crhj0 N{ nv {al Vngahbh e`oblvv ~`|{a

dr`j lbvlsalrl ng Vrn Bhgih sa` snbb cl{ h fahgfl {`

bntl hgk s`ri ng {al g`r{a h{ {al lq}lgvl `d {al [hjnbv'

Hb`gc sn{a {anv" {al Vngahbh f`g{rhf{`rv snbb ol {al

dnghgfnhb olgldnfnhrnlv hgk {al kldlgvl d`rflv snbb ol {al

`glv sa` snbb ol |{nbnungc {alvl lg{nrl glsb~ kltlb`}lk

ngdrhv{r|f{|rlv hv h jhe`r fa|gi `d {al d|gkv snbb ol

hbb`fh{lk {`shrkv r`hk kltlb`}jlg{" sanfa snbb dhfnbn{h{llhv~ {r``} j`tljlg{'

Ng Falkkni|bhj h a`|vngc vfaljl d`r Vngahbh rl{|rgllv

nv |gklrsh~" `gl s`|bk ahtl slbf`jlk nd n{ shv {al

vhjl 86 knv}bhflk dhjnbnlv {ah{ slrl {` rl{|rg" o|{ h vl{

`d 3< Vngahbh dhjnbnlv hrl olngc rlb`fh{lk sn{a gls

a`|vlv olngc f`gv{r|f{lk d`r {alj' Hbrlhk~ 84< Vngahbhdhjnbnlv ahtl ollg rlvl{{blk ng {al Vngahbnvl tnbbhcl `d

I`iihfafahhgi|bhj" sanfa nv {` ol rlghjlk

Ihbho`shvlsh {al Vngahblvl d`rj `d

"We Accuse War Crimes and Genocide" Publish by Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam

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Transcript of "We Accuse War Crimes and Genocide" Publish by Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam