Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other...

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Water, Humans, and Civilization

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Transcript of Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other...

Page 1: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Water, Humans, and Civilization

Page 2: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Must survive in low-oxygen environments

Could not eat other organisms for food

The First Organisms

Two energy sources: Light and Chemical reactions

Light: photoautotrophsChemical reactions: chemoautotrophs

Assemble complex carbon compounds from simple Carbon compounds (CO2) using external energy.

Page 3: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

The First Organisms

The First organisms: Chemoautotrophs (Fe and S)

microtubes in pillow lavascontaining residual carbon

Evidence:

Light: photoautotrophsChemical reactions: chemoautotrophs

Page 4: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Must survive in low-oxygen environments

Could not eat other organisms for food

The Early Organisms

Photosynthesizers: photoautotrophs

Blue-green algae/cyanobacteria

- Removal of carbon dioxide - production of oxygen

Earliest:

Main effects:

Page 5: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

The Early Organisms

Oldest macroscopic life: stromatolites

Cyanobacteriacolonies

sediments

Produced billions of tons of O2

Stromatolites Oxygen O2 combined with iron

No immediate increase in atmospheric O2

Page 6: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Colonization of land:

Ozone Layer

Screens harmful UV radiation

Ozone Function:

First land plants 480 mya

Page 7: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Primates ~30 million years ago

Pre-humans ~5-8 million years ago(hominids)

Homo sapiens ~200,000 years ago

Mammals ~65 million years ago

Skipping Ahead

Reptiles ~ 245 million years ago

Page 8: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Kingdom: Kingdom: Animalia Animalia

Phylum: Phylum: Chordata Chordata

Class: Class: Mammalia Mammalia

Order: Order: Primata Primata

Family: Family: HominidaeHominidae

Genus: Genus: HomoHomo

Species: Species: sapienssapiens

Human Taxonomy

distinct adaptations which may have led

to the development of the human species.

Hominids

Page 9: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Lucy

Age: 3.2 million years

Family: hominidae

Genus/Species: Australopithicus Afarensis

Innovation: Walking upright

“The earliest celebrity”

lead to further anatomical progression

Page 10: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Why Stand Up?

Page 11: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Postural Feeding Hypothesis

Thermoregulatory Model

Savanna Hypothesis

Hypotheses

Page 12: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Savanna Hypothesis

Uplift of the Himalayas altered the climate in Africa

Lowered rainfall reduced African vegetation

Distance between trees increased

Hominids forced to spend more time on the ground

Hominids developed the advantage of walking upright

Bipedalism lead to further anatomical progression

Page 13: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Lack of consensusPaucity of Evidence

Evolutionary Timeline

- 25,000 yrs

Page 14: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Scarcity of Fossil Evidence

Homo sapiens are the only species to develop civilizations

Page 15: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Water and the Development of Human Civilization

Page 16: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

the settlement of people upon an area continuously cultivated and possessed, who live in buildings continuously inhabited with a common rule and economy, a common city, citadel or temple and, in some cases, a military and the development of writing.

Civilization

PossessionHabitationEconomy

Citadel/TempleMilitaryWriting

Page 17: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

The first condition necessaryto the settling of humans.

Civilization

A trustworthy supply of water

Page 18: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

1. Sumer/Mesopotamia Tigris-Euphrates rivers

Egypt Nile river

Indus Valley Indus river

Earliest Civilizations and Water

Irrigation, cities, art, architecture, writing

Developments

Page 19: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Civilization: Before and After

Page 20: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Development

Paleolithic (old stone age)was the first period in the development of human technology of the Stone Age.

-2 million years

~12,000 years

Stone Tools

Homo habilis

Page 21: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Neolithic (new stone age)was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age

Domestication Pottery Weaving Hafted Axes

-12,000 -3500 years

Development

Cause of the change?

Page 22: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Agriculture

20,000 years ago

8,000 years ago

DevelopmentOf Agriculture(systematic/irrigated)

Development was slow and variable

Page 23: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Neolithic Revolution

food gatherers to food producers

Surplus Food

Specialized skillsDiverse abilities

CraftsmenTradersTechnicians

Why Then?

Page 24: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Climate and Water

Forced Adaptation

Homo sapiens

Page 25: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Retreat of the Ice

Gibraltar Spain

Africa

Turkey

Italy

Page 26: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

•Overpopulation of lands around the Mediterranean

•Overload of available resources

•Concentration of people into smaller areas

Consequences

depletion of plantsAnimal populations died back

•new survival strategiestill the earthPooled resourcesProtect/domesticate animals

Page 27: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Egypt and Mesopotamia

Neolithic Founder CropsWheatBarleyFlaxChick PeaLentil

Domesticated animals:cows, goats, sheep, and pigs

NileJordanTigrisEuphrates

Page 28: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

tool users

agriculture

iron age

industrial revolution

The Model T

Moon landing

2,000,000 yrs

8,500 yrs

3,000 yrs

61 years

Time Perspective

Page 29: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Vinyl 1926

Saran Wrap 1953

Velcro 1955

Plastic Garbage Bags 1968

Caller ID patented 1982

First soft drinks in all-aluminum cans 1964

Miscellaneous

Page 30: Water, Humans, and Civilization. Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food The First Organisms Two energy sources:

Life, Humans, Civilization, and Water

Next: What’s So Special About Water?


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