Wastewater

Municipal and Domestic

Wastewater Treatment

TheThe Largest Biotechnology Largest Biotechnology Industry in the World …Industry in the World …

……and the least understood?and the least understood?

Veolia Water N° 1 worldwide for water services; revenue of €12.5 billion for 2008; providing drinking water and wastewater treatment services to more than 139 million people around the world; 93,433 employees; Permanent operations in 64 countries; Managing close to 4,400 contracts around the world.

•62,000 employees serving •68 million people worldwide with drinking water •44 million people for wastewater services •46 million people for waste collection service •Revenues of $18.4 billion in 2007 •An R&D budget of $95 million for water research

Wastewater is the biggest waste by volume Wastewater is the biggest waste by volume in New Zealand. Approximately 1.5 billion in New Zealand. Approximately 1.5 billion litres of domestic wastewater is discharged litres of domestic wastewater is discharged into the environment daily. into the environment daily.

Wastewater in Auckland:

Watercare wastewater from about 800,000 people wastewater from about 800,000 people industrial customers equivalent of 370,000 people. industrial customers equivalent of 370,000 people. 290,000 cubic metres of wastewater each day.290,000 cubic metres of wastewater each day.

North Shore City WTP serves 199,000 peopleNorth Shore City WTP serves 199,000 people

Other plants in Pukekoe,Waiuku, Beachlands, Kumeu, Other plants in Pukekoe,Waiuku, Beachlands, Kumeu, Orewa, Warkworth, Helensville, Waiheke Cleavdon, Orewa, Warkworth, Helensville, Waiheke Cleavdon,

on site treatment all rural propertieson site treatment all rural properties

What is wastewater? (aka Sewage)

Water (99%)Water (99%) OrganicsOrganics NutrientsNutrients Toxic materialsToxic materials Infectious agentsInfectious agents Plus??Plus??

http://www.earthwise.dep.state.pa.us/content/knowledgedocs/pdf/WastewaterCompositionComparisons.pdf

Faecal coliform Bacteria (MPN/100ml x106)50 60 100

Copper (mg/l) 0.14 0.17 0.21Chromium 0.003 0.01 0.016Cadmium 0.04 0.08 0.16Nickel 0.01 0.06 0.11Lead 0.05 0.1 0.2Zinc 0.19 0.29 0.38

Henry and Heinke 1989 Environmental science and engineering, Prentice Hall p416

Waste product for treatment and disposal?

or

Resource to recover and use?

Discussion

What should waste treatment achieve?What should waste treatment achieve? What are the microbiological processes that What are the microbiological processes that

can be coopted?can be coopted? Control strategies to optimise the microbial Control strategies to optimise the microbial

function.function.

Wastewater treatment

What should waste What should waste treatment achieve?treatment achieve?

Recover Materials and Recover Materials and EnergyEnergy

Remove or Reduce Remove or Reduce Environmental and Human Environmental and Human Health Risk Health Risk

Priorities for reduce or Priorities for reduce or removeremove

Safely Dispose of ResidueSafely Dispose of Residue

Wastewater treatment

Faecal coliform Bacteria (MPN/100ml x106)50 60 100


What are the microbiological processes that can be coopted?

Biodegradation - Biodegradation - BioconversionBioconversion Removal/separation Removal/separation

– flocculation – flocculation attachment to attachment to surfacessurfaces

Inactivation, lysis Inactivation, lysis Faecal coliform Bacteria (MPN/100ml x106)50 60 100


Microbial Processes and Influences Biodegradation

biomass + energy+ residual Biodegradation requires degrading organisms and supporting assemblage

(enzymes and cofactors) Amenable contaminant - physical and chemical state contact between MO and contaminant environment - Temp, pH, Oxygen, Nutrients limiting substances, ionic strength. relative proportions of components

BioconversionBioconversion Removal Removal InactivationInactivation

Microbial Processes and Influences

BiodegradationBiodegradation BioconversionBioconversion

Incomplete biodegradationIncomplete biodegradation degrading organisms and supporting assemblage

• (enzymes and cofactors) Amenable contaminant - physical and chemical state contact between MO and contaminant environment - Temp, pH, Oxygen, Nutrients limiting substances, ionic strength. relative proportions of components

