Water Pollution Problems of Lake Michigan and Tributaries

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I

WISCONSIN------------ILLINOIS

(REVISED JUNE 1'11(11)

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE iNTERiOR

fEDEIMI. WATER POI.I.UTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

GREAll.AKES REGION



D ES

1(Revi June 1



DESCRIPTION OF

CHAPTER

I

II

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I

REVISED EDIT

PAGE

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3

Popu Iat ion \II (Il 0 III (9 I) /Il < & e eel) e G e 0 ('I I e I> " I III 0 e a \II t> eo I e I> . /Il / I I / i l G (Il 3

I nd·u 5 t ry e e Ii) 0 III e €I 0 D I 0 G I! <I G I 01l 0' 11' <! e G ill G 0 e / 0 /J 0 (/> I e 0 <1 I 0 e 0 e e e 4Comme rc i a I Sh i pp i ng , , , , , , , , , , , , , , • , , , , , , • , , • , , , , • , 7

Wate r Resou rces , •• , • , , • , •• , • , • , , , , , • , • , • • • • • • , , • • • 7

Lake Currentso e 0 ( (I 1II" <1\ e '" e eo eo e e!lll 0 e to {I ce o 0" fiJ 1l 0 e 0 eli! 0 Q e 9

Wate rUses oDe e \II e e 0· 0 e I 0 Ii' I e I 0 e 0 I e I III 0 e e (Il <1l (> 0 0 Ii) '" e I . e . ill 11 12

III 21

Eutroph i cat Ion , • • • • • • , , , •• , . , ••• , ••• , , , , , , , •• , • • • • 22

Bacte r I a I Po I Iu t ion , •• , , , • , , , , , • • • • • , •••• , . , , , , • • • 25

Chem i ca i Po I Iut ion " • , , • • • • • • ••• . . , •• , • • • • • • • • • , .

Oxygen Dep le t ion. , . • • , , ••• , , • , • • • • • • , , •••• , ••• , • • • 28

Electr ic Power Plan t s " . , ••• "". , •• ", •• ".".", 29Wastes from Watercraf t . " " •• , •• ,."" • . • • • • • • • • . 34Oil Po I I ut ion e i ell 1'1 Q e 0 e I} ('I 0 e (Il " 0 e (I 0 e 0 G ('I I 0 @ e 0 I e (I 0 e (I I 0 01> (II 34

Disposal of Dredged Material • • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • . • • • 36

A lew i yes Ii e /Il e e 0 0 l!l (Il @ €I 0 " 0 0 Q .. 0 '" I / e .. Q I 0 I) 0 OIl e 0 I! 0 0 .. e G 0 e 0/> 0: Q 43

Pesticides • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 44

IV 47

Interstate Enforcement Actions • • • . . • • • • • . . • . • . • • . 47Water Qual i ty Standards • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • . • . • . • • • . • • • 47Great L a ke s- I II in ois River Basins Project •• , • • • • • 48The Lake Michigan Diversion Case . • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • , 49

Cohstruct i on G ra n ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . 50

Program G ran ts . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 5 IResearch and Demonstration • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 53Federal I n st a l l a ti on s • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • 58

Technical Assi •••• , • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • . • 61

Pub I i c Info rmat io n • • • • • . • • • • • • . , • • • • • • • • • • • . • ••••

72



This document was fi

the conference in the mattergan and i ts tributary basin,

wh ich fo I lows.

issued in January 1968, in advance of

of pollution of the waters of Lake Michi-

as fur ther identi fied in the Introduction

To meet the continuing need for copies to provide informationfor the many people interested in the subject, the report has beenreprinted in this revised edition.

Principal changes In this revised edition are as fol lows:

Chapter V, Conclusions and Chapter VI, Recom-mended Actions in the original have been deleted

and replaced by the SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE " "

beginning on page 63 in this edition. This summary conta ins the conclusions and -recommendations

unanimously agreed upon by the conferees andapproved by the Secretary of the Interior.

Appendix A in the o rigina l edition, consistingof a 20-page I Isti ng of waste t reatment fac l I i t lesa t Federal instal lations, has been deleted. Copiesof the I is t or information about waste treatment atFederal Ins tal l at ions a re avai lable upon request tothe FWPCA Regional Office.

The I Is t of References the end of the reporthas been expanded to include three technical paperspresented by Federal Water Pollution Control Administration sci en ti st s a t the enforcement conferenceand one documentary report issued subsequent to theconference. Copies of these ar e also availableupon request to the FWPCA Regional Office.

In the oral presentation of the original report a t the con-

ference, attention was cal led to a water pollution problem not emphasized in the r eport ; that is , problems associated with soi I erosion

and land runoff resulting in si Itation and other detrimental effectsto receiving waters.



I - I NTIIlOIOUiCTION

On the bas i s o f a re q uest from Governor- Otto Ke rn e r of i I I i no is ,

dated November 22 , 1967, and on the basis o f reports, surveys or studies,

and in accordance with Section 10 o f th e F ed er al W at er Pol lu t ion Control

Act (33 USC 466 e t seq.). Secretary o f the In ter ior stewart L. Udall

cal led a conference in the m atter of pol lut ion of th e waters of LakeMichigan and i t s t r ibutary basin (1II inois- lndiana-Michigan-Wisconsin).

The a re a c ov er ed by th e conference is shown on Fi gure I .

The conference is to convene a t Chicago, I I l inois on January 31,

1968; conferees wi I I be representatives of th e Federal Government and

th e fo ur s ta te s involved.

Th is report and i ts supporti ng documents were prepared fo r th e

information o f t he c on fe re es and other interested part ies, and fo r use

by th e conferees in the i r consideration o f actions needed to improve and

preserve th e qual i ty of waters in th e conference area. The report is

based on studies and invest igat ions by the F ed er al W at er Pol lu t ion Control

Administration, paral le l ing investigations made through cooperative agreements by other agencies of the Department o f th e In ter ior , and information

obtained from other Federal agencies, agencies of th e four Lake Michigan

States, municipal i t i es , universi t ies, and others.

The contr ibut ions o f al I who provided assistance and information

are gratefu l ly acknowledged.



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II-DE!;CRIP1'ION OF THE IiiA:)IN

POPULATION

Large concentrations of Industry and people, as wei I as consider-able agricultural a c Ivlty, character ize the Lake Michigan watershed. In

1960, approximately 5.5 mil Iion people I ived within its boundaries. (1)*Mi II ions more I ive in nearby areas, including almost seven mi II ion in theChicago Metropol itan Area. (2) The population of th e watershed has dou-bled within the past f if ty years and is I ikely to double again during th enext fifty. (3)

Nearly al I th e populat ion within the watershed is accounted for byth e States of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Indiana, which had watershed popu-lations of 2.2 mfillon, 2.2 mil lion and 970,000. respectively, In 1960.Although a large part of th e seven ml IIion people in th e Chicago Metro-

pol Itan Area use Lake Michigan for water supply and other purposes, thepopulat ion within the watershed In II I inois was only 140,000.

populin the pastsurf a

*Numbers in parentheses refer to references I isted at end of report.

3



The major metropol i tan areas lying ent i re ly o r s ub sta ntia lly w ith

in the watershed are: Mi Iwaukee, Wisconsin; Gary-Hammond-East Chicago,

Indiana; and Lansing, Michigan, which had populations of approximately1.2 mi I l ion, 0.6 mi I l ion, and 0.3 mi I l ion, respectively, in 1960. (See

Fi gure 2) Whereas th e popu Ia ti on of th e watershed increased 22 percent

between 1950 and 1960, the populat ion of the ten metropol i tan areas in -

creased 27 percent duri ng th e same peri od . The Gary-Hammond-East Ch i cagoarea had the most rap id ra te of growth, increasing by 40 percent. Present

5 i gns i nd i cate that th e metropo I i tan areas wi I I conti nue to demonstrate

large increases i n popula ti on , although some smaller areas have had and

are l ike ly to continue to have rapid growth rates.

Industr ia l act iv i ty in the watershed is both substantial and d i-

vers i f ied. Figure 3 shows the pr incipal centers o f industr ia l act iv i t y .

In 1963, value added by manufacturing act iv i totaled almost 10 bi I l ion

dol lars; manufacturing employed 834,000 people. (4 ) The Nation's indus

t r i a l act i v i ty is expected to increase almost s ix fo ld by the year 2020.

For the most pa the lake Michigan watershed wi I I share in th is increasealthough d i f fe ren t areas and industr ies wi 11 have varying growth rates.The industr ia l dis t r ibut ion pat te rn var ie s, with Wisconsin having i t s

largest concentrat ion in the Mi Iwaukee area, in a dd it io n to substantial

act i v i ty in the Racine and Kenosha areas. Michigan's industr ia l act i v i ty

is located primari Iy in th e f ive metropol i tan areas o f Grand Rapids,

Kalamazoo, Muskegon, Jackson and Lansing. The Gary-Hammond-East Chicago

area accounts fo r the par t of Indiana's industr ia l act i v i ty in the

watershed. There are major stE,el and chemical industr ies in th e Calumetarea in I I I i noi s.

The indust r ia l mix also d i f fe rs considerably from area to area.

of th e i es are those requir ing large quant i t ies of water andng substantial wastes, such as food and beverages, chemicals, paper

products and primary metals. Growth of these industr ies is expected to be

substanti a I and to appl-oxi mate nat i ona I growth rates. Food and Ki ndredProducts and Primary Metal Industr ies are important in the Mi Iwaukee area;Primary Metal Industr ies, Chemical Products, Petroleum Refining, andFabri cated Meta I Products p i nate in the Gary-Hammond-East Ch i cagoarea, with th e Primary Meta ls Industry accounting fo r about two-th irds of

the area's value added by manufactures. This industry has expanded great ly

in th e area in recent years. New fac i l i t ies provide modern production tech

niques. In 1963, the Gary-Hammond-East Chicago area accounted fo r 11.5

percent of th e Nation's to ta l of steel ro l l ing and f in ish ing.

Pulp, paper and paperboard mi l is are numerouS in the watershed,

pr imar i ly in Wisconsin. In 1963, Wisconsin count ies who ll y or part ia l ly

with in the basin had 21 such plants employing over 100 persons in each.Principal Wisconsin concentrat ions are along th e Fox River and other t r i bu -

tar ies to Green Bay, In Michigan th e pr incipal concentrat ion is in

Ka ·1 ama zoo County.

4



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LEGEND (Popu la tion i ll Thousands)

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Pr'imcwl'Me to I Indus h"'ies

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The value of farm products accounted fo r by counties of the Lake

Michigan watershed totaled over 900 mi I l ion dol lars in 1964. In that

yea r, th ere were approximately 2.4 mi I l ion cat t le and calves on water

shed farms o f which 1.4 mil l ion were in Wisconsin counties. The pro

duction of crops, including f ru i ts , is also substant ial . In 1964, over

a ha l f mi i l ion tons 0';' fe r t i ! izers were used in the i r production. (5 )

The Great Lakes, with the i r connecting channels and the Weiland

Canal, form a deep-dra f t naviga t ion chain with a control l ing depth of27 feet . extending from th e west end of Lake Superior to the south end

of Lake Michigan and to the east end o f Lake Ontario a t th e head of the

St. Lawrence River. There is a 9-foot barge canal connection between

th e deep dra f t Cal umet Harbor and Ri ver at the southerly end o f

Lake Michigan and th e 9-foot I l l ino is Waterway, which connects with th e

Missis si pp i R iver i nl and waterway system.

During the I period 1955-1964 annual commerce on th e Great

Lakes averaged 190 mi I I ion tons. Duri th is period, t ra f f i c in fourmajor commodities, i ron ore, coal, stone and grain, sed about

85 percent of to ta I Un I te d States commerce on the Great Lakes. Commerce

at 27 Fede ral Harbors on Lake Michigan, excluding in te rnal , I nt rapo rt andlocal t ra f f i c , totaled mi I l ion tons in 1964; Calumet Harbor ( [ 1l1nols}accounted fo r approximate Iy mi I , i o n tons, and rnd i ana 18 mi [ I ion

tons. Commerce a t 15 pr i vate Lake Mi en Igan Harbors totaled 29 mi II' i on tons,

including 9 mi I l ion tons at Gary.

A !arge percentage of tota I sh i pments of petro leum products on th e

Great Lakes is from Indiana Harbo r, Indiana - there are also substantial

shipments f rom Muskegon, Michigan. (6 )

WATER 01:'<:'(11 10 ....1:'('

The to ta l drainage area fo r th e Lake Michigan basin is 67,900 square

mi les. Of th is , 22,400 square mi les are the lake proper. Sixty- four percent of the remaining land area is in th e State of Michiig:an, 31 percent is

in Wisconsin, 5 percent is in In diana. and 0 .2 percen t is in the state o f

I l l ino is . (7 ) The i l l ino is port ion does not indude the area fo rmerly in

the Lake Michigan watershed, whose drainage has been diverted to the

I I I ineis watershed fo r pol lut ion control .

