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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
PeoplePeople--Centered Approaches in SustainingCentered Approaches in Sustaining
Water, Food and Environmental SanitationWater, Food and Environmental Sanitation
in the Philippines:in the Philippines:A ReviewA Review
C. M.C. M. PascualPascual, C. P., C. P. AbadillaAbadilla, and F. A. P., and F. A. P. AcedeboAcedebo
Mariano Marcos State UniversityMariano Marcos State University
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
OutlineOutline
Objective, Introduction/RationaleObjective, Introduction/Rationale Environmental issues/concerns on water, food andEnvironmental issues/concerns on water, food and
sanitationsanitation
Water Governance in the PhilippinesWater Governance in the Philippines
PeoplePeople--Centered Systems ApproachesCentered Systems Approaches Case StudiesCase Studies
Water Supply and SanitationWater Supply and Sanitation
Water Refilling StationsWater Refilling Stations
Food and Water Supply withFood and Water Supply with cGMPcGMP and HACCPand HACCP
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
ObjectiveObjective
To conduct a criticalTo conduct a critical statestate--ofof--thethe--artart reviewreview
of complex issues, challenges on water,of complex issues, challenges on water,
foods and sanitationfoods and sanitation in the Philippines.in the Philippines.
Case studies reviews on:Case studies reviews on:
Water Supply and Sanitation;Water Supply and Sanitation;
Water Refilling Stations; andWater Refilling Stations; and
Food ProductFood Product DevDevtt and Water Supply withand Water Supply with
cGMPcGMP and HACCP (Onand HACCP (On--going)going)
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Introduction/RationaleIntroduction/Rationale
3 serious issues/concerns3 serious issues/concerns
(1) widespread water scarcity and(1) widespread water scarcity and
multiplicity in water governance;multiplicity in water governance;
(2) the existing water systems are not(2) the existing water systems are not
much geared for the urban as well as ruralmuch geared for the urban as well as rural
poor; andpoor; and
(3) the food safety, sanitation and(3) the food safety, sanitation and
sewerage requirements have beensewerage requirements have been
neglected (FDC, 2004)neglected (FDC, 2004)
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Hidden
ground
water
Adapted from: GWP (M. Falkenmark), 2003, Water Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change
Hidden
ground water
Precipitation the basic water resource
With drainage/river basin perspective - the precipitation over the area represents
the proper water resource, part of which is consumed in plant production and
evaporation from moist surfaces (green water flow)
Surplus goes to recharge aquifers and rivers (blue water flow), available for
societal use and aquatic ecosystems.
E
N
V
I
R
O
N
M
E
N
T
WATER
People-Centered Systems
Approach a systematic
management and integrative
tool to support decision
making on sustainable
water environment
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water GovernanceWater Governance
Systems Approaches on Water EnvironmentSystems Approaches on Water Environment
Some promising signs of a new approach to
governance for sustainability are emerging
through the Phil. Water Governance
stakeholders (e.g. involves devolution ofresponsibility into the community at a regional
level);
Moving towards sustainability will require a
paradigm shift not just within government and
other policy circles but also within the community
as a holistic view;
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
PhilsPhils. Water Environment. Water Environment
Situation and IssuesSituation and Issues
Has water storage potential sites for 438Has water storage potential sites for 438major dams and 423 smaller dams.major dams and 423 smaller dams.