Removal Removal InactivationInactivation

Microbial Processes and Influences

BiodegradationBiodegradation BioconversionBioconversion

Removal Removal adsorption, attachment, incorporation and adsorption, attachment, incorporation and

deposition or separation (specific or non-deposition or separation (specific or non-specific)specific)

InactivationInactivation Degradation, starvation, stress, Degradation, starvation, stress,

Biological wastewater treatment and processes directed at biological components Eg Eg Activated sludgeActivated sludge Fixed growth reactorFixed growth reactor Suspended media reactorSuspended media reactor Aerated ditchAerated ditch Oxidation pondOxidation pond Constructed wetlandConstructed wetland Anaerobic digestionAnaerobic digestion

Eg disinfectionEg disinfection Oxidation pondsOxidation ponds

Typical treatment train

Settlement

Biological treatment

Clarification

Disinfection

Discharge

Inflow

Remove solids and fats

Reduce carbon and nutrients

Remove biological solids

Reduce pathogens

Mangere Wastewater Treatment Plant current

Screening Earth Filter

clarification

Activated sludge

Sludge

Primary Settling

CH4 gas Anaerobic Digester

DewateringLandfillEffluent

Discharge

Disinfection: Anthracite filter and UV

odor

Mangere Wastewater treatment plant:

Activated sludge Reactors/Clarifier

Activated sludge Reactors/Clarifier Objective:

Reduce solids, BOD, COD, Nitrogen, fats and oils in liquid flow

Mechanism: Enhancement of microbial activity to induce floc

formation and settlement and remove contaminants to sludge

biodegradation POC+ DOC+N Biomass

Sorption of other contaminant eg metals, HC Stirring and aeration

Microbiological players bacteria community dominated by facultative

organotrophic bacteria. eg Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium Achromobacter,

Micrococcus, Bacillus, Acinetobacter Filementous bacteria eg Nocardia, Zooglea, Thiothrix,

Nostocoida, Microthrix, Sphearotilus yeasts and moulds to a lesser extent Protozoa, rotifers. worms

Extracellular polymer linkers forming flocs of settlable Extracellular polymer linkers forming flocs of settlable densitydensity

Sludge treatment – biogas production

Nitrogen removal

Why remove nitrogen?Why remove nitrogen? Where does nitrogen come from?Where does nitrogen come from? What is the form of nitrogen in wastewater?What is the form of nitrogen in wastewater?

Classical N cycle

Ahn Y-H. Process Biochem 42 2006 p 1709 - 1721

Nitrogen removal N = approx 12% of cell mass N mostly removed -through cell removal Nitrification - chemoautotrophic bacteria

Slow growing 10 + days sludge age NH4

+ + 2O2 NO3- + 2H+ +H2O

Nitrosomonas, Arthrobacter, ? 3NH4

+ + 3O2 2NO2- + 4H+ +2H2O

Nitrobacter, Arthrobacter? 2NO2

- + O2 2NO3-

Denitrification – eg Pseudomonads, Thiobacillus denitrificans

C6H12O6 + 4NO3- 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2N2

NO3- NO2 - NO N2O N2

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)


Anammox

Anammox "anaerobic ammonium oxidation". Anammox "anaerobic ammonium oxidation". The anammox reaction is :The anammox reaction is :

NH4+ + NO2- = N2 + 2H2O + energyNH4+ + NO2- = N2 + 2H2O + energy This reaction is carried out by a group of This reaction is carried out by a group of

planctomycete bacteria. Two of those have been planctomycete bacteria. Two of those have been named provisionally: named provisionally: CandidatusCandidatus "Brocadia "Brocadia anammoxidans" and anammoxidans" and CandidatusCandidatus "Kuenenia "Kuenenia stuttgartiensis". stuttgartiensis".

http://www.anammox.com/research.http://www.anammox.com/research.