The topography and soi Is of th e Lake Michigian basin have been formed

by several glaciat ions. The southern port ion of the basin is generally

ro l l ing with glacial moraines being th e only nent h i ! ! are'as. The

northern port ion exhibi ts more rugged ter ra in with frequent rock outc:rops

which cause h igher grad ients on th e streams,. and more in land lakes, typical

of ground moraine areas. There are over 8,100 lakes in the basini, withcombined surface area of 680,000 acres. (7 )

7



Lake Michigan i tself occupies a great val ley In Paleozoic sedi-mentaryrocks at th e edge of th e preCambrian Canadian shield. This val leyoriginated in preglacial times in rock subject to erosion. The lake

exerted a s trong inf luence on glacial ice movements which were responsiblefor the final shaping of the land area. The maximum depth of the lake,923 feet, occurs in th e northern portion; th e average depth is 276 feet.

The volume is 1,170 cubic miles, or 3.9 bi l I ion acre feet . Theaverage

outflow of th e lake through th e Straits of Mackinac is estimated to be48,000 cubic feet per second. The strai ts are of sufficient size thatthere is no measurable loss in elevation, so Lake Michigan and Lake Huronare at th e same elevation, which has varied from 583.7 feet to 577.1 feet.(8) An additional 3 ,100 cub ic feet per second are diverted from th e lake

at Chicago for municipal water supply and pollution control. This totaloutflow of 37,000,000 acre feet pe r year is about one percent of thevolume of water in th e lake.

Boat nas dot the shores of Lake Michigan.These ships are at chigan City, Indiana.

8



Most of the major streams (See Table I ) , s ta r t with relativelys teeper gradients a t th e headwaters and decrease as they approach LakeMichigan. Harbors have been developed at the mouths of most of theserivers. The 20 major streams drain 36,400 square mi le s or 80 percent

of the total land area. Of this, 31,940 square mi le s or 70 percent ofthe area is gaged. The discharge from this gaged area is 25,500 cfs.

These records are totaled without adjustment fo r nonconcurrent periodsand are summed only to show relative magnitude to the estimated outflow

of 51,000 cubic feet pe r second.

The average precipitation over the bas in ranges from 26 to 34inches, and 60 percent occurs during the growing season, May through

September. This supports th e agricultural economy, and irrigation is

of minor significance.

The total shorel ine of Lake Michigan is 1,660 mi les; about 1,300mi les of this is suitable for recreation. Only 80 mi le s have been de-

veloped as publ ic recreation areas . (7) Unfortunately, the areas thatare closest to the large concentrations 6f population are also subject

to the highest pol lu ti on l evel .

The groundwater resources of Lake Michigan basin have not beenstudied as intensively as th e surface waters. This is due in part tothe general adequacy of the groundwater for domestic, municipal andindustrial water use. The northern portion of the basin, with rela-tively I i t t le sedimentary rock, must rely on groundwater from theg lacial mate rial . The southern portion of the basin can obtain sub-

stantial quantities of water from the sedimentary rocks. The qual it yof this water i s general ly adequate for al I purposes. However, in th epast few years, increased industrial ization and urbanization has re-sulted in scattered shortage areas. The city of Green Bay, Wisconsin,

is one example where the groundwater was not adequate, as evidenced by

rapidly decl ining watertables (local surface waters were unsatisfactoryin qual ity) so Lake Michigan was re i ied on for the municipal water

supply. The cit ies in the Grand River Basin are initiating s tudie s todetermine feasibi I ity of obta in ing surf ace waters from Lake Michiganto augment existing groundwater supply. Most of the large municipal i-t ies which I ie on th e lake shore use Lake Michigan for municipal water

supply; the groundwater sources have not been thoroughly exploited.

LAKE CURRENTS

Knowledge of lake currents is fundamental to an understanding ofthe fate of pollutants pu t into the lake and the effects, both local andwidespread, of these pollutants on water qualIty and associated water uses.

To fil I the need for this information th e Federal Water Pollution Control

Administration conducted a study of speed and direction of currents, andwater temperatures, throughout Lake Michigan. Field instrumentation andobservation were made during 1962-64; after analysis of th e great mass of

data obtained from the study, a report of the findIngs was publ ished re-cently. (9)

9



TABLE 1

MAJOR TRIBUTARIES TO LAKE MICHIGAN*

TOTAL GAGED

DRAINAGE DRAINAGE MEAN

NAME OF RIVER AREA AREA DISCHARGE PERIOD OF RECORD

s q , ~ , 3 ' ~ ' s-Mi Iwaukee 845 686 381 1914-65Sheboygan 440 432 232 1916-24, 50-65

Manitowoc 442 0Fox 6,443 6,150 4,140 1896-1965Oconto 933 678 569 1906-08, 13-65

Peshtigo 1,155 1,124 832 1953-65

Menominee 4,150 3,790 3,098 1907-08, 13-65Ford 468 450 324 1954-65Escanaba 920 870 895 1903-12, 50-65

Whitefish 315 0

Manistique 1,450 1,402** 1,699 1938-65Boardman 347 223 186 1952-65Manistee 2,010 1,980*** 2,095 1951-65Pare Marquette 772 709 608 1939-65White 480 380 367 1957-65

Muskegon 2,780 2,350 1,889 1909-14, 16-19, 30-65

Grand 5,572 4,900 3,362 1901-05, 06-18, 30-65Kalamazoo 2,030 1,600 1,296 1929-36, 37-65

St, Joseph 4,590 4,056**** 3,398 1930-65, 51-65Burns Ditch 280 160 130 1943-50, 55-65

Total 36,422 31,940 25,501

* Clockwise from Milwaukee** Total of Indian and Manistique Rivers above confluence*** Total of Manistee and Little Manistee Rivers above confluence

**** Total of S-r. Joseph and Paw Paw Rivers above confluence

Data Source: 1965 Surface Water Records of Indiana, Michigan and

Wisconsin, U.S,G,S.

10



Although the outflow rate from Lake Michigan is comparable to th eflow in the Mississ ippi River at Rock Island, III inois, the lake i tselfis so large in comparison that this outpouring of water produces analmost imperceptible movement of water within the lake. But the lakewater is not standing s ti I I; i t is kept in constant motion principally

by the wind, which not only g ~ n e r a t e s the visible surface waves but st i rs

and mixes the water throughout th e lake. In fact, a combination of windforce and seasonal density changes brings about vertical exchange of waters

even, at times, extending to th e bottom of the lake's deepest hole -- some920 feet.

Both water movements and rate of mixing are materially influenced

by the formation of thermoclines, or zones of tempera ture transit ion be

tween two layers of water which differ in temperature and density. Oncestabil ized at depths which prevent storm turbulence interruption, the

thermoc line effect ive Iy prevents mix ing of waters in the ep ii i mn ion (upper

stratum) with those in the hypol imnion (lower stratum). This strat if ication is especially characteristic of Lake Michigan in the summer. A weakst rat i f icat ion, involving very smal I d e n s i ~ y differences, sometimes occurs

in winter. The summer thermocline begins to form in late spring at a depthof a few feet, and progressively recedes to greater depths, probably reach

ing a depth of about 200 feet by early fa l I. With the onset of winter,

th e thermocl ine disappears, stratification breaks up, and water mixingoccurs throughout the ful I depth of the lake.

Thermal bars, phenomena resulting from a difference in temperature

between adjacent waters along a vertical plane, occur both in t he springand in the fa l I in shal low waters, paral lei to the shorel ine. Like thethermocl ine, a thermal bar inhibits mixing between the shallow waters

along the shore and the deeper lake waters.

Because currents in th e lake are motivated principally by th e wind,

and winds are variable, horizontal movement of the lake water exhibits aninfinite variety and frequent changes in both direction and speed. Never-theless. certain recurting patterns have been identified, resulting fromthe fact that winds from one general direction predominate in certainseasons of the year. For example, a typical summer pattern is created bysouth-southwest winds which occur nearly 40 percent of the year. In thispattern, the main body of water in th e southern bas in slowly revolves ina counterclockwise direction, while the currents c loser to shore on bothsides of th e lake flow northward. In the northern basin, the dominantflow is southward in the center of the lake; this flow spl i ts north ofMi Iwaukee, one part moving east and north, the othermoving west and north,

along th e two shores. At other times of the year and under other wind regimes this whole pattern can be reversed. In addition, the general izedcirculation patterns are obscured and greatly modified by internal waves,and frequently the water in the upper layer wil I be moving in one directionwhi Ie deeper water is flowing in the oppos it e direction.

If the complex patterns of motion in Lake Michigan water were to bedescribed in the shortest possible expression, i t would be "restless waters."There are, paradoxically, two extreme cases relevant to water pollution

II



which can and do exist. At the one extreme, pollution-laden waters put

into the lake at a point can remain in the immediate vicinity in concen

trated form fo r days on end, moving slowly and virtually en masse . Onthe other hand, any persistent dissolved constituents put into th e lake

are certain to become mixed with and to a ffe ct the qual ity of water

through the whole lake, in a time span of months or years.

USES

The data on water use can be subdivided into several categories,the f i rs t being municipal water use which includes al I water processed

by municipalities even if utilized In Industrial processes. Fifty muni-cipal Ities t reat an average of 1.47 bi I I ion gal Ions of Lake Michigan water

dai Iy; of this , over one bil I ion gal Ions per day are uti Iized by the City

of Chicago and suburbs. The cit ies in th e State of Wisconsin use approxi

mately 240 mi II ion gal Ions dai Iy (mgd),lndiana and Michigan each use80 mgd. (10) Uti I ization of water from surface sources. other than LakeMichigan is minimal, except for 18 mgd from Lake Winnebago used by fourcit ies in that vicinity. ( I I ) The remaining cit ies in th e basin rely

on ground water for their municipal suppl ies.

mated 4.Lake Mi igan ly . sceneBethlehem Steel Company expandingfacilities Burns Harbor, I . , i

12



The demand fo r municipal waters from Lake Michigan i s ant ic ipatedto increase threefold by th e year 2020. although th e growth of populat ion

wi I I be less. This is due to increased per capita usage and to use bymunicipal i t ies that have difficulty obtaining additional groundwater sup

plies. The value of Lake Michigan waters fo r municipal supply is one of

th e main reasons why th e qual ity of this lake must be protected.

The industrial water use from Lake Michigan is estimated to be4.25 bi I I ion gal Ions dai Iy. Of this . 3.2 bi I I ion is used in th e Indiana

portion of Lake Michigan . Michigan industries uti I ize 586 mgd; th eI I I Inois industries uti l ize 420 mgd. (10) It is anticipated that th edemand for industrial water wil I also increase about threefold by th e

year 2020. although the gross industrial output may i nc rease as much as

sixfold. This wil I result from increased efficiency and reuse of water

in th e manufacturing process. The use of industrial water on the tributaries of Lake Michigan is rather minor. when compared to th e use fromthe lake proper. The largest use area is along the Fox River and LakeWinnebago, where pulp and paper in du strie s are the major users.

The use of water for electric power generation is of three types:

hydroelectric generation, thermal coof lng, and consumptive use in steamgeneration. In th e Lake Michigan basin, there are 110 hydroelectricgenerating plants with an instal led capacity of 318,000 kilowatts, whichgenerate 1,300,000 megawatt hours of energy annually. (12) The Federal

Power Commission I Lsts an additional potential for generation of 745,000megawatt hours; h o w e v e r ~ these stations are generally considered uneco-nomical. The pollution effect of hydroelectric generat is minimal 0

In streams that have become highly nutrlfled. the ponds behind the powerdams may have algal problems, and th e waters released from th e powerplants may be low in dissolved oxygen. Also, th e operation of th e hydro

plants for peaking power may result in minimal discharges during theoff-peak hours which can result in fish ki I Is and inadequate di lution

of waste discharges.

