Water Footprint In Jordan

Water Footprint In Jordan

Dr Arwa Hamaideh

UJ-WEEC

Inception Workshop on Regional Soil Partnership and MENA Soil Information System

Amman – Jordan

1-5 April 2012

Water Footprint In Jordan Global footprint 1996-2005 was 9087Gm³

Mexico and Spain were the two countries with the largest national blue water savings as results of trade

The largest global water savings (53%) is due to trade in cereal crops, followed by oil crops (22%) and animal products (15%)

Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2011

Water Footprint In Jordan Some Facts

The Middle East countries hold up to 5% of the total world population

This is in relation to the meager 1% of the world total water resources that the Middle East region contends with

Water Footprint In Jordan This region is struggling to avail safe drinking water to its people

The region has been highlighted historically as water-depleted area as a result of its geographical position. Its close proximity to the equator creates a hot and arid climate. This results in a dry desert with lower levels of ground and surface water

Water Footprint In Jordan 10.7% Food price inflation in Egypt during 2010

25% Expected increase in SA water demand up to 2020

120 Deslaniation plants throughout UAE, Qatar, Bahrin, SA, Kuwait and Iran

14 cubic Km of water loss from Dead Sea in the past 30 years (1980-2010)

Water Footprint In Jordan Jordan’s renewable natural water resources are estimated to be in the magnitude of 780 MCM/year

Highly variable seasonal rainfall of 8.3 billion cubic

meters is the main source of water in Jordan

60% irrigated agriculture while contributing only 4% of the national income

Water Footprint In Jordan About 5% of the rainwater infiltrates into the ground and replenishes the aquifers while 3% is transformed into direct flood flow.

The largest share of over 90% of annual rainfall is lost to evapotranspiration.

Water Footprint In Jordan Jordan's municipal uses witnessed significant increase during the past decades. Influx of refugees due to political instability in the region

Water Footprint In Jordan Increased population estimated at 8 Millions in 2020 and urbanization in addition to rising incomes have brought about larger Municipal and Industrial demands for water.

Expansion in irrigated agriculture has transformed the demand for water. Irrigation water presently account for 62% of water consumed

Water Footprint In Jordan It is a chronic challenge to both scientists and policy

makers!

Government went to Mega project option:

• Disi 1billion US$ (fossil)

•Red-Dead Canal 10Billion US $ (850MCM)

Water Footprint In Jordan Water Demands MCM (2005-2020)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

MCM

Municipal 297 366.9 404.5 444.2 493.4

Touristic 5.5 10.1 16.2 19.9

Industrial 45 59.3 77.3 99.8 119.8

Irrigation 900 1,093.4 1,072.3 1,039.7 982.7

1998 2005 2010 2015 2020

Water Footprint In Jordan Water Supply 2005-2010

Water Footprint In Jordan Projected Supply and Deficit in Jordan

200

700

1200

1700

MCM

Population Mill. 5.72 6.47 7.26 8.05

Gr. Rate 2.8% 2.5% 2.3% 2.1%

Demands 1525 1564 1600 1615

Alocations 1029 1150 1233 1296

Deficit -496 -414 -367 -319

2005 2010 2015 2020

Deficit

Demands

Projected Supplies

Water Footprint In Jordan According to UNESCO-IHE - Water Footprint:

“The water footprint of a nation is the total use of household water the resources, minus the virtual water export flows, plus the virtual water import

flows”

Water Footprint In Jordan The total ‘water footprint’ of a nation is a useful indicator of a nation’s call on the global water resources

Water Footprint In Jordan The water footprint of a nation is related to dietary habits of people

High consumption of meat brings along a large water footprint.

Also the more food originates from irrigated land; the larger is the water footprint

Water Footprint In Jordan Nations in warm climate zones have relatively high water consumption for their domestic food production resulting in a larger water footprint.

At an individual level, it is useful to show the footprint as a function of food diet and consumption patterns.