Nitrite reductase

Hydrizine hydrolase

Hydrazine dehydrogenase

http://www.anammox.com/anammox_mechanism.html

Last updated: March 9, 2004

Anommox Applicationhttp://www.anammox.com/application.html

wastewater streams high in ammonium (>0.2 g/l) and low wastewater streams high in ammonium (>0.2 g/l) and low in organic carbon (C:N ratio lower than 0.15). The two in organic carbon (C:N ratio lower than 0.15). The two processes proceed as follows:processes proceed as follows:

partial nitrificationpartial nitrification

2NH2NH44++ + 1.5O + 1.5O22=NH=NH44

++ + NO + NO22-- + H + H22O + 2HO + 2H++

anammoxanammox

NHNH44++ + NO + NO22

--=N=N22 + 2H + 2H22O O totaltotal

2NH2NH44++ + 1.5O + 1.5O22=N=N22 + 3H + 3H22O + 2HO + 2H++

Requires: 50% less oxygen. May reduce operational costs by Requires: 50% less oxygen. May reduce operational costs by 90%, 90%,

decrease in COdecrease in CO22 emissions of more than 100% emissions of more than 100%

Nitrosomonas aerobic denitrification


Overall Nitrogen web


What happens to Nitrogen at Mangere WTP

Assignment:Mangere Complex adds NZ$1b to Auckland City Economy. The just completed upgrade of the Mangere Materials Complex adds the final The just completed upgrade of the Mangere Materials Complex adds the final

process to allow complete recovery of the materials from what was once process to allow complete recovery of the materials from what was once called wastewater. The wastewater also called sewage was collected at the called wastewater. The wastewater also called sewage was collected at the plant and partly treated before being tipped into the Manukau harbour. The plant and partly treated before being tipped into the Manukau harbour. The cost of this treatment both in $ terms and in environmental cost was in excess cost of this treatment both in $ terms and in environmental cost was in excess on $50 m in 2010. Recovery of the resources that was once waste and the on $50 m in 2010. Recovery of the resources that was once waste and the industries linked to them are now worth over $1 b. industries linked to them are now worth over $1 b.

The most notable successes have been….The most notable successes have been….

NZ Herald May 12 2025NZ Herald May 12 2025

Assignment:Assignment: the to do.. Complete the next 10 paragraphs of the

Newspaper Article (5%) plus 2 page document in point form that

provides more information and some ideas on the approach to reclamation of resources (with references) (10%)

Due date: Monday May 31st Submit to SRC by 4 pm Value 15% of final mark

Field Visit : Wednesday 19 May Mangere Wastewater treatment plant Mangere Wastewater treatment plant Leave outside SBS at 11.00 am sharp Leave outside SBS at 11.00 am sharp Closed in shoes – no Sandals or JandalsClosed in shoes – no Sandals or Jandals Objectives Objectives

To understand the treatment processTo understand the treatment process To identify the strengths and weaknesses of the process and the To identify the strengths and weaknesses of the process and the

main constraints on treatment and disposal of wastemain constraints on treatment and disposal of waste Identify the pressures on the process to perform effectivelyIdentify the pressures on the process to perform effectively Identify areas where there is opportunity for improvement or Identify areas where there is opportunity for improvement or

benefit.benefit.

Own Transport?Own Transport?

Older reviews:Older reviews: Ahn Y-H Sustainable nitrogen elimination biotechnologies: A Review. Ahn Y-H Sustainable nitrogen elimination biotechnologies: A Review. Process Biochemistry 41, 2006, 1709 - 1721Process Biochemistry 41, 2006, 1709 - 1721 Mendoza-Espinosa, Leopoldo Stephenson, Tom. A review of biological aerated filters (BAFs) for wastewater Mendoza-Espinosa, Leopoldo Stephenson, Tom. A review of biological aerated filters (BAFs) for wastewater

treatment treatment Environmental Engineering Science. 16(3). 1999. 201-216.Environmental Engineering Science. 16(3). 1999. 201-216. Stratful, I.; Brett, S. Scrimshaw, M. B.; Lester, J. N.. Biological phosphorus removal, its role in phosphorus recycling Stratful, I.; Brett, S. Scrimshaw, M. B.; Lester, J. N.. Biological phosphorus removal, its role in phosphorus recycling

Environmental Technology. 20(7). July, 1999. 681-695.Environmental Technology. 20(7). July, 1999. 681-695. Grady, C. P. L., Jr. Filipe, C. D. M. . Ecological engineering of bioreactors for wastewater treatment Grady, C. P. L., Jr. Filipe, C. D. M. . Ecological engineering of bioreactors for wastewater treatment Water, Air, & Water, Air, &

