Water-Bourne Diseases Dengue and Malaria

8/7/2019 Water-Bourne Diseases Dengue and Malaria

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Divij SoodPrankul VijKanika Tomar

Shivangi Vashishth


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Indexy Diseases produced by Watery Malaria

y Signs and Symptomsy Preventiony Malaria today y Treatment

y Denguey Signs and Symptomsy Preventiony Treatment


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Disea se s Pro duced by W ate rDiseases produced in water can be :-y Transmitted by watery Based on Watery With home vector in watery Due to water shortage

In this presentation, we will be concentrating ondiseases with home vector in water.


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Wi th h om e vect or i n wate rThey are diseases carried by vectors that

breed in usually polluted waters, likeMalaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever, Filariasis.

In this Presentation we will be concentratingon Malaria and Dengue .


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M ala riaMalaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by

a eukaryotic protist of the genus Plasmodium. It iswidespread in tropical and subtropical regions,including parts of the Americas (22 countries), Asia,and Africa. Each year, there are more than 250 millioncases of malaria, killing between one and three millionpeople, the majority of whom are young children in

sub-Saharan Africa. Ninety percent of malaria-relateddeaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria iscommonly associated with poverty, and can indeed bea cause of poverty and a major hindrance to economicdevelopment.

Plasmodium falciparum ring-forms and gametocytes in human

blood.


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M ala riaMalaria is naturally transmitted by the bite of a

female An opheles mosquito. When a mosquito

bites an infected person, a small amount of bloodis taken, which contains malaria parasites. Thesedevelop within the mosquito, and about one weeklater, when the mosquito takes its next blood meal,

the parasites are injected with the mosquito'ssaliva into the person being bitten.

Anopheles Mosquito


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M ala riaAfter a period of between two weeks and

several months (occasionally years) spent inthe liver, the malaria parasites start tomultiply within red blood cells, causingsymptoms that include fever, and headache.

In severe cases the disease worsens leadingto hallucinations, coma, and death.


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S ign s and Symp t omsSymptoms of malaria include fever, shivering, arthralgia

(joint pain), vomiting, anemia (caused by hemolysis),

hemoglobinuria, retinal damage, and convulsions. Theclassic symptom of malaria is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever andsweating lasting four to six hours, occurring every twodays


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S ign s and Symp t omsMalaria has been found to cause cognitive impairments,

especially in children. It causes widespread anemia

during a period of rapid brain development and alsodirect brain damage. This neurologic damage resultsfrom cerebral malaria to which children are morevulnerable. Cerebral malaria is associated with retinalwhitening, which may be a useful clinical sign indistinguishing malaria from other causes of fever.


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Pre vent ionMethods used in order to prevent the spread of disease,

or to protect individuals in areas where malaria isendemic, include prophylactic drugs, mosquitoeradication, and the prevention of mosquito bites. Thecontinued existence of malaria in an area requires acombination of high human population density, highmosquito population density, and high rates of

transmission from humans to mosquitoes and frommosquitoes to humans. If any of these is loweredsufficiently, the parasite will sooner or later disappearfrom that area


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Pre vent ionMethods of prevention:Prophylactic drugs: Several drugs used for the treatment

of Malaria can be taken preventively. The choice of drug depends on which drug the parasites in the areaare resistant to, side effects, etc.

Vector control: Vector control programs have completely

eliminated Malaria from some places such as the USA and Southern Europe.


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Pre vent ionMethods of prevention:Indoor Residual Spraying: Indoor residual spraying (IRS)

is the practice of spraying insecticides on the interiorwalls of homes in malaria affected areas.Mosquito nets and bedclothes: Mosquito nets help keep

mosquitoes away from people and greatly reduce the

infection and transmission of malaria. The nets are nota perfect barrier and they are often treated with aninsecticide


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Pre vent ionMethods of prevention:Vaccination: Immunity (or, more accurately, tolerance)

does occur naturally, but only in response to repeatedinfection with multiple strains of malaria. Vaccines formalaria are under development, with no completely effective vaccine yet available


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M ala ria Toda yToday, over 100 years after the work of the pioneering

malariologists who uncovered the causes of the

disease, malaria is responsible for 300-500 millioncases worldwide every year, of which 0.5 2.5 millionare fatal. The majority of these deaths are of childrenunder five years old, and it is estimated that a childdies of malaria every 30 seconds (WHO, 2004). Mostof these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa where themost virulent species of human malaria, Plasmodiumfalciparum, is endemic.


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M ala ria Toda yThe disease is also widespread in South Asia, Central

and South America, and the Western Pacific. The

mortality from malaria is less in these areas than inAfrica, but morbidity is high leading to considerablesocial and economic costs

It is easy to observe the correlation between the disease

and poverty. In 1995 the gross domestic product (GDP)of malarious countries was more than 5 times less thanthat of non-malarious areas (Gallup and Sachs, 2001).


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Treat m entThe treatment of malaria depends on the severity of the

disease. Uncomplicated malaria is treated with oral

drugs. Whether patients who can take oral drugs haveto be admitted depends on the assessment and theexperience of the clinician. Severe malaria requires theparenteral administration of antimalarial drugs. Thetraditional treatment for severe malaria has beenquinine but there is evidence that the artemisinins arealso superior for the treatment of severe malaria


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Den gueDengue fever and d enguehemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute

febrile diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, which occur in thetropics, can be life-threatening, andare caused by four closely relatedvirus serotypes of the genus F lavivirus , family Flaviviridae. It is also known as b reak b one fever , sinceit can be extremely painful.


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Den gueUnlike malaria, dengue is just as prevalent in the urban

districts of its range as in rural areas. Each serotype is

sufficiently different that there is no cross-protectionand epidemics caused by multiple serotypes(hyperendemicity) can occur. Dengue is transmitted tohumans by the A edes mosquito. The mosquitoes thatspread dengue usually bite at dusk and dawn but may bite at any time during the day, especially indoors, inshady areas, or when the weather is cloudy.

Aedes Mosquito


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S ign s and Symp t oms


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Symp t oms of D en gue He morr ha gic

Fe ve r


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Pre vent ionThere is no tested and approved vaccine for the dengue

flavivirus. There are many ongoing vaccinedevelopment programs. Among them is the PediatricDengue Vaccine Initiative set up in 2003 with the aimof accelerating the development and introduction of dengue vaccine(s) that are affordable and accessible topoor children in endemic countries. Because exposure

to one of dengue's four serotypes provides noimmunity against infection by the other types, andmay make the patient susceptible to more severedisease symptoms, testing vaccines must be performedcarefully.

Once a MonthClear Blockages and put BTI

insecticide in roof guttersAdd sand granular or BTI

insecticide where stagnant water isunavoidable


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Treat m entThe mainstay of treatment is timely supportive therapy

to tackle circulatory shock due to hemoconcentrationand bleeding. Close monitoring of vital signs in thecritical period (up to 2 days after defervescence - thedeparture or subsiding of a fever) is critical. Oralrehydration therapy is recommended to preventdehydration in moderate to severe cases. A platelet

transfusion may be indicated if the platelet level dropssignificantly (below 20,000) or if there is significantbleeding. The presence of melena may indicateinternal gastrointestinal bleeding requiring plateletand/or red blood cell transfusion.


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S ou rce sy www.culleton.orgy www.ajtmh.orgy www.cdc.gov y www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov y www.wikipedia.orgy www.britsincacncun.comy wwwnc.cdc.gov y S herris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.)

Water-Bourne Diseases Dengue and Malaria

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