The hydroelectric generation is minor when compared to a total of8,500 megawatts of total Instal led steam generat ion capacity in LakeMichigan Basin, of which 7,420 megawatts are along th e lake shore; and5,750 megawatts are in the southern basin. (13) Approximately 600 mgdare used for cool ing water. Current plans cal I for th e installation of

an additional 1,400 megawatts of fossil-fuel stearn generat ing capacityin th e Lake Michigan basin by 1972. (14)

There Is currently one nuclear generating plant in operation onLake Michigan, th e Big Rock Point nuclear power station near Charlevoix,Michigan; its capacity is 50 megawatts. There are two plants under con

struction: One of 700 megawatts, near South Haven, Michigan, and one of

497 megawatts near Manitowoc, Wiscons in . There are plans for- [he addi

tional construction of five plants by 1973, with the total generatingcapacity of 6,182 megawatts. (15)

13



There are 1,087 megawatts of steam generation at sites whichuti I ize surface waters other than the lake fo r cool ing. It is anticipated that few additional large plants wil I be buil t t ha t Dti I izes tream water ; rather, th e new plants wi I I be located along the shores

of Lake Michigan. There are smaller internal-combustion powered plants

in the basin util ized for peaking power; however, these have no impact

on water qual ity.

The total generating capacity by th e year 1973 could be 17,624megawatts, which wi I I mean that the re i iance on Lake Michigan for co oling purposes wil I more than double. New technology in e lect ri ca l t ran smission systems could cause this figure to be adjusted upward to uti I izeth e available waters o f Lake Mich]gan. The long range demands forcool ing water may increase sixfold to paral le i expansion in industrialproduction, but better efficiencies in nuclear plants may reduce thissomewhat.

Consumptive use of water in the steam generation process is

minor; however. evaporative cooling may be used where waste heat cannot

be placed in surface waters. This requires nearly 7.000 gallons per dayfo r one megawatt of capacity and could become a significant consumptiveuse of water.

The United States Fish and Wildl ife Service has prepared a reporton th e Fish and Wi Idl ife resources of Lake Michigan. (16) The commercialfishing industry has always been a significant part of the economy of theLake Michigan Basin. Since 1879. the total annual commercial catch hasaveraged 26.5 mil I ion pounds. However, th e composition of the catch haschanged drastically through th e years. Originally, lake trout and herringwere the princ ipal catch . The amount of these decreased but a subsequentincrease in the number of yel low perch and chubs maintained the sameaverage catch. Recently, carp, smelt and now the alew fe have become themajor components . However, th e value of the catch was 15.6 ml I I ion dol larsin the 1950 period and has decl ined to only 9.3 mi I I ion dol lars in 1963.

These pas t f luctua tions of commercial fish poundage taken from LakeMichigan have been related more closely to biological and e c o n o ~ i c a l factors than to water qual ity. The sea lamprey which caused a significantdecl ine in the lake trout and whitefish, and now t he a lewi fe which has

multipl ied to an enormous quant ity a re lntroduced species. It is hopedthat introduction of th e coho salmon wll I aid in restoring the Lake to aproper ecological balance.

However, pollution does have an effect on t he f ishe ry of LakeMichigan. Many of the spec ies rely on th e tributary streams and shore

areas for spawning grounds. The qual it y of these areas must be maintained

to faci I i tate th e natural reproduct ion of the fish.

14



Icein

s

The Lake Michigan Basin Is abundantly endowed with natural terrainmaking i t one of th e major water oriented recreat ion areas in th e nation.The preservation and improvement of th e water qual ity within th e Basin is

imperative to maintain th is status. The United States Bureau of OutdoorRecreation report "Water Oriented Outdoor Recreation - Lake Michigan Basin",

( 7) . p re sent s most of the facil i t ies that are avai lable, the problems thatar"e developing, and the action that must be taken to preser"ve this natural

heritage. There are a total of 625 public r ecreat ion areas in the Basin.Of these. 536 are water oriented. There are 74 recreational harbors on

Lake fl,1ichigan. Recr-eetional areas are scattered thr-oughout the Basin,

although the major concentration of population is in the southern portion.

This. combined with t he c lo sing of some faci I i t ies due t o pol lu ti on , hasresulted in crowding of the faci I i t ies ih the southern portion of th e

Basin. Figure 4 shows Lake Michigan beaches, and Figure 5 shows recrea

tion harbors.

15



Beaches Intermit tent ly Closed

BeclHlse clf Pollut ion.

Beaches Closed Because ofPollut ion.

GREEN !lAY

MICHIGAN

A A

SHORELINE

Total Length

Recreational

Beach

Public Recreat ion Areas

1,661 Miles

1,293 Miles

176Mi lu

80 Miles

HE

16 FIGURE "



SCALE 1111 \\ill LES

GARY

17

MICHIGAN

I IA

RECRE H RS RS

F IR E 5



In 1960, there was a total at 82 mi I ion activity days of water

oriented recreation and 94 mil Iion actlvl days of water related rec-reational act ivi t ies . It 15 estimated that the demand for water oriented

activit ies could increase to 247 m! 11 ion activi days by the year 2010,

if adequate faci I i t ies are provided.

A l is t ing of the a rea s where recreat on is Impaired by water qualitywould be a long one; however, major areas are the Menominee River LakeWinnebago, the Fox River and th e southern portion of Green Bay In Wisconsin,

the Calumet harbor area near Chicago. and at the shore lines near the larger

ci t ies and harbors. The problems are caused excessive coil-form counts

tram inadequate Iy treated sewage. comb Ined sewer overt IO\.IiS. vasse i wastes

and agricultural act ivi t ies . The over-ferti l ization of the lake results inalgal growth which makes the waters objectionable for body contact. Occasionally, fish ki l Is , due to pol luting ag en ts , are also r espons ib le for

unsatisfactory condit ion.

Sport fishing is th e second largest form of water oriented recreation, and unl ike s\'Jimming, which is th e lar-gest, cannot be dupl icated in

a man-made faci I it y such as a s\·limming poo. The Fish andVii

di ife Servicein i ts (16) estimates 19 mi II ion angler days per year are spent inthe Lake Michigan Basin. This is expected to t r iple by th e year 2010. Tosatisfy this demand, pa icuiarly In th e local i of the densely concentrated

18



populatio n. a strong effort 1s requir ed to retain and restore pure water,bo th in Lake M ichigan and its tributaries whic h are the major spawningg round s of the sport fish.



The value of t-he Lake M ich ig an B as in fo r recreat-ion and plaine s t h e t i c enjoyment, which Is p a r t of most- recreational uses, is diff i

c u l t to measure. It- Is, however. recognized as a si gni f I cant portion

of t-he economy of t-he basin. One only has t-o look a t the premiumprices paid fo r purchases and rent-a I o f a pa rt me nt s o r cott-ages wit-h aIa ke view o r observe the number of peop Ie who wI I I go out of i-he ir way

to take a lake sh or e d r i v e, as opposed to a more d i r e c t route, t o ge tan indication of th e e s t h e t i c value of Lake Michigan. A more in d ir e c tway of measuring it s value is by th e amount t h a t is spent annually fo rrecreation in the basin -- fo r lodging, food and recreational equipmentsuch as boats and fishing ta c k le . There is no detai led tabulation ont h i s avai lable, bu t one need only vis i t several of the prime recreationareas In th e Basin to se e th e investment in recreational faci I i t i e s .

20



When Lake Michigan and th e thousands of smaller lakes t h a t do tits watershed were formed, t he d ep re ss io ns l e f t by th e receding icecap

were i n i t i a l l y fi Iled w ith w at er characterized by a high degree o f

purity. I t is appropr"ate to note, however, t h a t puri and ideal

qual ity fo r man's purposes ar e no t synonymous. Biologically speaking,th e lakes a t formation were a s o r t of water desert, lacking the neces-

sary ingredients to support e i t h e r desirable o r undesirable I if e forms.Ever since th e lakes were formed, t h e i r qual ity has undergone continu-ous and progressive change, as a r esul t of waste inputs from bo thnatural phenomena and th e a c t i v i t i e s o f man. Some of the ef f ect s of

this d e te r io r a tio n in qual ity are readi Iy apparent, whi Ie o t h er s ar erevealed only in s u b tle warning signs of trouble to come u nle ss a ct io nis taken. Some of th e problems of Lake MiChigan and its t r i b u t a r i e sar e described in th e fol lowing.

L ± ~ ~ ~ ~ algae cling to a rock in the water nearc: , I v ' l i c h i , a Michigan reso area.

21



EUTROPHI ON

A bio log ica l ly healthy lake contains a myriad of l i v ing organ

isms, ranging from elemental one-cel l I i fe forms upward through suc

cessively more complex forms to f ish. A balanced aquatic I i fe system

can be visual ized as a pyramid, in which each successive level forms

a l ink in the food chain that sus ta ins the higher levels. At th e base

of th is pyramid are one-cel led plants called algae, which are microscopic in in div id ua l s iz e but vis ib le when clustered in colonies.

Algae form the base o f the food chain; they a re capab le , through photo

synthesis, of u t i l iz ing inorganic (non- l iv ing) elements in support o f

growth. ( 17) Many i norgan i c e Iements are requ i red fo r a I g a I ce I I

growth, including nitrogen. phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and i r o n -

as well as certa in organic substances, required in minute quant i t ies .

Parts o f Lake Michigan and many other lakes in the Basin are r ich ly

endowed with the r igh t e ements and condit ions to support the growth o f

algae; and therein l ies th e problem. (18)

An over-production o f algae is occurr ing, which upsets the

normal l i fe balance in the lakes, impairs many water uses, and accel

erates th e normally slow aging process, ca lled eu troph ica t ion , by

which a lake evolves into a mar-sh, and ul t imate ly becomes completely

f l l ied with detr i tus and disappears. One group o f f i lamentous green

algae t ha t has been especia l ly troublesome is ca l l ed Cladophora. In

su i ta b 1e env i ronments these p I ants attach to any f i rm- ob j ect in the

water and grow, eel div is ion. i nt o s tr in gs which wi I I vary inlength. tram a t r a c t i on o f an inch where nutr i ents are scarce. to sev-

era.l feet in nut r i ent-r i chwaters. Growths of Cl have been

observedi n the southern end of Lake Michigan many years;

where small tu f ts occurred ten years ago. there are now mats with f i Ia-ments several teet ong. ThesEl grOlrlths are od i ca I IY broken Ioose

by wave action and wash ashore to I i t t e r th e beaches in sl imy windrows.

They Clog water intake screens and interfere with sWirnming. When theyproducead odor and provide a breeding place fort l ies

and other insects.

Whil'e the ult imate fate o f Lake Michigan, as other lakes, is in

evi table, i ts useful n fe span can be prolonged thousands o f years by

t ime' lyand cont i nui n9 act i on . The present overgrowth of algae can becontrol led, and t he accelerated aging o f Lake Michigan and other lakescan be arrested, by reducing th e supply of one or more o f th e elements

needed fo r growth of algae. The element most amenable to such control

is phosphorus. Many experiments, on both I aboratory and t ie I d sea Ie,

ha\1e demonstrated the feasib i l i of regulat ing algal growth by varying

the quan tit ie s o f phospho,rus Un the form of soluble phosphates)

avai.1 able.

The extensi ve vo l ume o f data co I Iected in the study of I_akeMichigan and i ts t r ibutar ies permits making an estimate of the re la t ive

amounts o f phosphate contr ibuted annually tram i t s pr incipal source

categories. About two-th irds of the present annual supply of phosphategoing into Lake MichJgan (estimated to be about 15 mil l ion pounds) comes

22



ClUlll lUClI ce

Windrows al was

1as t s umme r ( l ) .Calumet Park beach in Chi

23



from municipal and industrial wastewaters. The other i'hird is a com-posite of al I non-point sources, carried in solution and transportedinto the lake by i ts tributary streams. An unknown fraction of thislatter third is natural in origin; i t gets into the water by leaching

from soi Is and rocks on th e watershed. At th e same time, a sizablepor ti on o f this third undoubtedly stems from man's activit ies - - fromlivestock manure, wastes from da i r y i ng operati ons and s Iaughteri ng,

and the res i due from app Ii cati ons of phosphate-ri ch ferti I i zers tofarm lands. Therefore, some part of this third of al I phosphate inputs is amenable to reduction.

Wherever phosphate-bearing waters can be captured and put through

a treatment plant, techniques are now avai lable for r'emoving a high percentage of the phosphate content, a t reasonable cost. The main reason

this has no t been done extensively in th e past appears to be that re

moval of phosphates has only recently come to be recognized as animportant function of sewage treatment plants. In fact, most municipal

sewage treatment plants have not even analyzed their waters to obtain

records of phosphate content before and after treatment. In some places

where this has been done, and plant modification effected, a large

reduction of phosphate has been achieved. Notable among these are SanAntonio, Texas and Mi Iwaukee, lfilisconsin - - the latter ' being the largestsingle point source of phosphates on th e Lake Michigan watershed.

The Mi Iwaukee Sewerage Commission has in progress a demonstra

tion project, partly financed by a grant from the Federal Water PollutionControl Administration, to demonstrate th e f ea sibi lity of and furtherimprove the effectiveness of phosphate removal in an activated sludge

treatment plant.

