Wcn(Ps) Bc en Zxwn Ps Protocols and Signaling Flow(Tcpip) 4 201005 45

8/13/2019 Wcn(Ps) Bc en Zxwn Ps Protocols and Signaling Flow(Tcpip) 4 201005 45

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TN_SP024_E1_1

TCP/IP Protocol and Routing Basics

V0610


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Course Objectives

TCP/IP protocol stack overview

Commonly used equipments

Routing principle


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TCP/IP Protocol

TCP/IPTransfer Control Protocol/InternetProtocol

Abstract layered model

A group of protocols

The core function is addressing , route selection (IPprotocol at network layer) and transport control (TCP,

UDP at transport layer)


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Application

layer

TelnetFTP HTTPSMTP

Transport

layer

Application layer

Network

Interface

layer

Network layer IP

UDPTCP

Presentation layer

TCP/IP

ARP Network layer

FDDI

RARP

Session Layer

Data Link Layer

Transport Layer

Physical Layer

Internet Protocol stack

DNSHTTPS SNMP

OSI

Ethernet WLAN

ATMToken Ring

TCP/IP Protocol

TCP/IP Protocol model


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TCP/IP Protocol

Basic conceptlayer Only peer layer can communicate with each other

at different system, it means that each layer in

sending part can only communicate with

corresponding layer at receiving part

Same kind of protocols must be used between

different entities

Data units must be encapsulated anddecapsulated when transferred between different

layers


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TCP/IP Protocol

Basic conceptencapsulation

When information transferred downwards , the software

at each layer is responsible to add the head information,

this is called encapsulation

Network

Interface

layer

IP layer

TCP layer

Application

layer User data

TCP segment

frame

IP packet

User data

TCP segment

frame

IP packet

bitNetwork

Interface

layer

IP layer

TCP layer

Application

layer


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TCP/IP protocol

Transport layer protocolTCP Segment upper layer data

Establish end to end connection

Ensure the reliability of data transfer

16

Window

16

Check-

sum

16

Urgent

0 or 32

Option Data...

# Bits 616 32 416 632

Source

port

Dest

port

Sequence

number

Ack

number

Header

LengthReserved

U

R

G

A

C

K

P

S

H

R

S

T

S

Y

N

F

I

N


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TCP/IP Protocol

Transport layer protocolUDP Similar function as TCP

Simple header format

Unreliable data transfer

High transfer efficiency

16

Source

port

16

Destination

port

16

Length

16

Checksum Data

# Bits


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TCP/IP Protocol

TCP/IP addressing Each layer in TCP/IP protocol stack use its own

addressing scheme:

Application layer use host name

Transport layer user port number Network layer user IP address

Network interface layer use MAC address


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In the same subnet, network part of IPaddress is the same

In different subnet, network part of IP

address is different , router must be used to

connect them with outside network

TCP/IP Protocol

IPv4 address In TCP/IP protocol, a unique IP address is assigned to

the host to identify them.


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VersionHeader len Service Type Total LengthIdentification Flag Fragment offset

TTL Protocolource IP address

...

recedence D T R C Unused

it0 4 8 16 19 24 31

20

bytesfixedlength

lengthvariable

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

OptionsUpper layer data

Destination IP addressFilling in

TCP/IP Protocol

IP packet header format


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TCP/IP Protocol

IPv4 address

255 255 255 255

Dotted

Decimal

Maximum

Network Host

128

64

32

168421

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111Binary

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

128

64

32

168421

128

64

32

168421

128

64

32

168421

32 bits


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1

Class A:

Bits:

0NNNNNNN Host Host Host

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (1-126)

1

Class B:

Bits:

10NNNNNN Network Host Host

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (128-191)

1

Class C:

Bits:

110NNNNN Network Network Host

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (192-223)1

Class D:

Bits:

1110MMMM Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (224-239)

TCP/IP Protocol

IP address classification


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Class A:

Class B:

Class C:

Class D: Multicast

Class E: Research

Network Host Host Host

Network Network Host Host

Network Network Network Host

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

TCP/IP Protocol

IP address classification


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Addressing Without Subnets

172.16.0.0 172.17.2.0

172.19.0.0

172.18.0.0

Subnet: 172.16.0.0

Subnet mask: 255.255.0.0

A

B


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TCP/IP Protocol

Subnet In order to solve the problem of IP address shortage

and reduce IP address waste, subnet is adopted.

