WATER DESALINATION - SAWEA desalintion.pdfwater desalination distillation aboard ships 2nd...

WATER DESALINATION

BY

MOHAMMAD AK. AL-SOFI

ARABIAN CONSULTING ENGINEERING CENTREPOST OFFICE BOX 3790, AL-KHOBAR 31952,

KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIAE-mail: [email protected] H20 Desalination

Nov. 21, 20051

WATER DESALINATION

Mankind’s knowledge did not stop at appreciating the secrets of water but merged in his endeavors to imitate what happens in nature. Late Professor (of Desalination) Robert Silver once said that, “Earth is the largest distillation unit”.

H20 DesalinationNov. 21, 20052

WATER DESALINATION

DISTILLATION ABOARDSHIPS 2ND MILLENNIUM B.C. ARISTOLS CITATION

1ST MILLENNIUM B.C.DOUBLE WALLED WATER

CAVERN 3RD MILLENNIUM B.C.

SEA WATER

SAND BASINFRESH WATER

AL-GHUMSAHAN ANCIENT SAMAWAR

3RD MILLENNIUM B.C.

4

2 3

5 6

A1

EARTHA1 = 2A 1

B1 = 0.5B

B A = APEX

B1


WATER DESALINATION

7 8 9

10 11 12

THE HOLLOW WAX BALL1ST MILLENNIUM A.D.

THE OLDEST ANCESTOR OFDAULL PRODUCTION OF HERIO1ST MILLENNIUM A.D.

PERFUM DISTILLATIONOF ARABIAN CIVILIZATION1ST MILLENNIUM A.D.

DESALINATION USINGDAMASQUAIN GLASS2ND MILLENNIUM A.D.

LEONARDO D’VINCI CITATION2ND MILLENNIUM A.D.

THE TALE OF DANIELDAVO2ND MILLENNIUM A.D.


WATER DESALINATION

Today the Arab World desalinates more water than all other parts of the globe combined. Saudi Arabia by itself represents about one-fourth of the total world’s capacity. Petroleum wealth has been the prime force behind this paramount growth in desalination capacity in more than one way. Oil booms have led to escalating rises in demand, the oil wealth provided capital funding for this growth and above all energy availability supported such high production rates of desalinated water. Some of the highest per capita desalination production rates are in Qatar and United Arab Emirates (UAE).


(a)

0.48

19.71

0

5

10

15

20

Norway Japan

%(b)

23.5

95.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Syria Egypt

%(c)

1.11

6.9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Iraq Saudi Arabia

Multiples

WATERRICHCOUNTRIES

COUNTRIESWITHSUSTAINABLEWATERRESOURCES

Consumption Divided by Renewable Water ResourcesNOTE: Surface water would also provide renewable electricity.

iii) TECHNOLOGY

THIRSTYNATIONTHIRSTYNATIONSWHAT TO DO?1. Allot, e.g.:

i) Managementii) Tariff Structure &iii) TECHNOLOGY

THIRSTYNATIONS

WATER DESALINATION


Desalination ProcessesAs known today: 1a-3a, or as could be thought of: 3b

WATER DESALINATION

Desalination processes can be divided into:1. Physical processes of phase change:

a. Solar distillation, stands half-way between nature & MSF.

b. Multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation

c. Multi-effect distillation(MED)

d. Vapor-compressiondistillation (VCD)

e. Pervapouration* f. Freezing

REHEAT

* A process of vaporization and vapour permeation.H20 Desalination

Nov. 21, 20057

WATER DESALINATION

Desalination Processes (Cont’d.)

2. Physical processes of ionic change:

a. Reverse Osmosis (RO)

b. Electrodialysis(ED)

c. Inoexchange d. Hydration

e. Electromagnetic f. Chelation

3. Processes of chemical change:

a. Precipitation b. Bio-Desalination


WATER DESALINATIONPerformance of MED/TVC is Highly Influenced by Scale

Formation



WATER DESALINATION

Salient Features of MEDHigh heat transfer rate (thin film boiling and condensation).

Maximum temperature operation 65 °C to limit scale formation.

Higher frequency of acid cleaning. Tube configuration is not suitable for sponge ball cleaning.

Higher Gain output (GOR)*a

MED GOR = N-1MSF GOR = N/2

Low power consumption* (2 kWh/m3)a

Small to medium capacity size plants* in MIGD range of:

* These numbers are based on:a) Different steam grade than that required by MSF thus: GOR & Power Consumption

are fictitious references, as they are used by many; yet the use of PR will give more realistic references.

b) Unit capacities of over three are achieved by duplicate(s) of parallel ejectors and distillation stages.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6b 8b7

WATER DESALINATION


WATER DESALINATION

TABLE AMembrane Area Per Unit Volume(Ft2 membrane per Ft3 module)


TUBULAR~ 100

SPIRAL WOUND~ 300

HOLLOW FIBER~ 5000

WATER DESALINATION


WATER DESALINATION

U o

UBi Ui

UBo

Ui

uo

Ni

Nano Filtration80% No

15%NRUBi

95%100%

5%


WATER DESALINATION

Features of New MSF Plants

Very high production per unit size.High performance ratio.Optimized heat exchange surfaces.Optimized design parameters.Reduced loses.Reasonable construction time.