Improvement in th e design and opera tion of conventional treatment p Iants wh i ch prov i de th e so-ca I led seconda ry . or bi0 Iog ica I. formof treatment is a necessary f i rs t step toward removing nutritive

material from wastewaters. There is growing conviction, however, thatmore wi I I be required in the Lake Michigan Basin, at least at th e

l arger p lant s where advanced waste treatment can be added at reasonableunit cost, The standard treatment plant of the future in the GreatLakes Basin may be some form of 3-s tag e treatment: phys ical, biological,and chemical. It is important to note th at th is wi I I not rende r obso

lete the 2-stage. i .e . , secondary, treatment plants now existing orplanned. Rather, th e third stage, of chemical precipitation and furtherso lids remova I. wou Id be app I Ied to the eft Iuent f rom the f i rs t two -

and each stage supplements th e others.

Summing up what has just been said: eut roph icat ion is a threatnow, to the usefu lness of Lake Michigan and other lakes within th eBasin; feasible methods exist for bringing this problem under control.

They need to be appl ied.

24



BACTERIAL POLLUTION

Another indication of deteriorated water quality Is the presence

of coli fo rm bacteria. Coliform organisms are significant because theyoccur In th e fecal matter of al I warm-blooded animals , inc luding man.Consequently, the presence of these bacteria in a body of water Isusually evidence of fecal contamination. Since such contamination is

one avenue of transm ission of certain waterborne diseases, the presenceof coliforms is an indication of health hazard from accompanying pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Generally, th e severe problems of bacterial contamination in theLake Michigan Basin ar e located around th e population centers. But, of

course, this is precisely where th e great demands for water usage occur.Studies have shown that th e bacterial qual ity of Lake Michigan Is general Iy good in deep water but is degraded along the shoreline and inharbor areas. Evidence o f severe bacterial pol lu ti on o f tributarieshas been found in the Fox River between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay,Wisconsin; the Mi Iwaukee River within Mi Iwaukee County, Wisconsin; Inand downstream from th e cities along the Grand River in Michigan and th e

s t. Joseph River in Indiana and Michigan; and th e streams of the CalumetArea, Illinois and Indiana. (19) In th e last-named area, th e recommendations, to provide disinfection, of an Interstate enforcement con

ference described elsewhere have not yet been fully implemented.

Bacteri contamination has forced theclosing of some Lake Michigan beaches, suchas the one shown here at Hammond. Indiana.

25



is is the same areahas been prohibipollution. ( to

26

mming



A number of Lake Michigan beaches a re c lo sed. either intermittently or permanently, because of health hazard. Permanently closed ar-esome beaches in the Calumet Area and a beach at th e southern end ofGreen Bay. The latter area exhibits also an example of the eut roph ication discussed earl ier-. The Bay View Beach (City of Green Bay) wasclosed many years ago because of bac te rial pol lu tion ; over the ensuing

years, the beach's custodians understandably got t ired of spending

time and money each year to clear aquatic grov;i"h from waters that werenot usabl e anyway. The beach is now clogged with aquatic weeds and i tsonce-sandy bottom now covered with the dead and decaying remains ofweed crops of previous years - - a product of overferti I ization. (7 )

Bacteri a a re easi Iy destroyed by disinfection, wherever th ewaters can be pu t through a treatment plant. Unfortunately, most of

the ci t ies on the watershed are served by combined sewer sys tems, so

that large quantities of a mixture of storm water and sewage are discharged without treatment during and after every heavy rain. This pollutional overflow is the reason that Mi Iwaukee beaches on Lake Michiganhave to be closed part of the time.

CHEMI

Poll ut ion o f Lake Michigan and i ts tributaries by dissolved

chemicals covers a broad range of substances, effects, and sou rces . theprincipal source being industrial wastewater effluents. Two general

types of effects ar e produced: I) local and immediate effects in thevicinity of the discharge point, and 2) a progressive bui Idup in theconcentrations of certain persistent chemicals in th e lake as a whole.Regarding the latter, Lake Michigan has experienced an overal I increase

in average concentration of such dissolved constituents as chlorides,sulfates and th e hardness-producing sal ts . (20)

Areas of local pollution exist around c en te rs of industrialactivity and commercial shipping, especially the Calumet Area at the

south end of the lake, Milwaukee harbor and i ts tributary streams. andthe southern end of Green Bay. Contamination takes the form of oi I,prlenolic compounds 01- other persistent organic chemicals contributingto taste and odor problems ammonia and other nitrogenous materials,phosphorus, suspended matter, and highly acidic or alkal ine materials.Conditions in the Calumet Area have been extensively documented in connection with th e ongoing enforcement action relative to i ts interstatewaters. (21) Details concerning th e Milwaukee area and th e Green Bayarea are given in reports published by FWPCA last year. (22 & 23)

27



south end of Lakelu on ems.on I ana

Chicago, I ana.

OXYGEN DEPLETION

The small quantity of oxygen normally dissolved in water is perhaps th e most Important single ingredient necessary for a healthy,

balanced, aquatic life environment . Disso lved oxygen is consumed byI iving organisms through respiration and is replenished, if a wellbalanced environment exists, by absorption from the atmosphere andthrough the l ife processes of aquatic plants. When organic pollutionenters this environment. th e balance is altered, The bacteria presentin the water or introduced with pollution uti I ize th e organic matter as

food and multiply rapidly. The resulting oxygen deficiency may begreat enough to inhibit or destroy the fish and other desirable organ

isms and to conver t the str eam or lake into an odor-producing nuisance.

At present, the main body of Lake Michigan has not shown signsof oxygen deficiency -- even In its bottom waters, where an oxygendeficit Is frequently observed in eutrophic lakes and in manmadereservoirs. Oxygen depletion is a common occurrence, however, inmany of the Lake MiChigan tr ibutaries. Especially bad in this r'espect

are the Fox River in Wisconsin, between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay;and the tributary streams of the Calumet Area, including the Little

Calumet River, Grand Calumet River, Indiana Harbor Canal, and IndianaHarbor. Other zones of periodic oxygen deficiency are: the GrandRiver in Michigan downstream from Jackson and Lansing; the MenomineeRiver in certain s tr etches along th e boundary between Wisconsin and

28



Michigan, the Mi Iwaukee River and Mi Iwaukee Harbor; the Kalamazoo River,

Michigan; and the St. Joseph River, Michigan and Indiana, and thesouthern end of Green Bay. In general th e discharge of treated and untreated municipal and industrial wastes in these areas produces thesepol luted conditions. The high concentrations of biochemical oxygendemand (BOD) in th e waste discharges combine, in some cases, with

severe drought flows of receiving waters to intensify th e problems of

this nature.

c

Lake Michigan has been an attractive location for large electricpower plants. Two principal reasons are the ready avai labr I ity of alarge quantity of cool ing water, and th e pr-oximity to the large rnarkelof i ts ci t ies and industries. The greatest concent ra tion of powerplants is around th e southern basin, from Mi Iwaukee southward. ~ v i t h i nth i s area are locai-ed six major power p Iants havi ng a tota I insta Iledcapacity in excess of 4.5 mil Iion ki lowatts. and some 20 smaller plants,ei ther pUblic uti l i ty or private industrial, which bring the total capa

city of plants in the southern basin to about 6 mi II ion ki lowatts.These are fossi I-fueled plants, burning either coal or gas. (13)

The Nuclear F)ower Age has come to th(:; Great Lakes area with dnl -

matic suddenness within th e last few years. One of the earl iest ful 1

scale, commercially-operated, nuclear power plants is th e existingplant at Big Rock Point, Michigan, near the northern end of LakeMichigan. Five additional plants are proposed or under construction,3 of which wi II have twin reactor units, and ai 1 of which are scheduled

fo r completion between 1970 and 1973. The three largest of these plants

29



wIll be located in the southern basin and have a total installed capacityof 5 mil I io n kil owatts. Thus. by 1973 th e southern basin of the Lakewi II be ringed with power plants having an electrical output of II mi Ilion ki lowatts - - 6 fossil-fueled and 5 nuclear-fueled (see Figure 6).

Wisconsin

Wisconsi n.1antschi

Power p Iants are of concer"n to wate r qua I i because bo"th typesadd heat to the Lake Michigan water, and nuclear plants also dischargesome waste radioactivity to the water.

Wclste H eat

The typical the rm al power plant converts heat energy to electr'icenergy, wasting large quanti ties of heat in the process. In the present status of the ar t , a fossi I-fueled plant wastes about 1 .5 units ofheat for each equiva

lent unIt of useful energy output; a nuclearpowered plant wastes, for com parab le output. about 2.25 units of heatenergy. (In technical terms, fossil-fuel and nuclear plants rejectrespectively 4.900 and 7.800 BTU per kwh.) This waste heat. in eithertype. is conducted from the plant in the cooling water and subsequently

30



J

No. NameCapacity Completion

Mil ion KW Date

Bi g Rock Point 0.07 1963

Kewaunee 0.53 1972

Point Beach Unit I 0.45 197

Point Beach Unit 2 0.45 1972

Zion Unit i 1.10 1972

Zion Unit 2 1.10 1973

n Unit 1 I. 10 1972

Unit 2 l.l0 1972

Palisades 0.70 1970

PLA NT S

No. NomeCapacity

M ii I ion KW

Lakeside 0.3

Oa k Creek i .3 5

Waukegan 1.09

MICHIGA State Line 0.88-- ----DI A NA

Mitchel l 0 .4

Campbell 0.65

f

/

/I

J

f ,' ' l '/I ,

I fry

0 25 50 ,

31FIGURE " REV.



production of algae in many parts of Lake tV1ichigan; and that anything

which may further promote their growth is to be viewed with concern .

Radioactivity

Most of the six commercial nuclear power stations (9 units)b uilt or planned in the Lake Michigan Basin are of the light-watertype, operating on th e pressurized water principle. liThe water of

th e primary coolant system passes through a heat exchanger in whichthe heat is passed to -rhe water of a secondary cycle in which steam

is produced for use by a tUI-boelectric plant. The primary cycle

coolant, after passing through th e heat exchanger, is returned through

pumps to th e r eactor for reheating, The two-loop system is used toprevent fission products from entering the turbines and thereby com-pi icating maintenance operations and adding to th e complexity ofradia tion protect ion , In the event of a fue l- element fai lure in atwo-loop reactor, th e fission products remain in the primary system anddo not contaminate either th e secondary system or the turbines," (24)

Primary and secondary coo lant s a re passed through ion-exchange

resins to remove activation products and fission products resulting

from fuel-pin fa i lures. Vlln the operation of a nuclear power plant,there are many operations which produce contaminated liquids. L.eaksof primary water from valves, flanges, and pumps wi I I ultimatelyresult in the contamination of sump water. Components which are re

moved fo r repair must f i rs t be decontaminated, and this wi II resultin contaminated water, as wi I I th e ope ra ti on o f washing casks, sluicing resin beds, laundering contaminated clothes, and washing contami

nated laboratory ware. In addition, i t may be expected that th ecool ing pools for spent fuel may in time become contaminated as aresult of fa i lures in th e fuel element cladding. VI (24) Provisions

are made for containment, treatment, and ultimate disposal of these

waste I iquids. High-level wastes are shipped to burial sites but lowlevel wastes are di luted and discharged to the environment.

All liquid and gaseous radioactive \ ~ a s t e discharges fromnuclear power plants are limited by Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)Rules and Regulations CIOCFR20) o r S tate regulation where they apply .

However, th e AEC limits are set above "natural background." Since"natural background" is not defined, t he Rules can be interpreted inthree ways: I) discharges are limited to concentrations in excess of

pre-World War I I levels; 2) discharges are limited to concentrationsin excess of pre-operational levels; or 3) discharges are limited toconcentrati ons in excess of coo ling water intake Ieve Is . None of theseinterpretations are desirable, In th e case of I), pre-World War IIlevels are not known, since the technology was no t developed to measur-eminute quantities of radioactive materials. Interpretation 2) would be

adequate except that each additional reactor would have a highe r base-Iine on which acceptable waste discharge levels would be determined,

since preoperat ional levels fo r a new reactor would be post-operationalfor a previously bui I t reactor in the same watercourse. Case 3) is\vholely unacceptable because there would be essentially no limit toquantities discharged.

33



and careless p ract ices in loading and unloading cargos, cause con

tamination of water in many areas. Oi I discharges and sp i lis produceunsightly conditions which affect beaches and recreational areas,contribute to taste and odor problems and treatment pr'oblems at water

treatment plants, coat th e hulls of pleasure craf t , and in some cases

ar e toxic to des irab le f ish and aquatic l i fe .