Water Footprint In Jordan Food Imports in Jordan

(FAOSTAT) Rank Commodity Quantity (tonnes) Flag Value (1000 $) Flag Unit value ($/tonne)

1 Rice Milled 166161 172521 1038

2 Maize 522414 154246 295

3 Food Prep Nes 35040 134064 3826

4 Sugar Refined 214093 114787 536

5 Wheat 519313 109317 211

6 Cake of Soybeans 186970 106736 571

7 Barley 529283 90395 171

8 Meat-CattleBoneless(Beef&Veal) 29347 85492 2913

Rank Commodity Quantity (tonnes) Flag Value (1000 $) Flag Unit value ($/tonne)

1 Wheat 712899 * 119858 168

2 Barley 627109 100471 160

3 Palm oil 202235 89868 444

4 Sugar Refined 218337 77414 355

5 Food Prep Nes 20164 66745 3310

6 Maize 430182 66185 154

7 Rice Milled 130410 59126 453

8 Tobacco Products Nes 12138 58003 4779

Water Footprint In Jordan Top Exports

FAOSTA Rank Commodity Quantity (tonnes) Flag Value (1000 $) Flag Unit value ($/tonne)

1 Tomatoes 431713 169004 391

2 Cucumbers and gherkins 98688 69811 707

3 Food Prep Nes 21622 57386 2654

4 Beverage Non-Alc 104256 43231 415

5 Eggplants (aubergines) 83549 40335 483

6 Oil Hydrogenated 31213 37337 1196

7 Milk Skimmed Dry 6446 37303 5787

8 Chicken meat 21802 35223 1616

Rank Commodity Quantity (tonnes) Flag Value (1000 $) Flag Unit value ($/tonne)

1 Tomatoes 285169 105707 371

2 Oil Hydrogenated 120599 85242 707

3 Milk Skimmed Dry 13529 41113 3039

4 Cucumbers and gherkins 69646 37092 533

5 Cigarettes 8103 35552 4388

6 Beverage Non-Alc 66900 33570 502

7 Milk Whole Dried 6689 21935 3279

8 Fat Prep Nes 26761 18699 699

Water Footprint In Jordan Major Commodity Exporter

FAOSTA Rank Area Commodity Value (1000 $) Flag

1 United States of America Soybeans 16475900 2 Brazil Soybeans 11424300 3 Indonesia Palm oil 10367600 4 Netherlands Crude Materials 10362600 5 Malaysia Palm oil 9255990 6 United States of America Maize 9086410 7 Argentina Cake of Soybeans 8053030 8 EU(27)ex.int Bever. Dist.Alc 7932985 A

9 France Wine 7694180 10 EU(27)ex.int Wine 7473884 A

11 EU(27)ex.int Food Prep Nes 6085221 A

12 Brazil Sugar Raw Centrifugal 5978590 13 United Kingdom Bever. Dist.Alc 5909330 14 United States of America Wheat 5380050 15 Canada Wheat 5291980 16 Italy Wine 4843770 17 Brazil Chicken meat 4817760 18 United States of America Food Prep Nes 4753920 19 EU(27)ex.int Wheat 4615353 A

20 Brazil Cake of Soybeans 4592650

Water Footprint In Jordan Will the problem get Worse??

Is it a scientific breakthrough or a miracle that is awaited?

Canada could suffer big freezes and Autralia is sensitive to floods those are sources of our food??

Water Footprint In Jordan Food Consumption In Jordan (g/per/day)

FAOSTA data

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1990-92 1995-97

2000-02 2005-07

Water Footprint In Jordan There exists a sharp contrast between the imports and exports in this region. Essentially, there has been a significant rise in imports as compared to the exports.

In particular, wheat and other types of cereals have been identified to be the main types of food that are imported in the region.

Water Footprint In Jordan Between 2008-2009

wheat constituted a significant 22% of the total imports.

Barley on the other hand constituted 25% of the total imports in the region.

In addition, it is indicated that the region is also a major importer of vegetable oil and other oil meals.

Further, FAO (2009) indicates that these rates are expected to increase in future!!!!!