WATER DESALINATION

MSF Costs and Unit Capacity

0.4 0.350.25 0.25

0.100.10

15.0

13.5

11.0

9.0

6.0

7.0

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004

Cost in SR/kl ($/kgal)

0.00

1.80

3.60

5.40

7.20

9.00

10.80

12.60

14.40

16.20

18.00

Treatment Cost Installation Cost Production Cost Unit Capacities, MIGD

UD

U

D

Unit Capacity in MIGDInstallation Cost - SR/L($/gal)


WATER DESALINATION

MSF Number of Stages, GOR & Descaling Frequencies

21

42

63

50

40

10

54

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 20040

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

OL TC Frequency in hr/wk SD TC Frequency/Decade Gain Output Ratio "GOR" Number of Stages

U D


WATER DESALINATION

Developments in Materials Selection


Large thickness to compensate for corrosion

Carbon steel

Increase in weight & thickness

Shell & Internals

1960-1980

Tubes

1960-1980 Aluminum brass

Corrosion problem

High

Maintenance

costCopper-Nickel alloys

Titanium

Thin thickness of metals

Stainless steel & Duplex stainless steel “Lining or solid”

Reduction in weight and size

After 1980

More cost effective

WATER DESALINATION

ExhaustGases<150°C

Gas Cycle

Power Output

~1100˚C

Compressor

CombustionChamber

Fuel in

Air in

Gas Turbine

RO Reject

FiltrationReverse

NFBD

Osmosis Nano

~600˚C

Steam TurbineSteam Cycle

Heat Recovery Steam Generator

Power Output~500˚C

Seawater RejectSeawater Supply

Recycle Brine

Product Water

Heat Recovery Section Heat Rejection Section

Blowdown

BrineHeater

>120˚C

<115˚C


WATER DESALINATION

RO Reject

FiltrationReverse

NFBD

Osmosis Nano

ExhaustGases<150°C

Gas Cycle

Power Output

~1100˚C

Compressor

CombustionChamber

Fuel in

Air in

Gas Turbine

~600˚C

STG (BP)Steam CycleBack Pressure

Heat Recovery Steam Generator

Power Output~500˚C

Seawater RejectSeawater Supply

Recycle Brine

Product Water

Heat Recovery Section Heat Rejection Section

Blowdown

BrineHeater

>120˚C

<115˚C


WATER DESALINATION

SCALE FORMING CONSTITUENTS OF SEA WATER

Ca ++, SO 42-

Calcium Carbonate

MagnesiumHydroxide

Calcium Sulfate

Ca ++, Mg ++, HCO 3-

Alkaline Scale " Soft " Non-AlkalineScale " Hard "

Ca ++, Mg ++, HCO 3-, SO 4

2-

Typical Composition of Gulf Sea Water

Cations ppm

Sodium 13630Potassium 437Calcium 481Magnesium 1608Traces of ions Copper, Boron, Strontium

Anions

Chloride 24040Sulfate 3200Bicarbonate 128Bromide 76Traces of Fluoride & Silicon

Total dissolved salts = 44000


WATER DESALINATION

FeedTank

FeedTank

SWSWIntakeIntake CFCF

Fine SandFine Sandmediamedia

PumpPump

NF RejectNF Reject

SWRO UnitSWRO Unit

ProductProductNF UnitNF Unit

B.BB.B

H.RJH.RJ4 HRC 4 HRC

StagesStages

Brine Brine HeaterHeater

SW from MSF Rejection SectionSW from MSF Rejection Section

SWSW

DD

HPHPPumpPump

BoosterBoosterPumpPump

PermeatePermeate

SWRO UnitSWRO Unit

Reject to MSFReject to MSF

A/AA/A

B.RB.R

MSF UnitMSF Unit

Schematic Flow Diagram of NF, SWRO and MSF Pilot Plants Used to Schematic Flow Diagram of NF, SWRO and MSF Pilot Plants Used to Evaluate Evaluate DiDi or Tri or Tri Seawater Desalination HybridsSeawater Desalination Hybrids


WATER DESALINATION

45,460

21,587

16,438

28,260

39489

1,527

3,100

7,500

174029<2

220

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

TDS Cl- TotalHardness

SO4-- Mg++ Ca++ HCO3-0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Seawater

NF Filtrate

24%%

38% 92%98%97% 99.9% 56

Ionic Hardness

Hard

ness

Con

cent

rati

on (

Hard

ness

Con

cent

rati

on ( p

pmppm

))

Ions

Con

cent

rati

on (

Ions

Con

cent

rati

on ( p

pmppm

))Effect of New NF Pretreatment Process on Removal of Hardness IoEffect of New NF Pretreatment Process on Removal of Hardness Ions and TDS at Umm ns and TDS at Umm

LujjLujj NFNF--SWRO UnitSWRO Unit


WATER DESALINATION

481

1608

3200

12852 143 2302496

253414

42

Ca++Mg++

SO4HCO3

SeawaterNF Prod.SWRO Rej.

