Water Cycle Water Cycle and Groundwaterand Groundwater

Water Cycle Water Cycle and Groundwaterand Groundwater

Water can be all 3 states of matter – solid, liquid, gasWater can be all 3 states of matter – solid, liquid, gas

Percentages of water on Earth:Percentages of water on Earth:

75% of earth is covered with water, of that:75% of earth is covered with water, of that: ~97.2% salt water~97.2% salt water ~2% frozen in glaciers~2% frozen in glaciers ~0.6% deep underground~0.6% deep underground ~0.2% surface water~0.2% surface water ~0.01%  in atmosphere~0.01%  in atmosphere

  Water in ground water is 50 times more than all the Water in ground water is 50 times more than all the lakes and rivers combined!lakes and rivers combined!

Water is the Universal Water is the Universal Solvent;Solvent;

IT CAN DISSOLVE ANYTHINGIT CAN DISSOLVE ANYTHINGIt is a It is a polar polar

moleculemolecule;;A molecule whose A molecule whose

atoms have a atoms have a slight negative and slight negative and positive electric positive electric chargecharge

Water CycleWater Cycle

Hydrosphere:Hydrosphere: the the sphere of water sphere of water that surrounds the that surrounds the earth, including the earth, including the water in the water in the atmosphere, atmosphere, groundwater, groundwater, running water, running water, lakes, oceans and lakes, oceans and glaciers.glaciers.

Water CycleWater Cycle

-movement -movement of water of water from one from one part of the part of the hydrospherhydrosphere to e to another.another.

Water CycleWater CycleEvaporationEvaporation: heat from the sun causes : heat from the sun causes water to change into a gas called water water to change into a gas called water vapor; energy is absorbed BY THE WATER , vapor; energy is absorbed BY THE WATER , evaporation is a COOLING process (area evaporation is a COOLING process (area evaporated from cools)evaporated from cools)

TranspirationTranspiration: process where water moves : process where water moves up through a plant, eventually exiting up through a plant, eventually exiting through tiny holes in the leavesthrough tiny holes in the leaves(Evapotranspiration: combination of (Evapotranspiration: combination of evaporation and transpiration) evaporation and transpiration)

(Sublimation - conversion from solid to gas, (Sublimation - conversion from solid to gas, w/o liquid stage; process of snow and ice w/o liquid stage; process of snow and ice changing water vapor w/o first melting into changing water vapor w/o first melting into water) water)

Condensation:Condensation: water vapor changing into liquid water vapor changing into liquid in the atmosphere to form clouds; energy is in the atmosphere to form clouds; energy is released BY THE WATER, condensation is a released BY THE WATER, condensation is a WARMING process, area condensed onto WARMING process, area condensed onto warms.warms.

(Deposition - opposite of sublimation; where water vapor (Deposition - opposite of sublimation; where water vapor changes directly into ice—such a snowflakes and frost)changes directly into ice—such a snowflakes and frost)

Precipitation: Precipitation: condensed water falling to the condensed water falling to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

RunoffRunoff: water that neither soaks into the ground : water that neither soaks into the ground nor evaporates, but instead flows across Earth’s nor evaporates, but instead flows across Earth’s surface and eventually into streams, lakes, or surface and eventually into streams, lakes, or oceans.oceans.

Water CycleWater Cycle

Where does water go?Where does water go?

Ground waterGround water - water that soaks into - water that soaks into the ground and collects in the pore the ground and collects in the pore spaces between particles of rock and soilspaces between particles of rock and soil

Water budgetWater budget: income and spending of water : income and spending of water for a region. (expected income vs. for a region. (expected income vs. expenditures)expenditures)

Extra moistureExtra moisture is stored in the soil – stored is stored in the soil – stored between the grains between the grains

RechargeRecharge = continued rainfall – soil = continued rainfall – soil becomes saturated, water table rises becomes saturated, water table rises SurplusSurplus = rainfall is greater than the need = rainfall is greater than the need and soil water storage is fulland soil water storage is full

Too little moistureToo little moisture - time of soil ‘ - time of soil ‘usageusage’’ DeficitDeficit = need for moisture is greater than = need for moisture is greater than thethe rainfall and the soil water storage is gone.rainfall and the soil water storage is gone.