The total water withdrawal was estimatedThe total water withdrawal was estimatedon the basis of the water rights issued byon the basis of the water rights issued bythe National Water Resources Boardthe National Water Resources Board(NWRB) to 55,422 million m(NWRB) to 55,422 million m33, of which, of which
88% is for agricultural purposes;88% is for agricultural purposes; The water situation in the Philippines mayThe water situation in the Philippines may
be best described as an abundant scarcitybe best described as an abundant scarcity
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Legal framework forLegal framework for
water governancewater governance
1.1. 1987 Constitution which mandates that all1987 Constitution which mandates that allwater resources belong to the State;water resources belong to the State;
2.2. Presidential Decree (PD) 1067 in 1976 or ThePresidential Decree (PD) 1067 in 1976 or TheWater Code of the Philippines;Water Code of the Philippines;
3.3. Republic Act (RA) 8041 in 1995 or The WaterRepublic Act (RA) 8041 in 1995 or The WaterCrisis Act; andCrisis Act; and
4.4. Executive Order No. 364 in 1996, whichExecutive Order No. 364 in 1996, whichcreated the Presidential Task Force on Watercreated the Presidential Task Force on WaterResources Development and Management.Resources Development and Management.
5.5. Clean Water Act in 2004Clean Water Act in 2004
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Introduction/RationaleIntroduction/Rationale PeoplePeople--Centered Systems Approaches onCentered Systems Approaches on
Water EnvironmentWater Environment
Sustainability is a new challenge for humanity
that attracts a new paradigm for governance;
The sustainability challenge is to adapt
governance so that the human enterprise
operates within an ecological and waterresource constraint that lies within the
carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water, Environment & Poverty
Water scarcity and pollution have complex impacts onincome poverty & environmental degradation on incomepoverty & environmental degradation through:
- lowering industrial & agricultural productivities;
- preventing productive activities and income, especially
of the poor;- increasing burden to get water and diverting womensproductive time to fetch water;
- depleting forests, biodiversities, aquatic ecosystems,etc;
Reducing poverty & recovering environmentaldegradation will improve water availability andaccessibility.
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water, Environment & Poverty
More than 3 million children die every year caused by
waterborne diseases. This is worsen by disasters by
waterborne diseases. This is worsen by disasters with
even less access to clean water & sanitation, and more
contaminated water;
The burden of finding and carrying water is more
damaging to womens health and increasing the risks
health during pregnancy and child birth;
An integrated approach to clean up water resources &
surrounding environment for better public health willsignificantly increase access in water services for food,
water supply and sanitation.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Fig. 1. Household access to: (a) safe water; and (b) sanitary facilities by
province in the Philippines
((a)((b)
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Coverage on Safe WaterCoverage on Safe Water
80% of population80% of population (2002)(2002)
MDG Target (2015)MDG Target (2015) 87%87%
MTPDP Target (2010)MTPDP Target (2010) 92%92%
Coverage on Sanitation
86.1% of population (2002)
MDG Target (2015) 84%
MTPDP Target (2010) 86%
Coverage on SanitationCoverage on Sanitation
86.1% of population86.1% of population (2002)(2002)
MDG Target (2015)MDG Target (2015) 84%84%
MTPDP Target (2010)MTPDP Target (2010) 86%86%
Water Supply and SanitationWater Supply and Sanitation
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Refilling StationWater Refilling StationA water refilling station can be
operated with a minimum area of at
least 20-25 square metres.
It comprises the following sections:refilling and selling room,
enclosed water purification room,
container washing and sanitizing
room,
storage room for empty and refilled
containers,
source water storage facility,
toilet and
an office.
(Source: Magtibay, 2004)
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Refilling StationWater Refilling Station
Source: Magtibay, 2004
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Refilling StationWater Refilling Station
The main processes in a water refilling station is dictated
by raw water quality.
The typical steps are
filtration (several stages),
softening, and
disinfection.
Presidential Decree No. 856 or the Sanitation Code of the
Philippines is the main law requiring all establishments to
comply with existing sanitary standards to protect public
health. Guidelines for operating a water refilling station are
indicated in the Supplemental Implementing Rules and
Regulations on Water Supply of PD 856 issued in 1999.
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Refilling StationWater Refilling Station
The machines that could be installed for such processes are the following:
Multi-media sediment filter - removes sediments such as rust, sand and
particles that are invisible to the naked eye; employs a total of 5 filters.
Ion exchanger - replaces hard minerals with soft minerals.
Activated carbon filter - removes all organic chemicals, herbicide, pesticide,
offensive odor and bad taste.