Ion

Conc

entr

atio

n (

Ion

Conc

entr

atio

n ( p

pmppm

))Operation of SWRO Unit on NF Product Produces High Quality SWRO Operation of SWRO Unit on NF Product Produces High Quality SWRO Permeates Permeates Void of Hardness Ions and SWRO Reject Containing Very Low HardneVoid of Hardness Ions and SWRO Reject Containing Very Low Hardness Ionsss Ions


WATER DESALINATION


Seawater

CASE 1

CONTROL

136 m3/hCartridge Filter

To Train200

2nd StageHP Pump

65 bar360 m3/h

108 m3/h

CF

HP Pump

2nd Stage RO85% Conversion

1st Stage RO30% Conversion

91.8 m3/h

720 m3/h

25 bar360m3/hNF

Pumps

234 m3/h

Brine Outfall

SWRO HP Pump 64 bar

98 m3/h

a.SWRO

b. NF-SWRO

65% ConversionNF Section

SW PumpFilter ForwardPump

Gravity Filter Filtered Water Sump Pressure FilterIntake Sump Clear Well

To Train100

30 bar

720 m3/h

SWRO 58 % Conversion

CASE 2 New Tech

Umm Umm LujjLujj SWRO Plant Flow Diagram a. SWRO Arrangement as Built in 1986 (TSWRO Plant Flow Diagram a. SWRO Arrangement as Built in 1986 (Train 200, Control) b. NFrain 200, Control) b. NF--SWRO Arrangement as SWRO Arrangement as Converted to NFConverted to NF--SWRO System Sept. 2000 (Train 100, New Tech.)SWRO System Sept. 2000 (Train 100, New Tech.)

WATER DESALINATIONA Photo of the Final NFA Photo of the Final NF--SWRO Plant with NF Section in Front and SWRO Section in the BSWRO Plant with NF Section in Front and SWRO Section in the Backack


WATER DESALINATION


Calculated Energy Consumption for the Convention at Calculated Energy Consumption for the Convention at UmmlujjUmmlujj SWRO SWRO Process as Built in 1986 and for the Various Conversion Cases ofProcess as Built in 1986 and for the Various Conversion Cases of NFNF--SWROSWRO

Case 2: Train 100 (NF-SWRO) Using Existing Pretreatment, Case 3 : Conversion of Two Trains to Full SWRO HP pump Capacity (360 m3/h) with Introduction of Additional Pretreatment, Case 4 : Same as Case 3 with Two Stage Operation of each of NF and SWRO and

Energy Recovery Turbocharger in between.

0123456789

10

Control Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

KW

h/m

3

9.55

7.346.191

2.21

4.81

Calculated Energy (KWh/m3)

Train 100

4.741

3.36

Train 200

Saving in Energy (KWh/m3)


WATER DESALINATION

3.23

2.08

1.66

0.97 1.15

1.57

2.26

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Control Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

Unit Water Production Cost in SR/m3

SR/m

3

Saving (SR/m3)

Train 200

Train 100

Case 2: Train 100 (NF-SWRO) Using Existing Pretreatment, Case 3 : Conversion of Two Trains to Full SWRO HP pump Capacity (360 m3/h) with Introduction of Additional Pretreatment, Case 4 : Same as Case 3 with Two Stage Operation of each of NF and SWRO and Energy

Recovery Turbocharger in between.

Cost (without interest) of Added Water Production(SR/m3)Cost (without interest) of Added Water Production(SR/m3)

WATER DESALINATION

Commercialization of Suggested and Innovative Schemes

1. Unconventional High Temperature MSF (HTF), see Figure 182. Solar Energy Utilization, especially through Solar Ponds.3. Utilization of Other Renewable Resources, such as: Wind and Wave Energy.4. Electrically Induced Separation.5. Ion Exchange (IED). 6. Hydration, see Figure 19.

Figure 18 Figure 19


WATER DESALINATION

Commercialization of Suggested and Innovative Schemes (Cont’d.)

7. Chemical Reaction, Salt Precipitation, see Figure 20.

8. Biodesalination, Anion/Cation Bacterial (oxi-re), see Figure 21.

Figure 20 Figure 21H20 Desalination

Nov. 21, 200533

Commercialization of Suggested and Innovative Schemes (Cont’d.)

Figure 22 Figure 23

9. Freezing.10.Nuclear Energy Utilization, see Figure 22.11.Combined Membrane Processes of Dylitic,

Osmotic & Ion Exchange(ED, RO, IX), see Figure 23.

WATER DESALINATION


WATER DESALINATION


WATER DESALINATION


Thank You

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