Waveletsand Signal Processing: A Match Made in …...– When Wavelets Were Going to Cure Cancer •...
Transcript of Waveletsand Signal Processing: A Match Made in …...– When Wavelets Were Going to Cure Cancer •...
Wavelets and Signal Processing: A Match Made in Heaven
Martin Vetterli, EPFL, 23.01.2015with Y.Barbotin, T.Blu, P.Marziliano, H.Pan, R.Parhizkar
Outline
• A Tale of Two Communities
• The Golden Age
• The Beauty and the Beast
• Time-Frequency-Scale as a Way of Life
• Signal Processing in the Age of Sparsity
• A Community of Interest and an Interesting Community
• Conclusions
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Outline
• A Tale of Two Communities:
– Signal processors
– Harmonic analysts
• The Golden Age
• The Beauty and the Beast
• Time-Frequency-Scale as a Way of Life
• Signal Processing in the Age of Sparsity
• A Community of Interest and an Interesting Community
• Conclusions3
Speech Processing: Subband Coding
This looks quite boring…
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Claude Galand at Work!
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Time Frequency Methods in Signal Processing
• Crochiere, Esteban, Galand 1976
• Short-time Fourier transform
• Perfect reconstruction filter banks
• Transform coding and KLT
• Subband speech and image coding
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Harmonic Analysis: Beautiful and…Esoteric ?
Weierstrass function (1872)7
Harmonic Analysis: Haar and Fourier bases
• Heisenberg uncertainty, Gabor expansion
• Balian-Low
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The Meeting of the Minds
• Compactly supported wavelets: Ingrid Daubechies
• Multiresolution analysis: Stéphane Mallat, Yves Meyer
• Many Contributors: Stromberg, Lemarié, Battle, Cohen, ….
• Local cosine bases: Coifman, Meyer, Malvar
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The Meeting of the Minds
Strömberg wavelet (1983)10
Algorithms• Wavelets based on filter banks
• Orthogonal • Biorthogonal • Multidimensional
• Wavelets packets• Adaptive bases
• Mallat’s algorithm
Roy Lichtenstein: Magnifying Glass, 1963
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Outline
• A Tale of Two Communities
• The Golden Age:
– When Wavelets Were Going to Cure Cancer
• The Beauty and the Beast
• Time-Frequency-Scale as a Way of Life
• Signal Processing in the Age of Sparsity
• A Community of Interest and an Interesting Community
• Conclusions
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Wavelets are looking for applications…… but applications were not waiting for wavelets!
• Wavelets are beautiful• They don’t have to be necessary useful!
• Wavelets create a framework• Many disparate constructions have a common interpretation
• Wavelets and time-frequency-scale is a way of thinking about problems
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A few stories
• Bell Laboratories Murray Hill• Is a Daubechies’ filter a filter?
• New York Times Science Section• Image compression will be improved, maybe a hundred fold!
• Wright Patterson Airforce Base, Ohio• Speech compression will be improved 10 times!
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Outline
• A Tale of Two Communities
• The Golden Age
• The Beauty and the Beast– The Story of JPEG 2000
– Contributions of Wavelets
• Time-Frequency-Scale as a Way of Life
• Signal Processing in the Age of Sparsity
• A Community of Interest and an Interesting Community
• Conclusions
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JPEG vs JPEG 2000
JPEG• Based on KLT• Theory from 60’s• Block based• Fast DCT
JPEG 2000• Based on wavelets• Theory from 80’s• No blocks• Fast WT
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And the Winner is…
• JPEG is used in 98% of the cases• Mobile phones, digital
cameras
• JPEG 2000• Used in frame based digital
cinema
• Improvement of 1-2 dB does not justify change of standards
• Patent situation is murky…
From wikipedia page of JPEG2000: « However, the JPEG committee has acknowledged that undeclared submarine patents may still present a hazard. »
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An example patent…
• Goupillaud, Morlet and Grossman patent
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Main Contributions of Wavelets to SP:
Use of more general norms (getting rid of the tyranny of SNR ;)
Simple and powerful non-linear approximation for piecewise smooth functions
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Thus: a piecewise smooth signal expands as:
• phase changes randomize signs, but not decay• a singularity influence only L wavelets at each scale• wavelet coefficients decay fast
Applications: Denoising
original
wavelet13.8 dB
noisy
countourlets15.4 dB
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Lessons learned for signal processing
There is life beyond SNR
• Other norms are key (l1, TV, Sobolev)
There are exotic spaces that are actually useful
• Besov spaces
Sparsity is a key principle
• It helps in more ways than we thought
• It is critical for inverse problems
• It helps regularization
Pseudo diagonalization
…
and all this with solid theory and efficient algorithms!22
Outline
• A Tale of Two Communities
• The Golden Age
• The Beauty and the Beast
• Time-Frequency-Scale as Way of Life
– Maximally compact sequences
• Signal Processing in the Age of Sparsity
• A Community of Interest and an Interesting Community
• Conclusions
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Time-Frequency Tilings
Fourier
Wavelets
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Maximally compact sequencesContinuous time
• Time and frequency spreads: 2nd moments• Heisenberg uncertainty bound• Gaussians are maximally compact
Discrete time• Time and frequency spreads?• Uncertainty bound?• What are the minimizers?
