Water and Sanitation in Africa: Status, Challenges and ...
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WATER AND SANITATION IN AFRICA: TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Ousman Gajigo African Development Bank
Transcript of Water and Sanitation in Africa: Status, Challenges and ...
WATER AND SANITATION
IN AFRICA: TRENDS,
CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES
Ousman Gajigo
African Development Bank
• Discuss Trends in Access to Improved Water and Sanitation in Africa.
• Macroeconomic and other socio-economic correlates.
• Implications for PPPs in Water and Sanitation Sector in Africa – Some evidence on the region’s
experience to date.
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
ACCESS TO IMPROVED
WATER SOURCES
55
83 81 88 90
82
58
86 85 89
93 87
61
88 90 89 94
91 %
Acc
ess
to
Imp
rove
d W
ate
r S
ou
rce
2000 2005 2010
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ACCESS TO
IMPROVED WATER SOURCE
• Significant differences in access between urban and rural areas.
• Significant difference in the kinds of improved water sources available.
RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENCE
URBAN-RURAL DIFFERENCE
43%
16%
40%
7%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Urban Areas Rural Areas
Households with Access to Piped Water into Residence/Yard/Plot
1990-2000
2000-2010
19%
49%
21%
49%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Urban Areas Rural Areas
Households using Wells, Boreholes, Hand-pumps, Rainwater
1990-2000
2000-2010
Somalia
Ethiopia
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Madagascar
Mozambique
Niger
Mauritania
Chad
Angola
Tanzania
Sierra Leone
Nigeria
Sudan
Kenya
Zambia
Togo
MaliGuinea-Bissau
Rwanda
Central African Republic
Congo, Rep.
SwazilandUganda
Burundi
Senegal
Liberia
Guinea
Benin
Cameroon
Lesotho
Burkina FasoCote d'Ivoire
Zimbabwe
Algeria
Malawi
Morocco
Ghana
Gabon
Cape Verde
Djibouti
Sao Tome and Principe
Gambia
South Africa
Namibia
Comoros
Botswana
EgyptMauritius02
04
06
0
Urb
an
-rura
l p
erc
en
tag
e p
oin
t d
iffe
ren
ce
in
acce
ss to im
pro
ved
wate
r so
urc
e in 2
01
0
20 40 60 80 100% access to improved water source in 2010
URBAN-RURAL INEQUALITY IN ACCESS
TO IMPROVE WATER SOURCES
Comoros
Central African Republic
Gabon
Guinea-Bissau
Togo
Madagascar
Burundi
Liberia
Niger
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Guinea
Benin
Gambia
Cameroon
Kenya
SenegalMalawi
Djibouti
Seychelles
Swaziland
Mauritania
Algeria
South Africa
Mali
Congo, Rep.
Burkina Faso
Namibia
Lesotho
BotswanaZambia
Egypt
Ghana
MauritiusTunisiaMorocco
Uganda
Nigeria
Tanzania
SudanRwanda
Chad
Sao Tome and PrincipeMozambique
Sierra Leone
Cape Verde
Ethiopia
Angola
-10
12
3
% g
row
th in a
cce
ss to im
pro
ve
d w
ate
r so
urc
es 2
00
0-2
01
0
0 2 4 6 8% real gdp per capita growth 2000-2010
LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN GDP GROWTH
AND ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Liberia Sierra Leone
Djibouti
Burundi
Zambia
Congo, Rep.
Angola
MadagascarCameroon
Comoros
NigerKenya
Gabon
Central African RepublicSouth Africa
Guinea-Bissau
Ethiopia
Algeria
Chad
Tanzania
GambiaNigeria
Cote d'Ivoire
Togo
Guinea
Senegal
Mauritania
Morocco
Namibia
Swaziland
Rwanda
Benin
Mali
Ghana
Lesotho
Malawi
Egypt
Sudan
Burkina Faso
Mozambique
Botswana
Cape Verde
Uganda
Mauritius
Eritrea
-20
24
6
% g
row
th in a
cce
ss to im
pro
ve
d w
ate
r so
urc
es 2
00
0-2
01
0
-10 -5 0 5 10% real gdp per capita growth 1990-1999
LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN GDP GROWTH
AND ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
• High Population Growth
• Possible lack of inclusiveness in the recent GDP growth in Africa. – Largely Commodity price-driven GDP
Growth.
POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR LACK
OF CORRELATION WITH GDP GROWTH
POPULATION GROWTH AND ACCESS
TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
Total Population Growth and Access
Urban Population Growth and Access
Mauritius
ZimbabweMorocco
Lesotho
South Africa
Swaziland
Somalia
Algeria
Sao Tome and Principe
Egypt
Sierra Leone
Cape Verde
Botswana
Rwanda
Burundi
Guinea-BissauCentral African Republic
MalawiCote d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Cameroon
Nigeria
Namibia
GhanaGabon
ZambiaSudanTogo
Comoros
Congo, Rep.