Reverse osmosis membrane - the heart of the system and the most
expensive unit; removes inorganic minerals, bacteria and viruses whileretaining its oxygen content. Since the filter size is very small at less than 0.05
micrometre, the product water could have a total dissolved solids (TDS) of less
than 10 ppm. The filtration process rejects about 50 percent of raw watervolume.
Post-carbon filter - improves the taste of water.Ultraviolet lamp - ensures that the water is free from disease-causing micro-
organisms.
Ozone generator inhibits the growth of bacteria in the product tank and
prolongs the shelf life of water.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Refilling StationWater Refilling Station
Water quality monitoring (To avoid proliferation of WRS)
Source water and product water are subject to regular monitoring by
the local health office.
The national standards for drinking water contains 54 parameters that
must be complied with.
Only DOH-accredited laboratories are allowed to conduct water testing
and analysis.
The frequency of monitoring is as follows:
Bacteriological quality - at least monthly
Physical quality - at least every six (6) months
Chemical quality - at least every six (6) months
Biological quality - at least once a year
Monitoring of radioactive contaminants shall be done only if there is
significant input of radiation from the surrounding environment.
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Devt and WaterSupply
R&D Initiatives of MMSU in
Partnerships with Food Processors andLocal Govenments (2006-2009)
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
GPS-Survey of Food Processors
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international stTable 1. Comparison between local, national and international st andards on someandards on some
physical and chemical property values of some food products takephysical and chemical property values of some food products taken from food processorsn from food processors
and water sources at MMSU,and water sources at MMSU, IlocosIlocos Norte, Philippines from JulyNorte, Philippines from July--August 2007.August 2007.
PROPERTY
FOOD
PRODUCT
/VALUE
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
%Vol of Ethyl Alcohol at 200C
Sugarcane Wine
10.36 7-16 n/a
n/a
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international stTable 1. Comparison between local, national and international st andards on someandards on some
physical and chemical property values of some food products takephysical and chemical property values of some food products taken from food processorsn from food processors
and water sources at MMSU,and water sources at MMSU, IlocosIlocos Norte, Philippines from JulyNorte, Philippines from July--August 2007.August 2007.
PROPERTY
FOOD PRODUCT
/VALUE
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
Mold and Yeast Count, cfu/g
Salmonella, cfu/g
S. aureus, cfu/g
Empanada2
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international stTable 1. Comparison between local, national and international st andards on someandards on some
physical and chemical property values of some food products takephysical and chemical property values of some food products taken from food processorsn from food processors
and water sources at MMSU,and water sources at MMSU, IlocosIlocos Norte, Philippines from JulyNorte, Philippines from July--August 2007.August 2007.
PROPERTY
FOOD
PRODUCT
/VALUE
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
Salmonella, cfu/g
Staphylococcus, cfu/g
Coliform Count, MPN/g
Local Sausage
absent
0
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Devt
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Devt
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Devt
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Devt
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Devt
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Devt
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Devt
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Devt
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Devt
Mobile toll packaging facility
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
HACCP
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Aim of HACCP
To address food safety hazards to
protect consumer health.
To prevent, eliminate or reduce food
safety hazards to an acceptable level.
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
HACCPBIOLOGICAL
Pathogenic bacteria
Molds & mycotoxins
Viruses
Protozoae
CHEMICAL
Pollutants (heavy metals)
Toxic products (pesticides, acids, cleaning chemicals)
Residues of veterinary drugs & pesticides
PHYSICAL
Glass, metal shards from machinery & equipment
Foreign bodies: sand, rocks, metal, wood
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING
PROCEDURE (SSOP)
SAFETY OF WATER
Every 6 months for water samples.
Twice year for the presence of coliforms.
from at least four locations.
Daily inspection of hoses for the presence
of anti siphoning device.
Floors in the processing area are
inspected for adequate drainage.