Soil Pollution. 123(1-4). October, 2000. 117-132Soil Pollution. 123(1-4). October, 2000. 117-132 de-Bashan, Luz E.; Bashan, Yoav Recent advances in removing phosphorus from wastewater and its future use as de-Bashan, Luz E.; Bashan, Yoav Recent advances in removing phosphorus from wastewater and its future use as

fertilizer (1997-2003) fertilizer (1997-2003) Water Research. 38(19). November 2004. 4222-4246.Water Research. 38(19). November 2004. 4222-4246. Mallick, Nirupama. Biotechnological potential of immobilized algae for wastewater N, P and metal removal: A Mallick, Nirupama. Biotechnological potential of immobilized algae for wastewater N, P and metal removal: A

review. review. BioMetals. 15(4). December 2002. 377-390.BioMetals. 15(4). December 2002. 377-390. Low, Euan W.; Chase, Howard A.. Reducing production of excess biomass during wastewater treatment Low, Euan W.; Chase, Howard A.. Reducing production of excess biomass during wastewater treatment Water Water

Research. 33(5). April, 1999. 1119-1132.Research. 33(5). April, 1999. 1119-1132. Aksu, Zumriye. Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: A review Aksu, Zumriye. Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: A review Process Biochemistry. Process Biochemistry.

40(3-4). March 2005. 997-1026.40(3-4). March 2005. 997-1026. Lazarova, V. ; Savoye, P. Janex, M. L.; Blatchley, E. R., III Pommepuy, M. [Author]. Advanced wastewater Lazarova, V. ; Savoye, P. Janex, M. L.; Blatchley, E. R., III Pommepuy, M. [Author]. Advanced wastewater

disinfection technologies: State of the art and perspectives disinfection technologies: State of the art and perspectives Water Science & Technology. 40(4-5). Aug.-Sept., 1999. Water Science & Technology. 40(4-5). Aug.-Sept., 1999. 203-213.203-213.

Chuichulcherm, S.. An integrated system for the bioremediation of wastewater containing xenobiotics and toxic Chuichulcherm, S.. An integrated system for the bioremediation of wastewater containing xenobiotics and toxic metals metals Engineering in Life Sciences. 4(4). August 2004. 354-357.Engineering in Life Sciences. 4(4). August 2004. 354-357.

Books that contain helpful sections ( not on close reserve)Books that contain helpful sections ( not on close reserve) Fry et al : 1992 Microbial control of pollution: Society for General Microbiology. Fry et al : 1992 Microbial control of pollution: Society for General Microbiology. Gray NF 2004 :Biology of Gray NF 2004 :Biology of wastewaterwastewater treatment 2nd ed. Imperial College Press, London. treatment 2nd ed. Imperial College Press, London. Gerardi M and Zimmerman M :2004 Wastewater Pathogens: Electronic reproduction Somerset, New Jersey : Wiley Gerardi M and Zimmerman M :2004 Wastewater Pathogens: Electronic reproduction Somerset, New Jersey : Wiley

InterScience, [electronic resource] InterScience, [electronic resource]

Suggested Reading Ekama George A [a]; Wentzel Mark C [a]. Difficulties and developments in

biological nutrient removal technology and modelling. Water Science & Technology. 39(6). March, 1999. 1-11. ( try via science direct)

Fuerhacker M; Bauer H; Ellinger R; Sree U; Schmid H; Zibuschka F; Puxbaum H. Approach for a novel control strategy for simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in activated sludge reactors. Water Research. 34(9). June, 2000. 2499-2506

Strous Marc; Van Gerven Eric; Zheng Ping; Kuenen J Gijs; Jetten Mike S M [a]. Ammonium removal from concentrated waste streams with the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process in different reactor configurations. Water Research. 31(8). 1997. 1955-1962

Krumins Valdis; Hummerick Mary; Levine Lanfang; Strayer Richard; Adams Jennifer L; Bauer Jan. Effect of hydraulic retention time on inorganic nutrient recovery and biodegradable organics removal in a biofilm reactor treating plant biomass leachate. Bioresource Technology 85. December, 2002. 243-248.

Wastewater

Technology

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