EthiopiaMozambique
Senegal
Mauritania
Kenya
Mali
Tanzania
Burkina Faso
Guinea
Gambia
Congo, Dem. Rep.Madagascar
Angola
BeninLiberia
Chad
Uganda
Niger
20
40
60
80
100
% a
ccess to
im
pro
ved
wate
r sou
rce 2
010
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5% population growth 1990-2010
Mauritius
Swaziland
ZimbabweMorocco
Egypt
South AfricaDjibouti
Central African RepublicGuinea-Bissau
Algeria
Cape Verde
Zambia
Botswana
Gabon
Comoros
Mauritania
GuineaCongo, Rep.Senegal
Sao Tome and Principe
Cote d'Ivoire
Namibia
Somalia
Ethiopia
Kenya
CameroonBenin
Nigeria
Niger
Lesotho
Madagascar
Ghana
Togo
Uganda
SudanSierra Leone
Liberia
Tanzania
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Gambia
Chad
Mozambique
Angola
Mali
Burundi
Malawi
Burkina Faso
Rwanda
20
40
60
80
100
% a
ccess to
im
pro
ved
wate
r sou
rce 2
010
0 2 4 6 8% urban population growth 2000-2010
ACCESS TO IMPROVED
SANITATION FACILITIES
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ACCESS TO
IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
28
56
29
82 75
53
29
60
34
87 77
62
31
62
38
89 79
69
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
% W
ith
Acc
ess
to
Imp
rove
d S
anit
atio
n
Faci
liti
es
2000 2005 2010
RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENCE IN ACCESS
TO SANITATION
Access to Flush Toilets Access to Traditional Latrines
25%
1%
26%
3%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Urban Rural
1990-2000
2000-2010 50%
43% 47% 45%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Urban Rural
1990-2000
2000-2010
LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN
GDP GROWTH AND ACCESS TO
IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
Access to Sanitation and GDP Growth in the Same Decade
Access to Sanitation and GDP Growth in Preceding Decade
Comoros
Central African Republic
Gabon
Guinea-Bissau
Togo
Madagascar
Burundi
Liberia
Niger
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Guinea
Benin
Gambia
Cameroon
KenyaSenegalMalawi
Djibouti
Swaziland
Mauritania
AlgeriaSouth Africa
Mali
Libya
Congo, Rep.
Burkina Faso
Namibia
Lesotho
Botswana
Zambia
Egypt
Ghana
Mauritius
TunisiaMoroccoUganda
Nigeria
Tanzania
Sudan
Rwanda
ChadSao Tome and PrincipeMozambique
Sierra Leone
Cape Verde
Ethiopia
Angola
-50
51
0
% g
row
th in a
cce
ss to im
pro
ve
d s
an
itatio
n 2
000
-20
10
0 2 4 6 8% real gdp per capita growth 2000-2010
Sierra Leone
Djibouti
BurundiZambia
Congo, Rep.
Angola
Madagascar
Cameroon
ComorosNiger
Kenya
Gabon
Central African Republic
South Africa
Guinea-Bissau
Ethiopia
Algeria
Chad
TanzaniaGambia
Nigeria
Cote d'Ivoire
Togo
GuineaSenegal
Mauritania
MoroccoNamibia
Swaziland
Rwanda
Benin
Mali
Ghana
LesothoMalawiEgypt
Sudan
Burkina Faso
MozambiqueTunisiaBotswana
Cape Verde
Uganda
Mauritius
Eritrea
-10
-50
51
01
5
% g
row
th in a
cce
ss to im
pro
ve
d s
an
itatio
n 2
000
-20
10
-5 0 5 10% real gdp per capita growth 1990-1999
POPULATION GROWTH, URBANIZATION
AND SANITATION ACCESS
Sanitation Access and Population Growth
Sanitation Access and Urban Population Growth
Mauritius
Zimbabwe
Morocco
Lesotho
South Africa
Swaziland
Somalia
Algeria
Sao Tome and Principe
Sierra Leone
Egypt
Cape Verde
Libya
Botswana
Burundi
Guinea-Bissau
Rwanda
Central African Republic
MalawiDjibouti
Cote d'Ivoire
Cameroon
NamibiaNigeria
Ghana
Gabon
Zambia
Sudan
Togo
Comoros
Congo, Rep.Ethiopia
Mauritania
Mozambique
Senegal
Kenya
Mali
Tanzania
Burkina FasoGuinea
Gambia
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Madagascar
Angola
Benin
Liberia
Chad
Uganda
Niger
02
04
06
08
01
00
% a
ccess to
im
pro
ved
sa
nita
tion
facilitie
s in
201
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5% population growth 1990-2010
Mauritius
Swaziland
SeychellesEgyptTunisiaLibya
Zambia
Morocco
Central African Republic
Zimbabwe
Guinea-Bissau
Djibouti
South Africa
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Algeria
Mauritania
Senegal
Comoros
Cape Verde
Congo, Rep.