Subnet means use several bits of the host part as the

subnet address. Such as:

0 Network address,7bit Host address, 16bit

0 31

Subnet address, 8bit

In this way, a class A network can be divided into 256 subnets, the

IP addresses is efficiently used.

Please pay attention, communication between different

subnets is the same as communication between different

networks, router must be used.


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172.16.2.200

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.160

172.16.2.1

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.150

172.16.3.1

E0E1

172.16 2 160

Network Host

. . Network Interface

172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

E0

E1

New Routing Table

Subnet

TCP/IP Protocol

Subnet division


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Addressing With Subnets

172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0A

B

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0


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Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet

172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.240.0

255.255.255.0

TCP/IP Protocol

Subnet mask exercise


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Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet

172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.240.0

255.255.255.0

B

A

A

172.16.2.0

10.6.16.0

10.30.36.0

TCP/IP Protocol

Subnet mask exercise answer


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Course Objectives

TCP/IP protocol stack Commonly used equipments

Routing principle


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Hub: works at physical layer

Send to all the

other ports when

receiving signal

Connect

equipments that

are in the same

segment

PC1 PC2 PC3

0101101 01011010101101

Signal

detected


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Switch : works at data link layer

Forwarding

frames according

to MAC address Connect

equipments that

are in the same

segment

1.1.1.1

MAC1

1.1.1.2

MAC2

DATAIPMAC2

MAC Out

MAC1 1

MAC2 2

DATAIPMAC2

1.1.1.3

MAC3


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Difference between Hub and Switch

100M 10 port HUB 100M 10 port Switch

bandwidth100M

Slower with

more people

bandwidth>100M*10*2

No affect

with more

people


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Router: Works at network layer

forwarding accordingto destination

network address

connect equipments

that are in different

segments

Need to collect

routing information(e.g:OSPF, BGP)

NET Out

2.0.0.0 21.0.0.0 1

1.1.1.1

G: 1.1.1.254

MAC1

2.2.2.2

G:2.2.2.254

MAC2

data2.2.2.2MAC3 data2.2.2.2MAC2

SW1:1.1.1.254

MAC3

SW2:2.2.2.254

MAC4


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Router Switch

Router switch has both layer two switching and layerthree routing function

Router

switch

RS

1.1.1.1/24

G:1.1.1.254

1.1.1.2/24

G:1.1.1.254

Interface fei_1/1

ip add 1.1.1.254 255.255.255.0

1.1.1.2/24

G:1.1.1.254

1.1.1.1/24

G:1.1.1.254

Interface vlan10ip add 1.1.1.254 255.255.255.0


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Comparison between Router and Router-Switch

Router Router Switch

CPU process packets, Distributednetwork processor can improve

processing capabilities

Low in port density, expensiveHigh in port density, cost

performance high

suitable for inner data exchange of

large LAN, routing function is not

as strong as router of the same level

suitable for routing between

different networks at network

egress

Switching chip and cpu together

architecture


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Course Objectives

TCP/IP protocol stack Commonly used equipments

Routing principle


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Route table composition

Example

172.16.8.0 -- Destination network address

255.255.255.0 -- Destination network mask

1.1.1.1 -- Next hop address

fei_0/1.1 -- Route learning interface and forwarding interfacestatic -- how does router learns this entry

1 -- route priority

0 -- Metric

Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metric

172.16.8.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.1.1 fei_0/1.1 static 1 0


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Route Types

Static route Dynamic route

Directly

connected route

Default route


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192 168 0 1/30

192 168 0 2/30

10 0 0 1/24172 16 0 1/24A B

IPv4 Routing Table:


10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1 fei_0/1 direct 0 0

10.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 10.0.0.1 fei_0/1 address 0 0

192.168.0.0 255.255.255.252 192.168.0.1 e1_1 direct 0 0

192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.1 e1_1 address 0 0

ZXR10#

Directly connected route

Directly connected route

When network address is configured and the status of the interface isvalid, the network configured on this network will appear in the routetable and associated with this interfacethe route will change with thestatus of the interface.