The Oil Pollution Act of 1924 prohibits th e discharge of oil byvesse l s i n the waters with i n th e Un i te d Stai-es. The nvPCA was maderesponsible for enforcement of this Act by the Clean Waters Restoration

Act of 1966. Oi I pollution in navigable waters tr'om any sour 'ce whichis a hazard to navigation is t he respons ib il ity of the Corps of Engi

neers as authorized by th e Rivers and Harbors Act ot 1899. The Coast

Guard provides support to both the Corps and FWPCA.

cornpc\nV'son.



Although oi I contamination has been observed in many areas of

th e Basin as shown on Figure 7, th e pr incipal location in which it

occurs is the Calumet Area in I I l ino is and Indiana. Table 2 shows

th e number of oi I discharges and spi l I s repo rt ed by th e Coast Guard

in 1967. The number o f discharges and sp i I Is indicates the need fo r

greater care in transportation o f 01 I by commercial ships, and th e

need fo r separat i on o f oi I from i ndustri a I waste to reduce t heeHec ts

of oi I contamination on th e publ ic waters.

The Torrey Canyon ship disaster , which involved a majo r spi I I

o f oi I o f f the coast of England in 1966. focused at tent ion on the

detrimental ef fects of oi I contamination on r ec reat iona l f ac i I i t iesand on f ish and aquatic l i f e . It also pointed up the need fo r addi

t ional study of exist ing resources and techniques to deal with sp i l is

of th is magnitude should they occur again. On May 26 . 1967 th e

Pres i dent of th e Un i ted States asked the Secretal-i es o f I n te ri o r and

Transportat i on to undertake a jo i nt study to determi ne how best to

mobili ze t he resources of the Federal Government and th e Nation to

cope with the problems of major 011 sp l I Is and other pollutants and

hazardous substances and t he i r adverse affects.

One of th e major needs disclosed by th e study was th e development of a con-ringency plan to deal with an emergency involVing

Federal, state and local agencies with due regard fo r each agency's

statutory responsibi I i ty and capabi I i Prel iminary coordination

has been effected by FWPCP, with th e Corps o f Eng i neers and the Coast

Guard throughout th e io n i-a develop such a plan.

DISPOSAL

Respons i b i ii ty fo r improvement and rna i ntenance o f th e wate r

ways o f the United States in the interest of navigation has been

delegated by ,'icts of Congress to the Corps of Engi neers. I n carry

in g out th is responsibi l i ty , the Corps dredges approximately 10

mi I I ion cubic yards annually from Great Lakes harbors, and in f isca l

year 1966 dredged 1-1/2 mi 1 l ion cubic yards from harbors on Lake

rViichigan (see Figure 8L The Corps has fol lowed the practice of

disposing of most of th is material in authorized dumping grounds in

th e open waters of the Lakes. The nature of the dredged material

ranges from grossly polluted sludge to clean lake sand, Private

dredging in th e v ic in i of docks, loading faci I i t i es , etc . , is ac-

camp I i shed under permi t from th e Corps.

The i nt er es t o f FWPCA in the disposal of po l luted dredged

material dates back to 1948, when a special stUdy ",as undertaken, in

cooperation with the f ie ld s ta ff of th e International Joint Commis

s i o n ~ of th e pol lu t ional ef fects of dredging ope ra tio ns in th e Rouge

F ~ i v e r , at a request of th e Dis t r i c t Engineer, Detro i t Dis t r i c t , Cor-ps

of Engineers. As a resul t of th is study, th e r t of the In ter -nat ional Joint Commission i ted States and a u on

o

36



LANSING SHOALS LIGHT

RGSC

I 6

Number of oil discharge incidents

from outfalls and ships in

indicated vic ni _. os re

the U. S. Coosd rei

MIC IGAN- - - - -NDI N

37 FIGUr::E 7



TABLE 2

OUTFALLS AND COMMERCIAL

U. S. COAST GUARD IN

BASIN IN 1967

LOCATI

Apr 4 Round Lake, Charlevoix, Mich. SPi I I whi leu nloading

2 May 6 Grand River at Gr-and Haven, Mich. Spi II whi Ie refuel ing

3

4

May 14

J u I 28

sturgeon Bay, Wise. Spi I I whi Ie unloading

South Channel. Stra i ts of Mackinac Discharge of ships

ba I last

5 Aug 8 Indiana Harbor Canal Spi I I whi Ie unloading

6 Aug 9 Chicago &Calumet River andLake Michigan Area

Leaking ship

7 Aug 10 Stra i ts of Mackinac Ship discharge

8 Sep 19 Mi Iwaukee Harbor Leak from tank farm

9 Sep 17-26 Southern end of Lake Michigan Oil on water andbeaches from unknol,lln

source

10 Sep 28 La ke Ca I umet Discharge of shipsba I last

II Oct 3 Indiana Harbor Canal Outfal I discharge

12 oct 9 Lake George Branch, Indiana

Ha rbor Ca na IOutfal I discharge

13 Oct 9 Indiana Harbor Canal Outfal I discharge

14 Oct 10 Indi ana Harbor Outfal I discharge

15 Oct 10 East Branch Grand Calumet River Outfall discharge

16 Oct II Indiana Harbor Canal Outtal I discharge

:38



2 (Con

OIL

u. S. COAST IN

DRAINAGE BASIN IN 1967

PS

17 oct II18 Oct II

19 oct 12

20 oc t 12

21 oct 12

22 oct 13

23 oct 13

24 oct 14

25 oct 14

26 oct 14

27 Oct 15

28 Nov 9

East Branch Grand Calumet

Lake George Branch of Indiana

Harbor Cana I

Indiana Harbor


Harbor Cana I

Calumet River Branch of Indiana

Harbor Cana I

ind ane Harbor Canal


Harbor Can a I

Lake George Branch of Ind anaHarbor Cana I

Indiana Harbor Canal

strai ts ot Mackinac


Ha rbo r Cana I

Lansing Shoals I ight. vicinityot Grand Island in lake Michigan

39

Outfal I discharge

Outfal I discharge

Outfal I discharge

Outfal I discharge

Seepage of 01 I fromdock bulkhead

Outfal I discharge

Discharge from land

Outtal I discharge

Outta I I discharge

Spill while loading

Outtal I discharge

Ship discharge



MENOMINEE

GREEN ! lAY

WISCONSIN

IU.INOiS-- ----

MICHIGAN--------INDIANA

SCALI' IN MILES

FE ER L H RS R PR JEC S

40



s aeriIndianaill Lake

this photo was taken, wicanal dis ed of in di

as wi I I not result in harmful transfer of pol luting substances in thewaters under reference (the connecti ng channe Is).n As a furtherresult of the stuay, the Corps of Engineers established a diked disposal area on Grassy Island in th e Detroit River, fo r Rouge River

dredged material.

More recently, attention has been directed to the problem asa result of water qual ity s tudies of the Lakes conducted by th e GreatLakes-I I linois River Basins Project during the period 1962-1966. Asa result of these studies, FWPCA is concerned about the long-term

cumulative effect of incremental additions of pollutants to the Great

Lakes. This is particularly important in Lake Michigan because of

the minimal flushing action obtainable in this cul-de-sac lake. Among

the v is ib le r esul ts of open water disposa l of dredged material arediscoloration, increased turbidity, and oi I sl icks. The pollutantscontained in th e dredged material may also contribute to increased

concentrations of d is solved so l ids, nutrients, and toxic materials

which are respons ib le for deteriorat ion of water quality.

41



VES

A dramati c example of an upset in the balance of nature Is the invasion of the Great Lakes by the alewife. These I i t t le fish, decendantsof a species which has migrated int"o th e Lakes from the ocean and adapteditse lf to the fre sh-water environment. have become pes-rs m indfu l of th egreat locust plagues recorded in history in some land areas of the world.The alewife is a virtually usele ss fish. They are not good to eat, andthere is no sport to catching them . Efforts to find a commercial marketfor them , as anim al food, have been only partia lly successful. By com pe tingfor food supply, -rhey crowd out more desirable species. ',t )ors t of al I theymove in enormous schools from the deeper recesses of the lakes, especiallyLake M ichIgan , into inshore wate rs and die there by the mi II ions - cloggingwater intakes and pi ling up in stInking masses on shores.

Dead yesng al

43



The massive influx and die-off of alewives has become an annualevent each spring in Lake Michigan and, to a l esser exten t, the downstream Great Lakes. It reached record proportions in Lake Michiganlast spring and early summer, when deaths estimated in the bi I I ionsoccurred. On that occasion our- agency conducted a special water sampi ing survey to determine t he qua li ty of the water and whether waterpollution could have played a part in th e die-off. AI I evidence col

lected indicates that water p o ~ l u t i o n did no t contr ibute to the dea th s.

As a result of a recommendation by a special task force appointed

by Secretary Udall, th e Interior Department's Bureau of CommercialF isheries is spearheading the search fo r further answers to th e alewifeproblem, including ways to b ring the alewife population into balancewith other aquati e l i fe.

The use of pesticides in the United states has expanded rapidly

in recent years . The tota I market va Iue was over one b i I I ion do I lars,for the f i rs t time in 1964. Usage in the United States increased from34 mil lion pounds in 1953 to 119 mi I lion pounds in 1965. More than 58percent of this usage was by agriculture. Thousands of pounds of pesticides annually run off th e land into rivers and lakes.

Agencies such as th e Federal and state Departments of Agriculture have very I i t t le information on amounts at pest ic ide actuallyappl ied to th e land. In addition, amounts used for domestic purposescan only be e st imated, s in ce the purchase and sale of pesticides is inno way control led.

The use of pesticides has been so loosely contr 'olled that man'senvironment throughout the world is now permeated with these substances.Scientific facts ar e not yet known pel-taining to the tolerance l imit sfor human beings, birds, fish, and most other forms of I ite. Limited

studies have taken place, investi ing th e levels of the various pesti-ci des found in th e waters of Lake Mi ch igan and i ts tr i butary streams.

The places in th e Lake M chlgan Drainage Basin where pesticidesare used most heavi Iy are the al-eas of extensive fruit growing. Theseareas are: the Wisconsin portion of th e Green Bay watershed; th e southeast quadrant of the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin; and the area along

the northeast shore from Manistee to Traverse City, Michigan.

An FWPCA stUdy in th e Green Bay area was designed t o inves ti ga te

the effects of chlorinated pesticides on the aqueous environment ofGreen Bay. Agricultural so i , river water, water, bottom sediments,

and algae were examined, Chlorinated pesticides were detected in al Itypes of samples. Some of the so i Is tested had as high as 7,800 micro

grams per k i logl-am. Maxi mum concentrati on found in bottom sed i ments wasclose to 3,000 micrograms per ki logram, which was more than two mi! Iiontimes that of the overlying water at th e time of th e stUdy. The algaecQnta i ned sti 1I greater amounts than did the bottom sed i ments. The

44 GPO 808- · · -665-5



$ t r i c t adherence to in st ru ctio ns fo r handl ing and appl icat ion; l imi t ing

usage of pest icides in re lat ion i-o solub i l i t y , persistence, and t ox i -

c i t y ; sponsoring research to ascertain toxic or lethal concentrat ions,

synerg ist ic and accumulative effects fo r al I I i fe forms of th e aquat ic

system, and fo r wi Idl i fe and man; conducting resear'ch into environmental

factors contro l l ing dispersion of pestic ides; encouraging research into

the development o f natural insect predators; research into th e deve lop-

ment of degradable pest icides less toxic to higher I i fe forms; andrequir ing the manufacturer to supply information pertaining to p er sis t-

ence, to xic o r lethal concentrat ions, and proper handling procedures

before permitt ing sale o f th e pestic ide.