Ground WaterGround Water

PorosityPorosity: the : the percentage of a percentage of a material’s volume material’s volume that is pore space, that is pore space, how much water that how much water that rock or soil can holdrock or soil can hold

PermeablePermeable: describes : describes rock or soil that has rock or soil that has connecting pores that connecting pores that allow water to pass allow water to pass through easilythrough easily

Ground WaterGround Water

Ground WaterGround Water

Ground WaterGround Water

Capillary: Capillary: rate at which water is pulled rate at which water is pulled upward from the water table into pore upward from the water table into pore spaces by spaces by capillary actioncapillary action (the larger (the larger the pore space the poorer the pore space the poorer thethe capillary capillary action)action)

ImpermeableImpermeable: rock or soil that has very : rock or soil that has very small pores, preventing water from small pores, preventing water from passing through (aquitard)passing through (aquitard)

Ground WaterGround Water

AquiferAquifer: layer of permeable rock that has : layer of permeable rock that has connecting pores and transmits water freelyconnecting pores and transmits water freely

Ground WaterGround Water

Ground WaterGround WaterZone of AerationZone of Aeration: area where the pores : area where the pores

are filled with air, usually near the are filled with air, usually near the ground surfaceground surface

Water TableWater Table: top of the zone of : top of the zone of saturationsaturation

Zone of SaturationZone of Saturation: area where all the : area where all the pores in a rock are completely filled with pores in a rock are completely filled with water, usually below the ground surfacewater, usually below the ground surface

Ground WaterGround Water

Artesian WellArtesian Well: well in which water : well in which water under natural pressure rises to the under natural pressure rises to the surface without being pumpedsurface without being pumped

SpringSpring: point at : point at which that which that water table water table meets Earth’s meets Earth’s surface, causing surface, causing water to flow water to flow from the ground from the ground

Ground WaterGround Water

Hot springHot spring

spring of warm groundwater, caused spring of warm groundwater, caused when the water is heated by rocks that when the water is heated by rocks that contact magma under Earth’s surfacecontact magma under Earth’s surface

Hot springsHot springs

GeyserGeyser: hot spring of : hot spring of

groundwater groundwater that erupts that erupts periodically, periodically, shooting water shooting water and steam into and steam into the airthe air

  

GeyserGeyser

CaveCave

large underground opening formed when large underground opening formed when groundwater gradually dissolves rockgroundwater gradually dissolves rock

Karst TopographyKarst Topography

regions regions characterizcharacterized by ed by sinkholes, sinkholes, sinkhole sinkhole ponds, lost ponds, lost rivers and rivers and undergroununderground drainage.d drainage.

Karst Karst TopographyTopography

Karst TopographyKarst Topography

Sink HolesSink Holes (within Karst Topography)(within Karst Topography)

ContaminantContaminant

• A substance that is either present in A substance that is either present in an environment where it does not an environment where it does not belong or is present at levels that belong or is present at levels that might cause harmful effects to might cause harmful effects to humans or the environment humans or the environment

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http://www.geoanalysis.com/groundwater_modeling_3Dviz.htm

• Point Source Pollutions Point Source Pollutions – Originating – Originating from a single , identifiable source, such from a single , identifiable source, such as a discharge pipe from a factory or a as a discharge pipe from a factory or a sewage plant.sewage plant.

• Non-Point Source Pollution-Non-Point Source Pollution- A  A contributory factor to water pollution contributory factor to water pollution that cannot be traced to a specific spot; that cannot be traced to a specific spot; for example: pollution that results from for example: pollution that results from water runoff from urban areas, water runoff from urban areas, construction sites, and agricultural construction sites, and agricultural operations. operations.

• VOCVOC- Volatile Organic Compounds- Volatile Organic Compounds 

HowHow

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FacesFaces

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See?See?