Water Reforms In Water Reforms In ZimbabweZimbabwe

Activities leading to the Activities leading to the reformsreforms

Activities leading to the Activities leading to the Water ReformsWater Reforms

The Halcrow Report 1993/4The Halcrow Report 1993/4 White Paper to Cabinet 1994White Paper to Cabinet 1994 the WRMs 1996-2001the WRMs 1996-2001 the GTZ initiatives- Mazoe pilot project 1996the GTZ initiatives- Mazoe pilot project 1996 the Dutch initiatives -Mupfure pilot project 1998the Dutch initiatives -Mupfure pilot project 1998 The Water Act 1998The Water Act 1998 The ZINWA Act 1998The ZINWA Act 1998 Groundwater Guidelines & regulations 2000Groundwater Guidelines & regulations 2000 Water Pollution Control Guidelines & regulation 2000Water Pollution Control Guidelines & regulation 2000 Water allocation Guidelines and regulations 2000Water allocation Guidelines and regulations 2000 Catchment and Sub-catchment Councils regulationsCatchment and Sub-catchment Councils regulations

20002000

The Halcrow Report 1993The Halcrow Report 1993

Guidelines for the Development of a Guidelines for the Development of a Water Resources Management Water Resources Management StrategyStrategy

The need for a WRMSThe need for a WRMS

Reinforced by the occurrence of the drought of Reinforced by the occurrence of the drought of 91/9291/92

Attribute of of the WRMSAttribute of of the WRMS• Sound basis forSound basis for

– Equitable &sustanable allocation of waterEquitable &sustanable allocation of water– Cpmprehensive Water resources planning and managementCpmprehensive Water resources planning and management– Pricing and subsidy structurePricing and subsidy structure– Guidelines for dev. And action plansGuidelines for dev. And action plans– Investiment schedulingInvestiment scheduling

Clear assignment of responsibilitiesClear assignment of responsibilities Improved horizontal and vertical communicationImproved horizontal and vertical communication Well defined objectives for capacity buildingWell defined objectives for capacity building

Form of strategyForm of strategy

Strategy was to define methods for Strategy was to define methods for water resources management in a water resources management in a sustainable manner consistent with sustainable manner consistent with national policiesnational policies

Strategy was to be developed by the Strategy was to be developed by the gvt agencies with stakeholder gvt agencies with stakeholder participationparticipation

Sttrategy was to provide framework for Sttrategy was to provide framework for drawing up compatible and inegrated drawing up compatible and inegrated action plansaction plans

Essential components of Essential components of the strategythe strategy

Planning and management requirementsPlanning and management requirements• Quantification of the water resourceQuantification of the water resource• Understanding relation between people, Understanding relation between people,

water and landwater and land• Quantification of current and forecast Quantification of current and forecast

demanddemand• Basis for equitable allocation nationally and Basis for equitable allocation nationally and

internationallyinternationally• Sound methodmethods for investiment Sound methodmethods for investiment

prioritiespriorities

Essential componentsEssential components

Guidelines forGuidelines for• Resource managementResource management• Demand managemend and efficient Demand managemend and efficient

use of wateruse of water• Maintenance of appropriate water Maintenance of appropriate water

quality standardsquality standards• Planned response to water scarcityPlanned response to water scarcity

Essential componentsEssential components

Establishment of an enabling environmentEstablishment of an enabling environment• Definition of institutional forms and Definition of institutional forms and

responsiblitiesresponsiblities• The identification of necessary capacity The identification of necessary capacity

buildingbuilding• Identification of requirements for legislationIdentification of requirements for legislation

The establishment of steering groups, The establishment of steering groups, committee and subcommitteescommittee and subcommittees

Strengthening of the planning branchStrengthening of the planning branch• HydrologyHydrology• planningplanning

Key activitiesKey activities Coordination and management of dev. and Coordination and management of dev. and

implem. Of WRMSimplem. Of WRMS Exploration of key issues, policy options and Exploration of key issues, policy options and

establish policyestablish policy Devise and implement natonal Devise and implement natonal

gguidelines,resource assessment methods gguidelines,resource assessment methods and framework for water resource allocation and framework for water resource allocation and managementand management

Strengthen technical and management Strengthen technical and management capacity of participating organisationcapacity of participating organisation

Implement institutional and legal activities Implement institutional and legal activities required to enable the above required to enable the above

White Paper to Cabinet 1994White Paper to Cabinet 1994

Adoption of IWRM principlesAdoption of IWRM principles Holistic approach (integration)Holistic approach (integration) management at catchment levelmanagement at catchment level Environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability Cost recoveryCost recovery Demand managementDemand management Stakeholder participationStakeholder participation Gender considerationGender consideration