46



IV-fWPCA ACTIVITIES

The Federal Water Pol lut ion Control Administ rat ion, through the

Great Lakes Regional Off ice, is pursuing a vigorous vlater pol lut ion con

t ro I program in the Great Lakes area in cooperati on with the SI-ate andl ocal agenc ies. The responsibi I i t ies of FWPCA were set for th by th e

Congress in th e Federa I Water Po I Iu ti on Contra I Acr. passed in 956 andsubsequently amended in 961 965, and 1966. The fo llowin g is a des-

eri on o f i-he act iv t ies being taken n carTy ng oui- the ageney1s

respons ib i l i t ies , with par t icu lar reference to those ac t i v i t es r-elevant

to Lake Michigan and i ts drainage basin.

rs ons

Under th e provisions of th e Federal Watet- Pol lu t ion Control Act

two previous enforcement conferences have been held in the Lake Michigan

E3asin: the i"1enominee River conference. involv ing Michigan and \flisconsin.

held on November 7, I and the Calume-j- lkea conference nvol ing

I l l i no is and ndiana. held on March 2 965\ t l i th a technical session

January 4 ,1966 , and sessions to progress held on March 15,1967and September 6, 967, ,

In th e j\!lenominee River conference, thef /nd/ngs were that in ter -

state pol lut ion d/d exis t . The major problems in is area vlere paper

mi I I wastes and municipal sewage, Recommendat ions were made to require

more thorough wasterreatment a t three mi I s ci ted in the conference,

Further waste t reatment faci l i t i es were recommended fo r several communi

t ies on th e r iver , Investigation was undertaken to determine whether

remedia action would be required to al eviate the effects of gross i ron

pol lut ion on th e Brule Rver . The invest i found that no remedial

action was needed.

th e Calumet conference f indings were t ha t interstate po l lu t ion

did ex is t 0[- g inat ng in both I l inois and ind ana, and t ha t r-emedial

action was needed, The conference recommended vlater qual i ty cr i te r ia fo r

the lt laters invo ved , secondary treatment and chlor inat ion o f a l l municipal

wasle d/seha n th e area action the Statf3s to ensure that indus-

t r ies minimize the i r wastes and a t imetab e fo r c eanup, provisions fo r

sampling and survei l lance, an closing th e Thomas J, O'Brien locks on theCalumet Hiver to prevent f ow in to the lake, The technical session heldJanuary 4-5 1966, set the water qual i ty cr i te r ia and the t imetab e fo r

contro o f in du str ia waste discharges. On ~ 1 a r c h 15, 1967, the conferees

met and decided su f ic : ient progress in pol lut ion abatement \NaS being made,

and that the or ig ina l t imetable and recommendations remained sat is fac tory ,

Essent ia l ly , the same conclusions vlere reached a t the progress meeting

held September 6, 1967.

Water Q ity S

Under pr'ovisions of the \ ~ a t e r Qual i ty Act o f 1965, Indiana, Illi-nois, Vnsconsin and Michigan adopted \Olater qual i ty standards fo r a l l o f

the i r in terstate streams.

47



Standards are composed of two basin parts: the criteria thatestablished quality levels that must be achieved to make water suitablefo r a designated use or uses; and the plans that specify what must bedone, by whom and by what date to achieve the established water qualitygoals.

The Indiana standards have been approved by the Secretary of the

Interior. Standards fo r th e other th ree S ta te s ar e currently underrevi ew by the Secre ta ry. Once the standa rds a re accepted by the Secretary of th e Interi or, they become Federa I standards as we II as Statestandards.

As part of the adoption procedure , public hearings were held toel ic i t citizens' views on th e proposed standards and to ascertain popularwishes as to th e use of specific areas of lakes and streams. This actionpreceded formal State adoption of t he s tandards .

Prior to submission to the Secretary, th e standards fo r each Statewere reviewed by the Regional Office of FWPCA to determine whether they

met the "Guidelines for Establishment of Water Quality Standards for

Interstate \I/atersi lof May 1966, as wei i as the intent of the Federal leg

islation. The review included a comparison of State standards and anattempt to resolve conflicts in water use and/or cri teria between con-

t i guous States.

Comments and suggestions relative t o specific items in the standards were received from various agencies of th e Interior Department aswei I as other Federal agencies.

Each submission included an overriding express ion of intent toprovide fo r the maintenance of th e present high quality of interstatewaters.

A copy of the camp Iete S!9t of each State standard is avai Iab Ie to

the pub lie upon. request to the appropri ate State agency.

Great Lakes-Illi s River Basins

The Great Lakes-I I linois River Basins CGLIRB) Project was established in 1960 as a special task force in what is now th e Federal WaterPollution Control Administration. With headquarters at Chicago, theProject was charged with developing comprehensive programs for eliminatingor reducing th e pollution of interstate waters and tr ibutaries thereof, inth e Great Lakes, the Illinois Rver , and their tr ibutaries. In i ts earlyyears the Project actua Iy had two tasks, I) th e comprehensive programdevelopment and 2) to act in a fact-finding and consult ing capaci ty to th e

u. S. Depar-tment of Justice in the Supreme Court litigation over- diversion

of Lake Michigan water at Chicago. The latter assignment had top priority and from 1961 to 1963 represented a large share of Project effort,culminating in the presentat ion of testimony and voluminous documentaryexhibits, to the Special Master in Chancery appointed by the C;ourt to

48



gather evidence and make his recommendations to th e Court. It isbelieved th at th is work significantly Influenced the subsequent set t lement agreements reached in the case, (Principal points of the settlementagreement, as they affect water quality, are given in the next section.)

The major objectives of th e comprehensive program developed by

GLIRB Project in cooperation with other Federal agencies, with Statewater pollution control agencies and interstate agencies, and with themunicipalities and industries involved were:

Identification of the causes of water pollution andth e effects of such pollution on the quality of water

resources and on beneficial uses.

The development of agreements on the desir ed benef ic ia l

uses and the water quality required to accommodatethose uses ,

The development of water quality control measures toachieve the desired objectives. including th e establishment of a t imetab le for their accomplishment,

Provision of th e mechanisms for carrying out programobjectives, including continuing survei I lance for

th e purpose of updating th e programs to accommodatechanging technology and changing water quality needs.

The Lake Michi versi on

A significant step toward preservation of Lake Michigan and theentire Great Lakes was realized when th e Lake States agreed to th e recom-mendations of the Special Master of the Supreme Court in the ChicagoDiversion Case. The Special Master's recommendations ar e summarized as

follows:

I, That the Metropolitan Sanitary Distr ict o f Grea terChicago no t be required to return i ts treatedeffluent to Lake Michigan.

2. That total diversion including pumpage be limitedto the present 3,200 cubic feet per second andthat diversion be averaged on a biennial ratherthan on an annual basis,

3. That the state of I I linois be given th e responsi-bi Ii fo r allocating t he d iversion .

4. That th e most wise and effective use of the waterbe demonstrated before consideration is given inthe futu re to requests for diversion. This wi IIrequire improvements in th e water supply dist r i bution and waste collection and treatment practices.

49



The Specia l Master's report recognized the need to protect thewaters of both Lake rV lic h igan and th e I l l in o is River. The f irs-r of theabove recommendati ons was the most sign i f i cant fo r the pro tecti on of thewater qual i ty of Lake Michigan.

on ts

With the enactment of the Federal Water Pollu tion Contro l Jkt i1956, the Federa I government provi ded fo r a Federa I sewage treatmentworks n r l on grants program he p finance the bui Idin g of localsewage treatment p Iants. The Fede r'a government recogn i zed tha t wastesdis charged from municipal sewers are one of the major' causes of wate rpo llu t ion , The rapid growth of population and I ts continuous trend towardurban cente rs has result ed in a tremendous increase in the volume of suchwastes.

50



Since th e 1956 Ad , a to ta l of 181 Federal grants have been made

in the Lake Michigan Bas in to help communities bu i Id needed sewage t reat

ment fac i l i t i es . (See Figure 9) Grant funds invo lv ed in these projects

have totaled over $22 mi I l ion in support of to ta l project expendituresin excess of $86 mi I I ion. Over two-thi rds of th e 181 grant projects havealready been completed and placed in operation. The remaining projectsare ei ther under construct ion or preparing to go under construct ion in

the very near futu re .

The Constructi on Grants Secti on of the Federa I Act has been amendedthree times since i ts i n i t i a l 1956 passage. The t rend of f inancial ass is t

ance has been upward each time the Act has been amended. Today's leg is la

t ion aJ lows munic ipal i t ies to q ua li fy fo r a basic Federal grant of 30 per

cent of the el ig ib le cost of a project . A grant of 40 percent can be made

in those States which agree to match th e basic 30 percent Federal grant.

The Federa I grant may be increased to 50 percent if the state agrees to

pay at least 25 percent of th e project cost and enforceab Ie water qua I i ty

si-andardshave been establ ished fo r the waters in to which th e project dis

charges. A grant may be increased by 10 percent, to 33, 44, or 55 percent,

as appropriate, if th e project is cer t i f ied an appropriate metropol i tan

or r eg iona l p lann ing agency as conforming with a comprehensive metropolitanarea plan.

The States of Wisconsin and Indiana have enacted legis at ion to

qua I i ty thei r mun i ci pa I i ti es fo r cons i derat i on fo r th e h ig he r Federa Igrant percentages. The State o f I I I inois wi I I p lace a bond issue to areferendum in November o f 1968. A favorable vote on the refer0ndumwould

ent i t le I I I inols municipal i t ies to consideration fo r higher Federal grants.

The State of Michigan has considered State matching leg is lat ion to qual i fy

i ts municipal i t Ies fo r hi Federal grants. but no leg is lat ion has yet

been Michigan current ly has a State grant program tha t provides

fo r local const ruc tion gran ts af ter th e annual Federal cons truc ti on g ran tal locat ion is exhausted but th e current Michigan program does not

quai l l ts rnun ic i pa li ti es f o r th e h ig he r Federal levels.

Section 7 o f thei r /ater Pol lut ion Control Act authorizes an appro

pr iat ion of $10 mil l Ion annual.ly fo r Fiscal Years 1968-1971 fo r grants to

State and in-terstat,eagencies to ass is t them in meeting the costs of

establ ishing and maintaining uate lu t ion control programs. EachState is alJotted $12, and th e remainder o f th e funds are dist r ibuted

on the basis of population. f inancial need and the extent of the water

pol lu t ion lems fac i th e S ta te . Since the program grants were i ns t i -

tuted, a to ta l o f $'5 in Federal funds has been a'ilocated to th e

Lak.e Michigan States fo r th eir pol lu t ion control programs. By June 1968,

I l l l no i sw i l l have received , 119,976; Ind iana .. $'1,188,919; Michigan,

$1,284,673 and Wisconsin. $1872.

5



SRRUompleted

II Pre-const ruct ion

A Under Construct ion

LEGEND

<;;:-f''-.

r . . j I.............. """\\.

/!Ill '\--).....,

\..w!f.1!-!...G \... ........

........I S C O I I / ~ _ I \ f V

S,-'"I \ t ~\ •)

/(

\

)

(

I

J

J

I

\

IJ

/(

)

(

\. A

"-. . . -

0 211 llO

FIGURE 9

52GP o 808- -665-5



Research and Demonstration

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act cal Is for establishingfield laboratory and research facil i t ies for the conduct of research,investigations, experiments, field demonstrations and studies, andtra in i ng re Iati ng to th e preventi on and contro I of water po II ut i on. Thelaw also provides fo r granting fellowships and training grants to educa

tional institutions, and grants or contracts to public and privateagencies or individuals to demonstrate new or improved methods fo r dealingwith water pollution problems.

The Lake Michigan Basin has seven approved demonstration grantsand tl\lO approved demonstrati on contracts in an acti ve status. App I i ca t ions for other poss ib le g rant s a re under review. Table 3 shows thepresent grants and contracts awarded, and Figure 10 shows locations.

3

MI GAN BASIN R&D GRANTS &CONTRACTS

Location

E. Ch icago. In d.

E.Ch icago, Ind.Jaekson,MichMi lwaukee,Wise.

fvJi Iwaukee,Wise.

App Ieton, \,Iii sc.

Green Bay, \,Iii sc.

*Mi Iwaukee,Wisc.*Mi Iwaukee,Wlse.

Grant orContract No.

II-IND-IWPRD 70-01-67\ ~ P D - 1 5 7WPO 188-01-67

10-WIS-1

WPRD 12-01-68

VJPRD 60-01-67

14-12-4014-12-24

App I kant

E.Chicago San. Gist.E.Chicago San. Dist.City of JacksonCi of Mi Iwaukee,Wise.

City of waukee,Wisc.

Pulp Mfrs. ResearchLeagueGreen Bay Metro.Sewerage 0 i s t .

Rex ChainbeltA! 11s-Cha mel-s

Federa I

Grant

$1,044, 120450,000

11,91995 578

1,468,589

483,371

251,250

197,989388,526

Est! matedTotal Cost

,! 16,533600,000

11,91995,578

2,11 118

690,530

335,000

197,989388,526

*Con-Iracts

55

TOTAL $4,391,342 $7,554,193



\)

(

J

II

(

\

I/

54

E

\

\J

'-\"-

)

lI )

s



Nature o f Projects

I I - IND-I - Pro jed wi I I evalua-te th e effediveness o f t reat ing

combined sewer overflows in a very deep de"lention basin having aerobic

and anaerob i c leve I s o f t reatment.