Cote d'Ivoire
Sao Tome and PrincipeGabonKenya
Botswana
EthiopiaGuineaLiberia
Niger
Namibia
Uganda
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Nigeria
Benin
Ghana
Cameroon
Madagascar
Togo
Chad
Tanzania
Sudan
Lesotho
Burundi
Mali
Gambia
Malawi
Angola
Mozambique
Burkina FasoRwanda
20
40
60
80
100
% a
ccess to
im
pro
ved
sa
nita
tion
facilitie
s in
urb
an a
reas in
20
10
0 2 4 6 8% Urban population growth 1990-2010
GROWTH IN URBAN AREAS AND GROWTH
IN ACCESS
Mauritius
Swaziland
Zimbabwe
TunisiaMorocco
Seychelles
South AfricaEgypt
Central African Republic
Djibouti
Guinea-Bissau
LibyaAlgeria
Cape Verde
Zambia
Gabon
Botswana
Comoros
Mauritania
Guinea
Senegal
Sao Tome and Principe
Congo, Rep.
Equatorial Guinea
Cote d'Ivoire
Somalia
Namibia
Ethiopia
Kenya
Cameroon
Benin
Nigeria
Niger
Madagascar
Ghana
Lesotho
Uganda
Togo
Sierra Leone
Sudan
Liberia
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Tanzania
Gambia
Chad
Mozambique
Angola
Mali
Malawi
Eritrea
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Rwanda
-10
12
3
% g
row
th a
ccess to
im
pro
ve
d s
an
ita
tio
n fa
cili
tie
s in u
rba
n a
rea
s 2
00
0-2
01
0
0 2 4 6 8% urban population growth 2000-2010
SomaliaEthiopiaCongo, Dem. Rep.
MadagascarMozambique
Niger
Mauritania
Chad
Angola
TanzaniaSierra Leone
Nigeria
Sudan
Kenya
Togo
Zambia
MaliGuinea-Bissau
Rwanda
Central African Republic
Congo, Rep.
Swaziland
Burundi
Uganda
Senegal
LiberiaGuinea
Benin
Cameroon
Lesotho
Burkina Faso
Zimbabwe
Cote d'Ivoire
Algeria
Malawi
Morocco
Ghana
Gabon
Cape Verde
Djibouti
Gambia
Sao Tome and Principe
South Africa
NamibiaComoros
Botswana
Mauritius
Egypt
Average
Average
02
04
06
08
01
00
% a
ccess to
im
pro
ved
sa
nita
tion
201
0
20 40 60 80 100% access to improved water source 2010
WATER AND SANITATION
High Correlation between the two Sectors.
Access to Sanitation lagging behind Access to Improved Water.
High Correlation between income and Access Rates.
• Service/management contract
–Relatively common in WSS in Africa.
– Can lead to Improvements in quality of services.
– Increase in access not guaranteed.
• Lease/Concession
–Less common in Africa in WSS in Africa
– Can lead to Improvements in quality of services.
– Increase in access likely.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PPPS IN THE
WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR
TYPES OF PPP ARRANGEMENT AND
ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
64 68
82 85
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2005 2010 2005 2010
Service/Management Contracts Concessions
%
% Access to Improved Water Source
TYPES OF PPP ARRANGEMENT AND ACCESS TO
IMPROVED WATER SOURCES
32 33
44 46
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2005 2010 2005 2010
Service/Management Contracts Concessions
%
% Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities
CHALLENGES FOR PPP:
IMPLICATIONS FOR MDG TARGETS
-Countries with favorable investment climate already have high access rates. Limited Capacity for countries with low access rates. High rate of cancellations in previous PPPs.
BotswanaSouth AfricaMauritius
NamibiaGhana
Cape Verde
Gabon
Lesotho
Nigeria
Zambia
Cameroon
Tanzania
Benin
Uganda
Mozambique
Mali
Kenya
Angola
Congo, Rep.
Senegal
Swaziland
Chad
Liberia
Central African Republic
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Sudan
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Togo
Equatorial Guinea
Sierra Leone
GuineaGuinea-Bissau
Zimbabwe
Gambia
Rwanda
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritania
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Cote d'Ivoire
Niger
01
02
03
04
05
0
Doin
g B
usin
ess R
ankin
g 2
01
1
3 4 5 6 7Country Risk Rating 2011 (the lower the better)
THANK YOU