WRMS 1996 - 2001WRMS 1996 - 2001

In 1995 the water resources management In 1995 the water resources management project document was developed with the project document was developed with the support of 4 donorssupport of 4 donors

The project document proposedThe project document proposed • The institutional setup for development and The institutional setup for development and

management of the strategymanagement of the strategy• Institutional strengtheningInstitutional strengthening• The capacity building elements of the projectThe capacity building elements of the project• The external technical support that was requiredThe external technical support that was required• And the costing of the projectAnd the costing of the project

In 1996 the WRMS project was adopted and In 1996 the WRMS project was adopted and the staffing and equipment were gradually the staffing and equipment were gradually brought into the projectbrought into the project

The institutional setupThe institutional setup

The Ministry of Lands and Water Resources was the The Ministry of Lands and Water Resources was the lead government agencylead government agency

A steering committee comprising of major A steering committee comprising of major stakeholders that deal with water was overseeing the stakeholders that deal with water was overseeing the development of the strategydevelopment of the strategy

A technical secretariat did the day to day activities of A technical secretariat did the day to day activities of the WRMS formulation, comprised ofthe WRMS formulation, comprised of• CoordinatorCoordinator• WRM strategistWRM strategist• EconomistEconomist• EnviromentalistEnviromentalist• Publicity officerPublicity officer• Project secretaryProject secretary• Driver/ messangerDriver/ messanger

Strengthening of technical Strengthening of technical capacitycapacity

This was targeted at the water This was targeted at the water resources planning aspects i.e.resources planning aspects i.e.• The hydrologyThe hydrology

– Water resources assesmentWater resources assesment– Surface waterSurface water– GroundwaterGroundwater– Water qualityWater quality

– Geographic information syatemsGeographic information syatems

• The water planningThe water planning– Land use planningLand use planning– Water resources planningWater resources planning– Economic planningEconomic planning

Strengthening of technical Strengthening of technical capacitycapacity

The following professional were recuitedThe following professional were recuited• External based in the Groundwater branchExternal based in the Groundwater branch

– HydrologistHydrologist– Systems analystSystems analyst

• External based in the groundwater branchExternal based in the groundwater branch– HydrogeologistHydrogeologist

• Internal based in the planning branchInternal based in the planning branch– Catchment plannerCatchment planner– Development economist Development economist

• Internal based in agritexInternal based in agritex– Landuse plannerLanduse planner

The capacity buildingThe capacity building

This was in the form of This was in the form of • TrainingTraining

– A broad range of proffessionals were to A broad range of proffessionals were to be trained in MSc degreesbe trained in MSc degrees

– Others were to be trained under short Others were to be trained under short coursecourse

– Others were to have visiting toursOthers were to have visiting tours

• Provision of equipmentProvision of equipment– ComputersComputers– SoftwareSoftware– VehiclesVehicles– Hydro & lab equipmentHydro & lab equipment

The repeal of the Water Act & The repeal of the Water Act & the Regional Water Authority Act the Regional Water Authority Act in 1998in 1998

In 1998 the new water Act and the In 1998 the new water Act and the ZINWA Act were passed by parliament ZINWA Act were passed by parliament and accented by the presidentand accented by the president

In 2000 the Water Act and ZINWA Act In 2000 the Water Act and ZINWA Act were operationalised thus the reforms were operationalised thus the reforms entered the implementation phaseentered the implementation phase

AimsAims

• improve equity in access to waterimprove equity in access to water• improve the management of the improve the management of the

resourceresource• strengthen environmental protectionstrengthen environmental protection• to improve the administration of the to improve the administration of the

ActAct

Principles governingPrinciples governing

• ownership of both surface and ground water ownership of both surface and ground water is vested in the state, hence authority is is vested in the state, hence authority is needed except for primary useneeded except for primary use

• involvement of stakeholders in decision-involvement of stakeholders in decision-making and management of the resourcemaking and management of the resource

• water should be managed on catchment water should be managed on catchment boundaries not provincial o0r district boundaries not provincial o0r district boundariesboundaries

• development of the resource should be development of the resource should be environmentally friendlyenvironmentally friendly

Principles governingPrinciples governing

Principles governingPrinciples governing• pricing of the resource should based on the user pricing of the resource should based on the user

pays and polluter pays principlepays and polluter pays principle• water should be recognized both as an water should be recognized both as an

economic good and a social goodeconomic good and a social good Water as an economic good would achieveWater as an economic good would achieve