WPRD 70-01-67 - The o bje ctiv e o f th is project is to develop and

ver i fy , on a smal I pi lo t scale, th e prel iminary design and operat ing con

di t ions fo r chemical coagulat ion, sedimentat ion, dual media f i I t ra t ion ,

and granular act ivated carbon adsorpt ion fo r trea-I-ment o f combined muni

c ipal - indust r ia l wastes mixed with storm run-of f .

WPD 188-01-67 - A p ro jed to study phosphate remova I by an a d i

vated sludge p l a n t .

WPD-157 - Aeration of secondary ef f luen t to fur ther reduce BOD.

10-\1/15-1 - Reduction o f degl-ee o f p ol l ui -i on in the Milwaukee River

is ant ic ipated by increasing the e ffic ie n cy o f intercept ing devices and

by using a detention tank to capture and t reat th e storm ovedlow of com

bined sewage fo r an urban area comprising 570 acres which const i tutesapproximately 3 percent of the to ta l combined sewers o f th e c i ty . This

includes th e measurement o f f lows and quali a t c r i t i ca l points within

the co l l edo r system affect ing th e c on tro l of faci I i t ies to be constr"uded.

WPRD 12-01-68 - This pl-ojed wi l l demonstrate f ie ld sca le , inp lan t

t reatment o fd lute pulping wastes vlith a portable revel-58 osmosis uni t .

Development o f in-p lant techniques to reduce loadings on biological

secondary trea-f-ment processing vIi I I be carr ied out. Project w111 acceler

ate deve lopment and ev a I L iat! on o f f'everse osmos is as a method o f concen

t ra t ing disso ved sol ids in di ute wastes with recovery o f clear- water fo r

reuse by th e m! I .

WPRD 60-01-67 - The project is a study, evaluat ion, and determinat ion o f th e ef fect iveness, design, and operat ing parameters o f four a l te r

native biological t reatment processes and modif icat ions fo r t reat ingcombined municipal and industr ia l (primari Iy paper mi I I ) wastewaters.

14-12-40 - This p ro j e c t wi I I develop and demonstrate th e appl !ca

ab i l i ty o f screening and chemical oxidation o f storm and combined sewage.

14-12-24 - The r imary purpose o f th e contract is to demonstrate

the app I i cab r I i ty of a new concept o f b i o! og i ca ! t reatment to be app l iedwithin a sewerage system.



Research is being to r P l j u f ~ Pthe Milwaukee ver. shown here

Lake at its harbor mouth.



Wastes pour into

from U. S. SteelUs~ 1 ~ 1 ~ h r , ~ on Lake Mi gan

Works.



PI-esent Status of Projects

Most projects are ei ther in th e constructi on phase or preconstruc

t ion phase of th e grant or contract. WPD 188-01-67 wi I i complete one year

of study about th e 1st of February 1968. on th e phosphate removal from an

act i vated s ludge p Iant. One yea r of study is comp Iete onWPD 157; report

now awaited; study may be extended.

FWPCA research faci l i t ies in the Great Lakes Region provide a

National Water Qual i ty Laboratory a t Duluth, Minnesota and a proposed

laboratory a t Ann Arbor, M ichigan.

The National Water Quality Research Laboratory a t Duluth, Minnesota

is charged with th e responsibi l i ty of developing water qual i ty requirements

fo r a I I fresh water uses in th e Un i te d States.

The proposed research laboratory fo r Ann Arbor, Michigan wi I J be

involved in studies that wi I I cover most a l l problems re lat ing to water

po l Jution and especial ly those problems in th e Grea-r Lakes ar"ea.

ons

The Federal Government has not overlooked thEl pol lu t ion hazards

created by i t s own act iv i t ies . By Executive Order 11288, President

Johnson has di reeted th e heads of the rtments, agencies, and estab-

l ishments of the Executive Branch of th e Government to provide leadership

in th e nation-wide ef fo r t to improve \1ater qual i ty .

The Order directed a l l agencies to present annua lly a phased andorder·ly plan fo r needed iv e and pl-eventlve measures and fac i l i t i es

to th e Bureau of th e Budget to "fac i I i tate budgeti ng pr"ocedu res . F\\fPCA

has reviewed the plans submitted In an eHor"t to achieve maximum pol lu t ion

abatenBnt. Project pr ior i ie s have been established on th e basis of the

severity o f th e pol lu t ion problem with due regard for legit imate water uses,

enforcement act ions, and appl icable water qual i ty s-randards. Secondal-y

treatment is th e mi nimum acceptab Ie under th e Order fo r a I ! projects . Theestabl ishment of water qual i ty standards may necessi ta te h igher degrees 0+t reatment , i nc ludi ng nutr ient contro , at some insta l lat ions.

Federal instal lat ions in th e Lake Michigan Bas in have in i t ia ted pol

Iution abatement programs in clccordance wi th the Order. There are approxi -·

mately 345 insta l lat ions in th e Basin, distr ibuted as fol lows: I l l i no is ,

12; Jndlana, 34 ; Michigan, 171; and Wisconsin, 128. About 50 percent of

these are connected to municipal sewer' systems. The remaining 50 percent

discharge was"ies, af ter varying degrees of treatment» to ground or surface

\liaters of th e Basin. Some of th e smaller instal lat ions provide no t reat -

menta t present. u!ated i th e i\ppendix of th is report is an inventory

of these instal lat ions showing the waste t reatment prov ided and th e status

of pol lu t ion abatement.

Two I nsta I ati ons accoun"r fo r three-fourths of a I I wastes generated

by independently-discharging Federal sources in the Lake Michigan Basin.

58



prevent ing water pollution, either during construction or in operationand maintenance. The various agencies have consulted with the Federal

Water Pollution Control Administration in an effort to insure maximumconsideration of water quality in t hei r ac tiv it ie s .

This Order represents a major step forward in the battle to preserve and enhance the quality of our Nat ion' s waters, I t has sparked akeen awa reness on the pa r t of gove rnment off icia Is of the need fo r corrective action and vigorous abatement programs. The effor t being shownby these various Federal agencies provides leadership in the nationwide

quality improvement program.

cal is ce

The Regional Technical Program provides technical assistance toStates, Ioca I authori t i es, and industry upon reques t th rough th e Statewater po II uti on control agenci es, and to other Federa I agenci es. Current

technical ass is tance projects in th e Lake Michigan Basin include:

I. Participation in th e Corps of Engineers' pi lot program todevelop practicable alternate methods for disposal of dredged material.This has involved collection an analyses of samples collected from24 harbors on Lake Michigan.

2. Participation in the Interna tional Joint Commission study of

the feasibility of further regulation of the levels of th e Great Lakes,including Lake Michigan. object of further lake regulation would beto reduce damages resulting from excessively high or low lake levels.

3. Investigation of character and source of oi I pollution. In ar ecen t inc iden t which involved a large oi I slick along th e Chicago water

front, an extensive investigation was made involving analyses of samplesfrom 18 beaches and 10 lake stations. The type of oi I was identified,and although this information eliminated several possib le sou rces , theactual source was not determined.

The Technical Program also has responsibi lity for maintaining waterqual ity survei I lance through stations in th e National Water Pollution Survei I lance System. Lake Michigan stations located at Milwaukee Wisconsinand Gary, Indiana , provide long-term records of water quali ty character ist ics which provide highly important indications of water quality trends.The Program is also providing survei Ilance of water quali conditions inthe Calumet enforcement area, to determine status of compl ance with conference recommendations. This operation has included weekly collectionand analyses of samples from Indiana Harbor Canal and Lake Michigan, oper

ation of two automatic water quality monitors, and bi-weekly sampling ofbeaches during th e swimming season.

61



1 slick t

last summerthe Chi cago

l ie InfrIV"m",1"1on

The Public Information Program of the Federal Water Pollution

Control Administration is designed to present facts about water pollution

control to th e news media, interested groups and organizations, and th e

pUblic, generally. The Program serves the public's right to know whatFWPCA is doing and trying to accomplish. I t also serves those who needparticular information in order t o par ti cipa te e ff ec tive ly in waterpollution control programs.

62



SUMMARY

(FI RST SESS IONPOLLUTION CHIGANAND ITS TRIBUTARY BASIN

I U T < ' ~ n a l ' ~ T ~ ' LlI CHIGAN)

On the basi.s a wri tten request to the Secre ta ry of theInterior from the Honorable Otto Kerner, Governor of illinois, datedNovember 22, 1967, as wei I as on the basis of reports ,su , orstudies, the Secretary the interior on December 16, I , cal leda conference in the matte r of poi lution of Michigan and i ts

lbutary basin ( sconsln-I I I Inols-Indiana-Michl ) under theprovls s of sec tJon 10 of the Federal Water Pol I ion I Act,as amended (33 U.S.C. 466 e t seq.). The conference was held onJanuary 31, February 1-2, Februa 5-7, March 7-8, and 12, 1968,at the Sherman House, Chicago, 1II Inols.

The fol lowing conferees Ing the State I iuT!oncontrol agencies of Wisconsin, I I Ilnols, Indiana and Michl andthe U. S. Department of the Interior particl in the conference.

Max N. Edwards

Mu rray Ste in

Assi Secretaryu. S. Department of the InteriorWashi , D. C.

Ass! Commissioner EnforcementFederal Water Pol I ion Control

AdministrationU. S. Department of the InteriorWashington, D. C.

For I I I i s:

Dr. C. S. Boruff

CI arenee It/. Klassen

Frankl In D. Yoder, M. o.

IIIino State Sanitary Water BoardPeor Ia , I I Ino Is

Technical SecreTaryI I I inols State Sanitary Water BoardSpringfie,ld, Illinois

01 State O e p a ~ + , n o r , + of HealthChairman, II Ilnols State San! ryWater Boa

Spr! ng f !e Id, I i I Ino Is

63



of I ana:

John Mi tche I I

Blucher Poole

Colonel Charles Sidle

Director, Department of Natural

ResourcesIndianapol is, Indiana

Technical SecretaIndiana Stream Pollution ControlBoard

Ind ianapo lis p Ind iana

Chairman, Indiana Stream PollutionContro I Boa r-d

Indianapol is , Indiana

State of Mi chi

George F, Liddle Chairman, Michigan Water ResourcesCommission

Muskegon, Michigan

Lori F. Oemi ng Executive S e c r ~ t a r yMichigan Water Resources CommissionLansing, Michigan

John Vogt

Freeman Ho I-mer

Russell G. Lynch

Lester P. Voigt

sconsin:

Chief, Division of Engineeri

Michigan Department of Publ ic Health

Lansing, Michigan

Administrator, Division of Resource

DevelopmentDepartment of Natural ResourcesMadison, Wisconsin

Chairman, Natural Resources BoardMadison, Wisconsin

Secretary, Department of Natural

ResourcesMadison, Wisconsin

u. S. Interior:

H. W. Poston Federal Water Pollution ControlAdministration

U. S Department of the InteriorChicago, I I I inois

64



industr ies, Federal ac t i v i t i es . combined sewer overflows. agr icul tura lprac t ices . wa terc ra f t, natural runoff . and related act iv i t ies through

out the drainage basin.

3.

Michigan.erated

phosphates.

phates from

app l ied.

II+'-Ar,hication is a threat now to t he use fu lness of lake

Unless checked. the aging of Lake Michigan I I be accel-nuing pol I on and part icular ly by wastes containing

Feasible methods e xis t fo r substant ia l removal o f

sewage and industr ial waste discharges. need to be

4. Evi dence of severe bacter i a Ibeen the Fox River between LakeWisconsin; Mi I River with in Wallke!e r , , , , , ~ , + , , , sconsln;

in rlrll.FrlC:+!'""A:::I,m from c i es a long the Ri ver i If Mi cn i and

the ST. Joseph River in Indiana and Michigan; and in the o f

the Cal I! I ino15 and Indiana. AI,n'''''/rm bacteria l qual-

of Lake Michi is genen:llly in deep '.'.,,-...n . . . . th e !,s

c!,AI,r;:H1f',r! at some nts along th e shore! in e and in harbor areas •

many areas .lgal<

.5. I ru t I on has buted to excess i vel nshore a Iga r !eh have occurred l n th e v ic I n of

Man i to Port scons l n; Ch I cago I I I I no Is ; the

eastern shore o f and nea r Man i , Mi ch i gan,I th water -t-....':>,:::>i"mAnT plant nno"':::>'Tions because of algae

has occurred Green and Wisconsin;

WalJkelgaJl, E v a n s t Q n ~ and I l l i no is ; and M.ichigan Cl p.