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Static route configuration

This is a unidirectional route, there should be an

opposite route configured on the counterpart router.

ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

Stub Network

172.16.2.1

SO

172.16.1.0

B172.16.2.2NetworkB A10.0.0.0


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Example

Default route configuration

Default route is configured on the egress router in a

stub network.

Stub Network

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

172.16.2.1

SO

172.16.1.0

B172.16.2.2

Network A B


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RIPOSPF RIPOSPF

1.0.0.0/8 2.0.0.0/8 3.0.0.0/8

Dynamic route

Routing protocol is a software process running on

the router. It will exchange routing information withother routersstudying route information of

network not directly connected and adjusting the

route information when topology changes.


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RIP OSPF

Route table

10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/1

Notice the comparison of routepriority must be between identical

routes.

10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/3

10.0.0.0/16 fei_1/3

Route priority

Select the route that has the highest priority to theroute table


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Connected interface 0

Static route 1

External BGP 20

OSPF 110

IS-IS 115

RIP v1, v2 120

Internal BGP 200

Special (For inner process) 255

Route Source Default priority

Default route priority


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Longest match principle

10.1.1.1

?

ZXR10#show ip routeIPv4 Routing Table:


1.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1.1 direct 0 0

1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1.1 address 0 0

2.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 2.1.1.1 fei_1/1.2 direct 0 0

2.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 2.1.1.1 fei_1/1.2 address 0 0

3.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 3.1.1.1 fei_1/1.3 direct 0 0

3.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 3.1.1.1 fei_1/1.3 address 0 0

10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1.1 ospf 110 10

10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 2.1.1.1 fei_1/1.2 static 1 010.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 3.1.1.1 fei_1/1.3 rip 120 5

0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_1/1.1 static 0 0


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Communication in the same network

Network

A

To router1

Communicationrequirement

Hub/switch


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Communication process

IP address192.168.1.2

MAC address00:20:AF:00:00:02IP address192.168.1.1

MAC address00:20:AF:00:00:01

Ethernet

IP layer

No need to consider

higher layer protocolsEncapsulate IP

address in

packet and send

to 192.168.1.2

Ethernet

IP layer

Encapsulate MAC

address in frame

and send to MAC

address

00:20:AF:00:00:02

Decapsulate

MAC frame

Receiving

MAC frame

ARP

decapsulate

IP packet

Receiving

IP packet

A B

Network

Protocol

layer


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Communication between different network

Network BNetwork A

Router

Communication

requirements

Ethernet

Router

Ethernet

DDN

PPP


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EthernetEthernetinterface

Communication between different network

Ethernet

IP layer

MAC

frame

IP layer

Serialinterface

Ethernetinterface

IP layer

Network

Protocol

PPP packet

IP

packet

IP

packet

Send host

A

Receiving

host Brouter

Ethernet

PPP

HOST A HOST B

fei-1/1 e1_2/1.1

Ethernet

fei-1/1e1_2/1.1

IP layer

router

PPP

frame

IP

packet

Serialinterface

MAC

frame

IP

packet

IP

packet

IP

packet

No need to consider

higher layer protocols

No need to consider

higher layer protocols


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IP communication process

IP communication process basic conception: IP communication is hop by hop communication

Source IP and destination IP address is unchanged

Every time the packet passed a data link layer, there

will be a new encapsulation of the packet The return path is not related to the forwarding path


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Wcn(Ps) Bc en Zxwn Ps Protocols and Signaling Flow(Tcpip) 4 201005 45

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Transcript of Wcn(Ps) Bc en Zxwn Ps Protocols and Signaling Flow(Tcpip) 4 201005 45