Water Footprint In Jordan Currently exports constitute around 34% of the total production. These are mainly destined for the European Union countries, apart from a few vegetables and fruits

food insecurity in the Middle East is further threatened by the implications of climate change Middle East are continuously struggling with prolonged droughts, increased intensity of rainfall and other implications associated with irregular weather patterns

Water Footprint In Jordan Other costs associated with imports by water:

increased dependency on main exporting countries

Local agriculture might be damaged

Exporting country might start interfering in internal affairs

Transport cost

Food Safety risks and genetic modified crops

Water Footprint In Jordan Indicators in Food Security:

food aid and the proportion

of cereals consumed

domestically are the

key indicators of foods security

national wealth is also an indicator that has been used to determine the status of food security across the globe

Water Footprint In Jordan Jordan and Palestine are considered to be the biggest beneficiaries of food aid in the MENA

Water Footprint In Jordan Cereals Imports countries are categorized in to three main classes: those whose imports make up less than 50% of the national cereal consumption (Syria &Iran) nations whose imports make up 51-84% of its domestic consumption (Yemen and Saudi Arabia) and finally

those whose imports constitute 85% of the domestic consumption…….Jordan

Water Footprint In Jordan Jordan imports an estimated 6 billion cubic meters of virtual water on an annual basis (Buchwald & Shuval, 2000)

The level of food prices in the Middle East in future is largely unknown

it is projected that the dependence on grain imports will possibly increase by 63% by 2030 and further worsen the food deficit being experienced in Middle East (FAO, 2009)

Water Footprint In Jordan 1 kg wheat 1000l water

1Kg Meat 5000-10000 l

If every human being adopted a Western style diet, 75 % more water would be needed

Is it time to behaviors change???????????

Water Footprint In Jordan Virtual Water content for selected products [m³/ton]

Zimmer D, and Renult, 2003

Beef 13 500

Poultry 4 100

Soybean 2 750

Eggs 2 700

Rice 1 400

Wheat 1 160

Milk 790

Water Footprint In Jordan Dyson (2006) argues that most governments are strategically working towards increasing food production

Emphasis on increasing the productivity of food with regard to yields and value of the food per unit of water and land

farmers in JV can be exposed to the modern water saving strategies, equipment, planning methods and high value crop patterns

Water Footprint In Jordan The Way forward

After realizing that it is incapable of producing sufficient food for its population because of harsh climatic conditions, Brunei government purchased huge chunks of land in Australia

part of the population in Saudi and Kuwait has assumed this trend and is scouring places in distant countries like Sudan

Water Footprint In Jordan The Way Forward

Local planning and regional coolaboration

Divertisification of crop replacement

It is sometimes not the question of affordability but more priority and independency (India&China)

Water Footprint In Jordan Creates awareness in water volumes impeded in products

It is also “green water footprint” which involve long term land-use aspects of water resources planning and management

Water Footprint In Jordan At regional context

Low cost transport is a key factor. Transport of real water is facing economical and physical constrains

The concept of “Virtual Water trade” allows deeper understanding of water use

Incorporating access to external water resources!

Water Footprint In Jordan Water foot print concept embrace the whole water management in a country or basin

It is a way towards practical policy

Or it might enhance peace and cooperation as appears as common policies

Water Footprint In Jordan Food security, environmental health and social equity can be enhanced by products trade (virtual water trade) Especially for countries having little choices …Jordan

Water Footprint In Jordan Food Security is highly POLITILIZED

“Hydropolitics”

Can show a path for sustainable future

Risky

Focus on agricultural practices

Water Footprint In Jordan pollution issues (as diluting wastewater for reuse),

Volumes of water used for traetment?

More studies must be done on national diets

Consumption patterns

Alternative policies?

Water Footprint In Jordan Slow Food (movement)

• Clean

•Good

•Fair

Water Footprint In Jordan

Water Footprint In Jordan

Thank You for your attention!

Black Iris –Jordan National Plant Karak