Rapids, and Muskegon. Michl-

concentrat now excee'd ti ca I

6. Ex.cessive 51 populations. Indi I, lut lon of

a k E ~ b e : d sed i have found at po i nts one I e the shore

near 1 • Pori" ItJash I \lJi scans i n t o Wiaukegan,I l in01s; and Chicago,. I I in015 to Muskegon, Michigan. Sludgewormswere not found Ii n sha l low waters subject to wave on.

nH:"n1r-',tyof normally dissolved in water is

fmr",.,r--t-:::>n+ single ngredient necessary fo r a healthy •.",,.,·,,,.,,,.,r-jc l i fe envi ronment. The d1 t reated and

and i ndustri a I wastes ons of

have caused of th e

"''''"'''o:>'-'es and in some harbors. At present the rna in

evidenced 51 deficiency.

8. In

nuclear

to one ex. is ti ng nuclear r plant , f ive

three o f w'h i ch w! I I have tw I n reactors • are

66



proposed or under construction at Lake Michigan cit ies for comple-tion between I and I ThelCombined impact of siting manyreactors on th e shores of th e lake must be considered so that this

ivlty wil I not result in pollution from wastewater heat or fromdischarge of excessive amounts of radionuclides.

9. Watercraft pi ing the waters of Lake Michigan and I tstributaries a re con trl b of both untreated and I Iytr-eated wastes in local harbors and in the open lake, and intensllocal pol I on problems.

10. The danger of sp l I Is I lutant chemicals, pa icularfya l l , whether accidental or dei iberate is so preva! that i t mustbe considered a significant source of pollution of waters of

Lake Michigan and as such. Oi I discharges i ustrlalp Iants and commercl a! I , and care Iess load ing and un I Ica , i l beaches and other recreational areas, ibuteto taste and odor lems and treatment lems at water treatmentp Iants coat the hu I I 5 of boats and may be de I etE§'r Ious to fish an d

ic l ife .

I I .

tionals I t l on

th

ma I n+, :>, . . " ,nr· " ,

a constantlyal

of waterways for commercia! and navlga-

necessary actlvl The continued

containing nutrlents p and 501 ds oforigin In Lake chi a dist inctI

12. Pesticidesstreams res uIncreas i use offish and wil d Ii

MIch I and Its t r In ' .-.-",r-"

of these la ls . The ever-water uses Ion,

Iy Into lake M chiganmixes with and may

e .

Is tent po I Iutantnto the water that feeds

of the lake

13. A

or di sso Ivedbecome an i n T t ~ t " l " ' : : : l

14. The mass i ve die-off" of alewl vesthat occurred In 1967created conditions thaT severely cted onal uses

causing losses In millions of dolla.rs to th e tourist I andcerta In mun i ci pa 11 t ies . Al The dead f Ishwere noT the resu I t

of Ilution, I!utlon and are therefore a concern towater pollutIon agencies.

15. 0 Ischarges

glnatlng In sconsin,I on of Lake Mi Ipersons in States otherIn large mea s u r e s

treated wastes

ch cause l -ITh or welfare of

dl originate.n",-1""rl : """ 'T '" wh len fert i 1i ze



the lake. This pollution is sUbject to abatement under the pro-visions of the Federal Water Poi lution Control Act, as amended(33 U.S.C. 466 e t seq.) .

16. The Federal enforcement actions already in effect on theMenominee River area and th e Calumet River area are supplemented butno t superseded by this conference.

Recommendations

I. Waste treatment is to be provided by all municipalities toachieve a t least 80 percent reduc tion of total phosphorus and to pro-duce an effluent that wi I I not result in degradation of Lake Michigan's

water qual ity. Such treatment wi I I provide compl lance with the waterquail standards for- Lake Michigan as approved by th e Secretary ofthe inter ior and the appropriate state water pollution control agencyof Illinois, Indiana, Michigan or Wisconsin. This action Is to besubstantially accomplished by December 1972.

2. Industries not connected to municipal sewer systems are

to provide treatment so as not to result in th e degradation of LakeMi ch igan' s water qua I i and to meet the water qua I ity standards fo rLake Michigan as approved by the Secretary of the Interior and the

appropriate State water pollution control agency of Iii Inois,Indiana, Michigan or Wisconsin. This action is to be substantiallyaccomplished December 1972.

3. Within six months each State water pollution control agencyshal I l is t the municipalities and industries discharging wastewaterto the Lake Michigan Basin. The U. S. Department of the Interiorwi I I provide a comparable l is t of Federal instal lations. Each source

so I Isted wi I I Ind Icate whether i t discharges po I Iutants, inc Iud i ngnutrients, having a deleterious effect on the Lake Michigan water

qual i Detai led action plans for treatment of all Itlaste havingdeleterious effect on the water qual it y of Lake Michigan are to bedeveloped. Such plans shall identify t he princ ipal characteristicsof the waste material now being discharged, the quant it ie s" theproposed program for construction or modif icat ion of remed I faci 1-

' t ies and a timetable fo r accomplishment, giving target dates indeta' I. Th i s l is t s h a I I be presented to the conferees fo r the i rreview and conside ra ti on . Polluti on sources shall be added to orremoved from th e Ii by formal action of conferees.

4. Continuous disinfection is to be provided throughout the

year for a II mun' ci I waste treatment pIant eff Iuents. Th i s actionIs to be accompl ished as soon as possible and not later than May 1969.

5. Uni fied co Ileeti on systems servi ng conti guous ur-ban areas

are to be encouraged.

68 GPO 8 0 8 - 6 6 5 - 3



interim measures must be pr'ovided. Such measures wi I I include sklm

mi ng of dead a Iewl ves befor'e they reach th e shores of Lake Mi ch Igan,disposal on properly located land si tes and a local program to deal

with alewives which get to shore despite the offshore skimming pro

gram. Recognition is given to the program being developed by the

task force of the Great Lakes Basin Commission to meet th is problem

during th is and the next few years. To assure the success of th isprogram th e conferees recommend that th e S ta tes concerned and the

Federa I government support a program wh i ch wou Id accomp I i sh the

above object ive with funds and personnel.

13. representatives of the conferess within 60 days meet

and agree upon uniform rules and regulations fo r control I in g wastes

from watercraft . These ru Ies and regu Iations wi I I genera I y conform

with th e harbor pol lu t ion code adopted by the City of Chicago and th e

regulations adopted by th e Michigan Water Resources Commission. Theuse of maceration chlor inat ion is not approved at the present t ime.

Since each of the four States operates under di f ferent s -ratutes , con

fe rees wI I I recommend to the I r respect I ve boa rds, leg i s I atures, etc. ,

approval of the proposed uniform rules and regulations. Commensurate

requirements contro l l ing th e discharge of was tes f rom commercial ves

se Isis to be the respons i b I I I t y of th e Federa I government.

14. Each of the State water pol lut ion control agencies accel-

erate programs to provide the maximum u s of area-wide sewagefaci J I t les to discourage the prol i fe ra tio n o f small treatment p !antsIn contiguous urbanized areas and foster the replacement o f sept ictanks with adequate coi led- ion and treatment.

15. Technical committee on icldes wi I I be established to bechaired by a member' of the Federa l Water Pol lu -Hon Control Administra

t ionwIth representatives

fromeach state. The

committeesha lf e va lu -ate the pest ic ide p lem and recommend to the conferees a program of

moni ng and control. The f i r s t report wi I I be submitted In s ix

months to t he con fe rees . The s ta te s sha ll seek legislat ion to l icense

commercial appl icators.

16 The U. S.

to th e conferees a

to prevent po I I Ion

bank i l i za t ion.

Department of Agricul ture be requested to submit

with in s Ix months on agrl cu i tur'a I programs

from agr icu l tura l land use such as s i l ta t ion and

17. A comml t tee be appo i nted to deve lop specif Ie r'ecommendati ons

fo r a coordinated four State-Federal monitor ing program In th e Lake

Mich i gao Bas i 0 and subm i t recommendations to the! conferees a t theprogress meeting.

18. State wafer po I I ut ion contro I agencl ElS and U. S. Depa r t -

ment I n te r i o r sha t I I Ie an inventory a I I si tes where

70



I. United States Census of Populat ion, 1960, U. S. Department ofCommerce, Bureau of the Census.

2. Standard Metropol itan Stat ist ical Areas in the United States asdefined on May I, 1967, with population in 1950 and 1960, U. S.

Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

3. Lake Michigan Basin, Population and Economy, Federal Water PollutionControl Administration, Great Lakes Region, Chicago, II I inois.

4. County and City Data Book 1967, U. S. Depar tment of Commerce,Bureau of the Census.

5. United states Census of Agriculture, 1964, U. S. Department of Commerce,Bureau of the Census.

6. Great Lakes Harbors Study, U. S. Army Engineer Division, North CentralCorps of Engineers, Chicago, II I inois (November, 1966).

7. Water Oriented Outdoor Recreation - Lake Michigan Basin, U. S. Depart-ment of the !nter ior , Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Ann Arbor, Michigan(March, 1966).

8. Water Levels of th e Great Lakes; Report on Lake Regulation, U. S. Corpsof Engineers, North Central Division, Chicago, I I I Inois (December, 1965),

9. Water Qual ity Investigations, Lake Michigan Basin - Lake Currents,U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution ControlAdm In Istra t ion, Great La kes Reg ion, Ch icago, I I I i no is (November, 1967).

10. International Joint Commission Great Lakes Levels Study (Prel iminaryReport), U. S. Department of th e Interior, Federal Water Po! lutionControl Administration, Chicago, I I I inois.

I I. Municipal Water Faci I i t ies - 1963 Inventory - Region V, U. S. Departmentof Health. Education and Welfare, Publ ic Health Service (1964).

12. Planning status Report - Water Resource Appraisals for HydroelectricLicensing (6 parts) , Feder-a I Power Commission, Bureau of Power( I 964-1966) .

13. Principal Electric Facl I i t les, Great Lakes Region (map), Federal PowerCommission, Bureau of Power (1965).

14. Tabulation of Scheduled or- Planned Changes in Instal led GeneratingCapacity (memorandum). Federal Power Commission, Bureau of Power(J u I Y 7. 1967).

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5. Nuclear Instal lations in the Great Lakes and I I I inois River Watersheds,

U. S. Department of th e Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control

Administration (unpubl ished).

16. Fish and Wi Idl ife as Related to Water Qual ity of the Lake MichiganBasin, U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wi Idl ife Service

(March, 1966).

17. Biological Investigations, Special Report Number LM4, Great LakesI I I inois River Basins Project; Apr! I 1963, Presented as an Exhibitin the Supreme Court Hearings on Diversion at Chicago.

18. Water Qual ity Investigations, Lake Michigan Basin - Biology; FederalWater Pollution Control Administration, Great Lakes Region. Chicago.

III inois (January. 1968).

19. Water Pollution Problems of the Great Lakes Area, Federal WaterPollution Control Administration, Great Lakes Region, Chicago,I I I inois (September, 1966).

20. Ownbey, C. R., and Wi Ileke, G. E,. Long-Term Sol ids Bui Idup in LakeMichigan Water. Proceedings, Eighth Conference on Great Lakes Research,

Great Lakes Research Division, th e University of Michigan (1965),

21. Report on Pollution of the Waters of the Grand Calumet River LittleCalumet River, Calumet River, Lake Michigan, Wolf Lake and theirtributaries, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (February.

1965).

22. A Comprehensive Water Pollution Control Program, Lake Michigan Basin,

Mi Iwaukee Area. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration

(June, 1966).

23. A Comprehensive Water Pollution Contro Program, Lake Michigan Basin,

Green Bay Area, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (June,1966) •

24. Eisenbud, M., Environmental Radioactivity, McGraw-Hi I I, New York.p. 195 (1963).

25. Pollution of Navigable Waters of the U, S. by Wastes from Watercraft,submitted to the Congress on June 30, 1967, FWPCA



ADDIENIDUM l

The fol lowing papers were presented by the identified staffmembers of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration at the

conference on pol !ution of Lake Michigan and its tributary basin,

Chicago, II I inois, January 31, 1968:

26. Bartsch, A. F., Statement on Eutrophication Conditions in LakeMi ch igan.

27. Baumgartner, Donald J . , Statement on Currents in Lake Michigan.

28. Weinberger, Leon W., Waste Treatment fo r Phosphorus Removal.

The following report containing relevant information has beenpubl ished subsequent to the conference:

29. Water Qual i ty Investiga tions, Lake Michigan Basin - Physical

and Chemical Quality Conditions; U. S. Department of the Interior,Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Great LakesRegion Chicago , ! II lnols, January 1968.

Water Pollution Problems of Lake Michigan and Tributaries

Documents

Transcript of Water Pollution Problems of Lake Michigan and Tributaries