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Localization for Discrete Sequences
• Option 1: Extension from analog signals
The signal is periodic in the freq. domain but the frequency definitions are not!
• Option 2: Use the first trigonometric moment (circular statistics)
Localization for Discrete Sequences
• Option 1: Extension from analog signals
Uncertainty Principle for Discrete Sequences
Heisenberg: For sequences with :
Maximally Compact Sequences
• The most compact sequence in time for a given frequency spread:
Theorem: For finding maximally compact sequences, solve the SDP:
The solution to above SDP is rank-1 and decomposed to .
Maximally Compact Sequences, Example
• Example:
The image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file.
Theorem: Fourier transform of maximally compact sequences are Mathieu functions.
New Uncertainty Bounds for Sequences
There is a gap!
A New Benchmark
Uncertainty Principle for sequences
Outline
• A Tale of Two Communities
• The Golden Age
• The Beauty and the Beast
• Time-Frequency-Scale as a Way of Life
• Signal Processing in the Age of Sparsity
– Sampling 2.0
• A Community of Interest and an Interesting Community
• Conclusions
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Given a class of objects, like a class of functions (e.g. bandlimited, SISS)And given a sampling device, as usual to acquire the real world– Smoothing kernel or low pass filter– Regular, uniform sampling
Obvious question:When is there a countable representation?When does a minimum number of samples uniquely specify the function?
sampling kernel
An example from my garden...The sampling question:
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From Analog to Digital… and back!
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Shannon’s Theorem… a Bit of History
Whittaker
Nyquist
Kotelnikov
Whittaker
Raabe
Gabor
Shannon
19151928
1933
1935
1938
1946
1948
1949
Someya
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Classic Case: Subspaces
Shannon bandlimited case
or 1/T degrees of freedom per unit time
But: a single discontinuity, and no more sampling theorem…
Are there other signals with finite number of degrees of freedom per unit of time that allow exact sampling results?
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Examples of Non-bandlimited Signals
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Classic Cases and Beyond…
Sampling theory beyond Shannon?– Shannon: bandlimitedness is sufficient but not necessary– Shannon bandwidth and shift-invariant subspaces: dimension of subspaceIs there a sampling theory beyond subspaces?– Finite rate of innovation: Similar to Shannon rate of information– Non-linear set up– Position information is key!Thus, develop a sampling theory for classes of
non-bandlimited but sparse signals!
t
x(t)
t0x1
t1
x0…
xN-1
tN-1
Generic, continuous-time sparse signal 42
Signals with Finite Rate of Innovation
The set up:
For a sparse input, like a weighted sum of Diracs
– One-to-one map yn ⇔ x(t)?
– Efficient algorithm?
– Stable reconstruction?
– Robustness to noise?
– Optimality of recovery?
sampling kernel
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The sampling theorem (VMB02)
For the class of periodic FRI signals which includes– Sequences of Diracs– Non-uniform or free knot splines– Piecewise polynomials– …
There are sampling schemes with sampling at the rate of innovation with perfect recovery and polynomial complexity
Variations: finite length, 2D, local kernels etc
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What’s Maybe Surprising….
Bandlimited
Manifold
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Current challenges…
The Tyranny of the pixel!
The
Viol
in, F
elix
Val
lott
on
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The good old super-resolution problem….
Up-sampled image with mask regularizerUp-sampled image without mask regularizer 47
The irony of it all…
As a signal processor:• I went from l2(Z) to L2(R)Meanwhile:• Compressed sensing. • Beautiful theory of sparsity in RN!
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Outline
• A Tale of Two Communities
• The Golden Age
• The Beauty and the Beast
• Time-Frequency-Scale as a Way of Life
• Signal Processing in the Age of Sparsity
• A Community of Interest and an Interesting Community
• Conclusions
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The Wavelet and SP crowd
I.Daubechies, Y.Meyer, R.Coifman, D.Donoho, A.Cohen, S.Mallat, M.Unser, R.Malvar,M.Smith, P.P.Vaidyanathan, A.Aldroubi, H.G.Feichtinger, K.H.Groechenig and many others!
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My Wavelet and SP gang
T. Blu, O. Rioul, C. Herley, J. Kovacevik, K. Ramchandran, T. Nguyen, A. Ortega, V. Goyal, R. Parhizkar, P. Marziliano, Y. Barbotin, H.Pan, and many more…. 51
• Outline
• A Tale of Two Communities
• The Golden Age
• The Beauty and the Beast
• Time-Frequency-Scale as a Way of Life
• Signal Processing in the Age of Sparsity
• A Community of Interest and an Interesting Community
• Conclusions: Foundations of Signal Processing
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It has changed my view of the (signal processing) world!
Wavelets brought a new understanding of known methods
«Understanding is a lot like sex. It's got a practical purpose, but that's not why people do it normally». Frank Oppenheimer
Wavelets raised high expectations and produced new methods and successes
«As new developments emerge in any field, itsimportant to let them mature withoutgenerating unrealistic expectations so that the beautiful and important aspects have time and good soil in which to blossom”. Al Oppenheim
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It has changed my view of the (signal processing) world!
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