• water use efficiencywater use efficiency• equity of useequity of use• encourage conservationencourage conservation• encourage protectionencourage protection

Changes to the water Act Changes to the water Act of 1976of 1976

Changes to the ActChanges to the Act• cease granting water rights in perpetuity but cease granting water rights in perpetuity but

water permits for 20 yearswater permits for 20 years• cease the use of priority date systemcease the use of priority date system• eliminate theory of private water (underground)eliminate theory of private water (underground)• end the differentiation of flood flow, normal flow end the differentiation of flood flow, normal flow

and storm flowand storm flow• Minister to declare water shortage not presidentMinister to declare water shortage not president• Secretary of water to delegate some Secretary of water to delegate some

administration to ZINWA and catchment councilsadministration to ZINWA and catchment councils

Changes to the water Act Changes to the water Act of 1976of 1976

Changes to the ActChanges to the Act• Replace registrar with the catchment managerReplace registrar with the catchment manager• Replace advisory councils with catchment Replace advisory councils with catchment

CouncilsCouncils• replace river-boards with sub-catchment replace river-boards with sub-catchment

councilscouncils• expand the source of assessor to include expand the source of assessor to include

farmersfarmers• prohibition orders not to suspend operationprohibition orders not to suspend operation• make the environment a legitimate water usermake the environment a legitimate water user• Introduction of the polluter pays principleIntroduction of the polluter pays principle

Division of responsibilitiesDivision of responsibilities

Administrative Court for appeal casesAdministrative Court for appeal cases Department of Water Development for Department of Water Development for

policy issues and regulationpolicy issues and regulation Zimbabwe National Water Authority for Zimbabwe National Water Authority for

operational activitiesoperational activities Catchment Councils for water allocation Catchment Councils for water allocation

and dispute resolutionand dispute resolution Sub-Catchment Councils-day to day Sub-Catchment Councils-day to day

resources accountingresources accounting

The ZINWA Act The ZINWA Act

The ZINWA Act amalgameted the The ZINWA Act amalgameted the functions of the regional water functions of the regional water Authority and some of the Department Authority and some of the Department of waterof water

The Board of ZINWA has nine The Board of ZINWA has nine membersmembers• 4 from catchment councils4 from catchment councils• 5 from the bussimess community5 from the bussimess community• 1 a gvt water engineer1 a gvt water engineer• and the Chief Executiverand the Chief Executiver

Functions of ZINWAFunctions of ZINWA Planning of the water resourcesPlanning of the water resources Development of the water resourcesDevelopment of the water resources

• DamsDams• BoreholesBoreholes• Water supliesWater suplies

Management of the water resourcesManagement of the water resources• In damsIn dams• Water supliesWater suplies

Provide secretariat to cachment councilsProvide secretariat to cachment councils Monitoring the wter resources in terms ofMonitoring the wter resources in terms of

• QualityQuality• quantityquantity

Financing of the AuthorityFinancing of the Authority

From monies collected from their operationsFrom monies collected from their operations• Sale of clean Water Sale of clean Water • Sale of raw waterSale of raw water• From engineering servicesFrom engineering services

Water fundWater fund• Pollution leviesPollution levies• Water leviesWater levies• Water permit chargesWater permit charges

Fund appropriated by governmentFund appropriated by government Other sources eg donationOther sources eg donation

Functions of catchment Functions of catchment ManagersManagers

Provide secretariate to catchment councilsProvide secretariate to catchment councils• Receipt of applications and registering themReceipt of applications and registering them• Keeping a register of applictions and permits Keeping a register of applictions and permits

and their statusand their status– Application, Provisional, Granted, Expired, renewalApplication, Provisional, Granted, Expired, renewal

• Keeping records of permit performance as Keeping records of permit performance as submited by permit holderssubmited by permit holders

• Technical advisor to catchment councils on Technical advisor to catchment councils on application and dispute resolutionapplication and dispute resolution

• Allocation of unopposed permits when the Allocation of unopposed permits when the councils are not sittingcouncils are not sitting

Repeal of all regulations Repeal of all regulations 20002000

River boards regulation repealedRiver boards regulation repealed sub-catchment council regulationsub-catchment council regulation catchment council regulations catchment council regulations

introducedintroduced water allocation regulations water allocation regulations

introducedintroduced water pollution control regulationwater pollution control regulation

water allocation water allocation regulationsregulations

Introduces the proportinal system of water Introduces the proportinal system of water allocationallocation

