Water and solutions

• Water– Polarity• Oxygen holds more electrons making it have a negative

charge- hydrogen sides has a positive charge• Polar compund- uneven distribution of charge

– Solubility (like dissolves like)• Water dissolves other polar molecules• Water does not dissolve nonpolar molecules

• Hydrogen Bonding– Hydrogen bond- electrostatic bond that exists

between water molecules– Constantly breaking and reforming– Gives water unique properties

• Cohesion- attractive force that holds water molecules together

• Adhesion- attractive force between water molecules and other substances

• Temperature moderation– Specific heat- ability to absorb a lot of heat

energy without changing temperature–Water has a very high specific heat because

of hydrogen bonding

• Density of Ice– Water is unique in that the solid state (ice) is less

dense than liquid form– This occurs because water molecules form a

crystal lattice structure when they freeze

Water and solutions

• Solutions– Solution- mixture in which one or more

substances are uniformly distributed in another substance• Solute- substance dissolved in the solution• Solvent- substance in which the solute is

dissolved

• Concentration- amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solvent– Saturated- no more solute can dissolve

• Aqueous solution- water is the solvent

• Acids and bases– Ionization of water

• Acid- number of hydronium ions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions

• Base- number of hydroxide ions is greater than the number of hydronium ions

• pH scale