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING
PROCEDURE (SSOP)
1. SAFETY OF WATER THAT:A. COMES INTO CONTACT WITH FOODB. FOOD CONTACT SURFACESC. USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE
Control Measures:
All water is from company-owned deep well.
The water system was designed and
installed by a licensed plumbing contractor.
All hoses have anti-siphoning devices.
Floors are sloped to facilitate drainage.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING
PROCEDURE (SSOP)
Safety of Water:
Corrective Actions:
Stop production in case of;water treatment failure.
sampling indicates fecal coliforms
Contact sanitary engineer if:
Coliform count is more than 5% of the
plant water samples.
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING
PROCEDURE (SSOP)
Safety of Water:
Records :
Municipal water quality.
In-plant water quality test results.
Daily Sanitation Report:
- floor drainage inspection report.
- hose inspection report.
- corrective actions.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Needs and OpportunitiesNeeds and Opportunities
Water (i.e. water and sanitation) is
key factor in poverty reduction and
attainment of MDGs
Asia-Pacific likely to achieve water
supply MDG; sanitation a greater
challenge
Water investments generate good
rates of return; many target needs of
the poor
Time is very important
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks Water, food and sanitation are crucial toWater, food and sanitation are crucial to
life and all forms of socioeconomic andlife and all forms of socioeconomic andenvironmental development that needsenvironmental development that needssustainability.sustainability.
Safe water, food and sanitation areSafe water, food and sanitation areprerequisite for achieving theprerequisite for achieving the MDGsMDGs andandfor sustaining good health, quality of lifefor sustaining good health, quality of lifeand to ensure wealth creation inand to ensure wealth creation in
developing countries.developing countries. The capacity of the national, regional andThe capacity of the national, regional and
local levels to address water, food andlocal levels to address water, food andsanitation for environmental healthsanitation for environmental healthproblems needs to be strengthened.problems needs to be strengthened.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks Water refilling stations can be a goodWater refilling stations can be a good
source of safe/clean drinking water in thesource of safe/clean drinking water in thePhilippines.Philippines.
The efficient water purification processesThe efficient water purification processes
can make the quality of water superior tocan make the quality of water superior tothe traditional water systems.the traditional water systems.
However, the risk of contamination isHowever, the risk of contamination ispossible if the handling practices are notpossible if the handling practices are notclosely monitored.closely monitored.
To ensure water safety and prevent waterTo ensure water safety and prevent water--borne and foodborne and food--borne diseases, theborne diseases, thegovernment should regulate the operationgovernment should regulate the operationof water refilling stations.of water refilling stations.
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks Ultimately, there is a need to improve theUltimately, there is a need to improve the
microbiological safety of drinking water tomicrobiological safety of drinking water toprovide a harmonized framework andprovide a harmonized framework andscientific basis for quantitativescientific basis for quantitativemicrobiological risk assessment of drinkingmicrobiological risk assessment of drinkingwater;water;
The adoption ofThe adoption of cGMPcGMP and HACCP onand HACCP onwater supply systems and food industrywater supply systems and food industry
has to be explored and considered.has to be explored and considered.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks HACCP, as a process control orientedHACCP, as a process control oriented
management system, can therefore helpmanagement system, can therefore helpwater and food authorities to coordinatewater and food authorities to coordinatethe functions of their various water andthe functions of their various water andfood quality management systems tofood quality management systems toprovide assurance of safe products;provide assurance of safe products;
There is an urgent need to promote andThere is an urgent need to promote andenforce the more environmental laws andenforce the more environmental laws andtechnologies to address access to cleantechnologies to address access to cleanwater, safe foods and sanitation forwater, safe foods and sanitation forpeoplepeoples preferences.s preferences.
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2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks The centering of people as the decision
maker using the Demand ResponsiveApproaches (DRA),
The use of integrated approaches to waterresource management, the potential healthbenefits of reduced pathogenic and toxicchemical contamination of water and theimportance of community participation to
ensure sustainability of environmentalsanitation.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan