Water Management Approaches DHAN Foundation’s Grass Root Experiences A. GURUNATHAN
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Transcript of Water Management Approaches DHAN Foundation’s Grass Root Experiences A. GURUNATHAN
Water Management ApproachesWater Management Approaches
DHAN Foundation’s Grass Root ExperiencesDHAN Foundation’s Grass Root Experiences
A. GURUNATHANA. GURUNATHAN
PROGRAMME LEADERPROGRAMME LEADER
DHAN Foundaion - An OverviewDHAN Foundaion - An Overview
• A Registered Pro - Poor A Registered Pro - Poor Development OrganisationDevelopment Organisation
• Founded on October 2, 1997Founded on October 2, 1997
• Operational in Andhra Pradesh, Operational in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and PondicherryPondicherry
• Reach (As on March 2010)Reach (As on March 2010)
• About 8Lakh Poor Families in About 8Lakh Poor Families in 30000Villages / 51 Districts/ 13 30000Villages / 51 Districts/ 13 States.States.
• Mothering of Development InnovationsMothering of Development Innovations– Promote and Nurture new ideas on Promote and Nurture new ideas on
different development themes.different development themes.
– Building around concerned individuals as Building around concerned individuals as
anchorsanchors
• Promoting institutions to reach scalePromoting institutions to reach scale– Exclusive thematic organisations as Exclusive thematic organisations as
subsidiariessubsidiaries
• Human Resource DevelopmentHuman Resource Development– Building socially concerned professionals Building socially concerned professionals
for the development sector.for the development sector.
PURPOSEPURPOSE
Placing high quality people to work Placing high quality people to work with the communitywith the community
Direct action besides research, Direct action besides research, advocacy, reorienting others, etc.advocacy, reorienting others, etc.
““Enabling” rather than “delivery”Enabling” rather than “delivery”
Development through empowered Development through empowered people based economic institutionspeople based economic institutions
DHAN’S APPROACH TO DHAN’S APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
Drawing on mainstream public resources Drawing on mainstream public resources
besides “donations”besides “donations”
Collaborating with other institutions than Collaborating with other institutions than
operating aloneoperating alone
Learning and adapting rather than following Learning and adapting rather than following
set modelsset models
Focusing on livelihood development and Focusing on livelihood development and
poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation
DHAN’S APPROACH TO DHAN’S APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
ApproachApproach
Poverty reduction of Village Poverty reduction of Village
Community through Revival of Small Community through Revival of Small
Scale Water Harvesting SystemsScale Water Harvesting Systems
GoalGoal
Community Community OrganisatiOrganisati
onon
Scale Scale down down
technologtechnologyy
Facilitating Facilitating environmenenvironmen
tt
TANKFED AGRICULTURE TANKFED AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
To bring back people managed tank To bring back people managed tank governancegovernance
To build People Institutions for tank / To build People Institutions for tank / pond managementpond management
To sustain tankfed agriculture and To sustain tankfed agriculture and enhance productivity through enhance productivity through Vayalagam Plant ClinicsVayalagam Plant Clinics
To promote Microfinance activitiesTo promote Microfinance activities To create endowment / corpus at To create endowment / corpus at
multiple level to safeguard tank multiple level to safeguard tank systems in futuresystems in future
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Initiated during 1992 – 93 as pilot project in Madurai Initiated during 1992 – 93 as pilot project in Madurai
DistrictDistrict
Operational in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Operational in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Pondicherry, Bihar, Maharastra and Karnataka, Pondicherry, Bihar, Maharastra and
OrissaOrissa
Facilitates Community Owner Irrigation, Drinking Facilitates Community Owner Irrigation, Drinking
and Waste Water Reuse Infrastructures through and Waste Water Reuse Infrastructures through
mainstream partnershipmainstream partnership
More than 2 lakh farmers organised in 2500 users More than 2 lakh farmers organised in 2500 users
associations in 6 statesassociations in 6 states
REACH AND ACHIEVEMENTSREACH AND ACHIEVEMENTS
StructureStructure
Tank Tank AssociationsAssociations
Tank Cascade Tank Cascade AssociationAssociation
District Tank District Tank FederationFederation
PanchayatsPanchayats
DRDA / Other Govt. DRDA / Other Govt. Agencies / BanksAgencies / Banks
DHAN DHAN FoundationFoundation
Tank Tank Conservation Conservation
MovementMovement
Tanks as Ecosystems
• The second largest manmade wetland ecosystems in the world
• Centuries of Service and a History : Going beyond conventional understanding of sustainability
• Still functioning and thriving
• Used by Humans, Plants, animals and other species for economic value
Irrigation
Tanks in a Part
of Madurai
district, Tamil
Nadu, India
Tharavai Tank Cascade
1. Preservation, Conservation and Development Perspective:1. Preservation, Conservation and Development Perspective:
PastPast PresentPresent FutureFuture
IRRIGATION TANKS CONCERVATION: CONCEPTUAL IRRIGATION TANKS CONCERVATION: CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORKFRAME WORK
PC
uu
C
Cu / RU P
P P – Preservation; – Preservation; CC – Conservation; – Conservation; UU – Use; – Use; RURU – Re use – Re use
• Enactment of Water Resources Preservation Enactment of Water Resources Preservation
Act as that of Forest Protection Bill should Act as that of Forest Protection Bill should
be done be done immediately. Immediate immediately. Immediate
ordinance to ban on ordinance to ban on diversion of water diversion of water
resources for other development purposes resources for other development purposes
(Buildings,roads, bus stand etc) including (Buildings,roads, bus stand etc) including
Government use should Government use should be brought in.be brought in.
• Encroachment of waterways and water Encroachment of waterways and water
resources has to be declared as a Criminal resources has to be declared as a Criminal
Act and Sin and it should be dealt with Act and Sin and it should be dealt with
accordingly.accordingly.
• Promotion of water harvesting structures Promotion of water harvesting structures
should be done massively to store should be done massively to store
substantial amount of rainfall not only to substantial amount of rainfall not only to
address water scarcity and water conflicts address water scarcity and water conflicts
but also to recharge ground water and but also to recharge ground water and
foster local foster local management. Conservation management. Conservation
and Reuse of water and Reuse of water require immediate require immediate
attention of all people.attention of all people.
Local ManagementLocal Management
TA
Gramasabha
TF
CA
Panchayat Union
Gram Panchayat
TATA – Tank Association – Tank Association
CACA – Cascade Association – Cascade Association
TFTF – Tank Federation at – Tank Federation at
block level block level
• Promotion of nested institutions, non Promotion of nested institutions, non hiearchial, should be encouraged for local hiearchial, should be encouraged for local management. NGOs should be required to management. NGOs should be required to promote these institutions and build their promote these institutions and build their capacity. Further institutions building process capacity. Further institutions building process would be continued for long time to provide would be continued for long time to provide sustainability. Promotion and capacity sustainability. Promotion and capacity building cost should be provided as a part of building cost should be provided as a part of renovation programme.renovation programme.
• Panchayat system should provide legitimacy Panchayat system should provide legitimacy and adequate institutional space for Tank and adequate institutional space for Tank Association, Cascade Association and Tank Association, Cascade Association and Tank Federation. Tank Associations would be Federation. Tank Associations would be encouraged to manage the water resources encouraged to manage the water resources with adequate rights. Usufruct with adequate rights. Usufruct rights rights should be shared between Tank Associations should be shared between Tank Associations and Gram Panchayat.and Gram Panchayat.
• People’s organisations should also be People’s organisations should also be
promoted at supra level (sub basin and promoted at supra level (sub basin and
river basin) for water sharing and resolving river basin) for water sharing and resolving
water conflicts.water conflicts.
• Customary rights should be documented Customary rights should be documented
and and revisited by the local communities to revisited by the local communities to
revise them if needed.revise them if needed.
• Tank Associations should be empowered to Tank Associations should be empowered to
collect water and land tax share and them collect water and land tax share and them
with revenue and panchayat system and with revenue and panchayat system and
use their share only for the upkeep and use their share only for the upkeep and
management of tank systems.management of tank systems.
• Tank based watershed development should Tank based watershed development should
be be encouraged . Guidelines could be encouraged . Guidelines could be
revised to include all water bodies’ revised to include all water bodies’
renovation and creation within the renovation and creation within the
watershedwatershed
• Pollution of water bodies should be treated Pollution of water bodies should be treated
as an as an offence and a criminal act.offence and a criminal act.
• Ground water recharge is possible only Ground water recharge is possible only
through through preservation and conservation of preservation and conservation of
small scale water small scale water resources. Otherwise resources. Otherwise
a ‘silent disaster’ would a ‘silent disaster’ would happen in happen in
many places because of race for ground many places because of race for ground
water mining. Sand mining of waterways water mining. Sand mining of waterways
and and riverbeds should be banned riverbeds should be banned
THE PROJECT
AREARAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT
THE COMMON SCENE FOR WATERTHE COMMON SCENE FOR WATER
WATER SUPPLY : WATER SUPPLY : TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARYTRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY
WATER SUPPLY : WATER SUPPLY : CONTEMPORARY AND MODERNCONTEMPORARY AND MODERN
Excavation: Excavation:
Use of MenUse of Men
Excavation: Excavation:
Use of Use of MachineMachine
• Community organisingCommunity organising• Deep excavation 2.5 m to 6 m to Deep excavation 2.5 m to 6 m to
create a capacity of 8-10,000 Cu.m for create a capacity of 8-10,000 Cu.m for 600-1000 population600-1000 population
• Transportation of earth and used for Transportation of earth and used for construction of village roads, school construction of village roads, school and temple groundsand temple grounds
• Construction of ring wells and inlet Construction of ring wells and inlet with regulatorswith regulators
• Construction of steps and fencing Construction of steps and fencing (optional)(optional)
• Creation of endowment fundsCreation of endowment funds
COMPONENT OF THE PROJECTCOMPONENT OF THE PROJECT
IMPROVED OORANISIMPROVED OORANIS
• Innovative design of social organizing, Innovative design of social organizing, simple and transparent project simple and transparent project transactions transactions
• Ooranis are the cheapest and replicable Ooranis are the cheapest and replicable quickly through simple methodsquickly through simple methods
• Ooranis are the most preferred because Ooranis are the most preferred because they are reliable, assured and convenientthey are reliable, assured and convenient
• Ooranis reduce conflicts, drudgery and Ooranis reduce conflicts, drudgery and waste of time in waiting and fightingwaste of time in waiting and fighting
• Ooranis provide productive time / leisure Ooranis provide productive time / leisure time for villagerstime for villagers
IWMI, COLOMBO RESEARCH STUDY IWMI, COLOMBO RESEARCH STUDY RESULTSRESULTS
Tank System54%
Catchment46%
SOURCE OF SUPPLY FOR SOURCE OF SUPPLY FOR OORANISOORANIS
Parameters Standards Oorani water
Other sources
Turbidity (NTU) 5-10 98-472 0-10
pH 6.5-9.2 8.0-9.0 7.7-9.8
TDS (mg/l) 500-2000 <500 >2000
Chloride (mg/l) 200-1000 <100 >500
Iron (mg/l) 0.1-1.0 >1 <1
Faecal coliform (No./100ml)
Nil >300 0-200
QUALITY OF OORANI WATER AT QUALITY OF OORANI WATER AT SOURCESOURCE
Particulars Before AfterAvailability 16 71Taste feltgood
50 75
Diseases 10 7Frustration 49 24Quarrels 51 22Time spent 75 35
BENEFITS OF OORANI (in %)BENEFITS OF OORANI (in %)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Rainy season Summer Peak Summer Late
Month
% o
f H
ouse
hold
s
BeforeAfter
HOUSEHOLDS FETCHING WATER AT HOUSEHOLDS FETCHING WATER AT CONVENIENT TIMECONVENIENT TIME
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Rainy season Summer peak Summer late
% o
f H
ouse
hold
s
BeforeAfter
HOUSEHOLDS WALKING > 1 kmHOUSEHOLDS WALKING > 1 km
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Rainy season Summer Peak Summer late
% o
f H
ouse
hold
s
BeforeAfter
HOUSEHOLDS SPENDING > 1/2 HOUR PER HOUSEHOLDS SPENDING > 1/2 HOUR PER TRIP OF FETCHINGTRIP OF FETCHING
• Effective methods to reduce Effective methods to reduce turbidity at point of source and turbidity at point of source and point of consumption need to be point of consumption need to be developeddeveloped
• Bio sand filter at householdsBio sand filter at households• Modified vertical slow sand filter Modified vertical slow sand filter • Chemical treatment Chemical treatment
(Chlorination), SODIS method(Chlorination), SODIS method
IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED IN THE IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED IN THE PROJECTPROJECT
SAFE SAFE
DRINKING DRINKING
WATER AT WATER AT
HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD
BY BY
INTRODUCING INTRODUCING
BIO-SAND BIO-SAND
FILTERFILTER
GERM-FREE: A biosand filter placed in a house of one of the beneficiaries in S.Gopalapuram
near Tirumangalam in Madurai District , Tamil Nadu
BSF- integrated Oorani project
No of blocks-1
No of villages-3
No of projects-1
No of Ooranies-3
No of beneficiaries-nearly 4500 peoples
Principles of Wastewater Management
• Reduce– Volume and/or pollution load– Source separation
• Storm water, grey water and black water in a house• Cleaning wastewater and process wastewater in an
industry• Recycle
– Collect & use directly or after treatment– Different uses
• Flushing• Gardening• Washing• Groundwater recharge
– Optimizes the use of water usually at low cost• Treat
– Often expensive and complex– No incentive to implement
• Safe Disposal
PR
EF
ER
EN
CE
Septic Tanks• Simple and commonly used technology• Process - sedimentation & sludge stabilization• Liquid Retention time – 1 to 3 days• Sludge removal: Every 1-5 years• BOD Removal efficiency: 40-60%• For better effluent quality, increase number of
compartment or pass effluent through up flow filter
Scum Storage Zone
Digested Sludge Storage Zone
Sludge Digestion Zone
Sedimintation Zone
Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR) Wastewater flows upward through a series of sludge
blanket reactors
BOD & TSS removal up to 80%
Biogas Attached toilets Nepal has over 150,000 biogas plants out of
which about 100,000 are toilet attached Some institutional biogas plants treat
wastewater and solid waste Biogas attached public toilets
DEWATS plant –Settler –ABR-AF-PGF-Pond
DEWATS plant –Settler –ABR-AF-PGF-Pond
• Panaiyur-4 km Away from Madurai corporation limit
• Panaiyur Panchayat
• M.ANANDA -president of Panaiyur
• 23 kalanjiam SHGs -410 members
• Occupation: Weaving, agriculture, rice mill, merchants
• Open defecation is currently in practice
• existing community toilet for women
DISCRIPTION CALCULATED
Type of wastewater Domestic
WASTE WATER QUALITY
Black water 12000 liters
Peak flow 6-7hrs
WASTE WATER CHARACTERISTICS
pH 8.4 – 9.0
COD 3000 mg/l
BOD 1500 mg / l
Average Temperature 30 ° C
NEW COMMUNITY TOILET USAGE
USES 1313
NO OF SEATS 18
• CBS DEWATS-2 Units-Community Toilet, DEWATS
• Total project cost-14.95 lakh
• CBS unit-5.10 lakh
• DEWATS-9.85 lakh
• DRDA-GOVT contribution-49%
• People /Donor Contribution-51%
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) typically ranges from 10 to 20 mg/L for most municipal Wastewaters. Values below 100 mg/L pose no restriction to irrigation use.
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) typically ranges from
10 to 20 mg/L for most municipal wastewaters. Values below 100 mg/L pose no restriction to irrigation use.
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) typically ranges from 25 to 50 mg/L for most municipal wastewaters. Values below 150 mg/L pose no restriction to irrigation use
What Can We Do? 1. The existing water bodies should be desilted
and deepened
2. Planting trees along the tank bund and fore shore to prevent encroachments.
3. Desilting all the tanks, supply and surplus channels Approx.cost :28Cr (Capacity App 220 MCM)
4. Sand mining should be banned on the Vaigai riverbed.
5. Wherever possible check dams should be constructed to store water. This will help inaugmenting the ground water potential.Contd…
5. Ground water can be saved from
contamination by preventing mixing of
sewage in river water and in other water
bodies.
6. Encroachments on drains and supply
channels should be removed. Garbage
and waste should not be dumped in water
bodies.
What Can We Do?