Introduces the proedures for applying for a Introduces the proedures for applying for a permitpermit• Subcatchment councilSubcatchment council• Catchment councilCatchment council

Introduces the application forms forIntroduces the application forms for• A permitA permit• Revision of a permitRevision of a permit• Cancellation of a permitCancellation of a permit• etcetc

water allocation water allocation regulationsregulations Introduces the reports to accompany an Introduces the reports to accompany an

applicationapplication• Engineers reportEngineers report• Agricultural reportAgricultural report• Mining engineer’s reportMining engineer’s report• Environment reportEnvironment report• etcetc

Introduces the relevant fees that have Introduces the relevant fees that have to be paid on applicationto be paid on application

Introduces the standard form ofIntroduces the standard form of• Provisional water permitProvisional water permit• Final water permit Final water permit

water pollution control water pollution control regulationregulation

Mrs vhevha could you give us a Mrs vhevha could you give us a brief on the regulationsbrief on the regulations

the WRMs Document 2001the WRMs Document 2001challengeschallenges

Equitable access to water for all ZimbabweansEquitable access to water for all Zimbabweans supply approach vs demand managementsupply approach vs demand management financing the water sectorfinancing the water sector pricing of water stakeholder involvementpricing of water stakeholder involvement environment managementenvironment management land/water use planningland/water use planning gender & water resources managementgender & water resources management shared transboundary watersshared transboundary waters

Equitable access to water Equitable access to water for all Zimbabweans:for all Zimbabweans: strategiesstrategies

• legal and institutionallegal and institutional– granting permit for fixed periodgranting permit for fixed period– removal of priority systemremoval of priority system– principals to be observe in considering principals to be observe in considering

allocationallocation– establishment of catchment councilsestablishment of catchment councils

• water allocationwater allocation– planning stageplanning stage

– no priority in allocation in uncommitted areano priority in allocation in uncommitted area

strategiesstrategies

– permits in management stagepermits in management stage– sufficient watersufficient water– insufficient waterinsufficient water

» priority by usepriority by use» reallocationreallocation» ... Water generated... Water generated» ....water in storage....water in storage» fractional allocationfractional allocation

– drought stagedrought stage– declaration of shortage areadeclaration of shortage area– reallocation allocationreallocation allocation

supply approach Vs supply approach Vs demand management:demand management: strategiesstrategies

• market basemarket base– water pricingwater pricing– effluent chargeseffluent charges

• technology basedtechnology based– reduction of unaccounted for waterreduction of unaccounted for water– recyclingrecycling

– recycling plantrecycling plant– pricing high such that recycling is an optionpricing high such that recycling is an option

– water demand management in Agriculturewater demand management in Agriculture– water saving technologywater saving technology– irrigation potential based on water lossirrigation potential based on water loss

financing the water sector: financing the water sector: strategiesstrategies

• government financinggovernment financing• commercialization of utilitiescommercialization of utilities• use of the money marketuse of the money market• external fundingexternal funding• private sector participationprivate sector participation

– service contractsservice contracts– management contractsmanagement contracts– lease contractslease contracts– concessionsconcessions– joint ownershipjoint ownership

pricing of water pricing of water stakeholder involvement: stakeholder involvement: strategiesstrategies

• average cost pricingaverage cost pricing– blend pricingblend pricing– catchment pricingcatchment pricing

• site specificsite specific• targeted subsidiestargeted subsidies• levies and feeslevies and fees

environment environment management: management: strategiesstrategies

• instreamflow requirementinstreamflow requirement• environmental impact assessmentenvironmental impact assessment• integrated catchment managementintegrated catchment management• water quality monitoringwater quality monitoring

– command and controlcommand and control– market based approachesmarket based approaches

– environmental protectionenvironmental protection– polluter payspolluter pays

– best management practicesbest management practices– prevention approachesprevention approaches– control of diffusion sourcescontrol of diffusion sources

– stakeholder approachesstakeholder approaches

Land & water use Land & water use planning: planning: strategiesstrategies

Lack of integration the cause ofLack of integration the cause of• land degradationland degradation• water degradationwater degradation

Integrated catchment Integrated catchment management has been sited as the management has been sited as the reason for the abovereason for the above

implementationimplementation

Catchment and subcatchment Catchment and subcatchment councils formed end of 1999councils formed end of 1999

Water act operational 2000Water act operational 2000 ZINWA formed 2000ZINWA formed 2000 ZINWA staffing 2001ZINWA staffing 2001 Irrigation department formed 2002Irrigation department formed 2002