WashingtonWashington(Federalist)(Federalist)

Favored by northerners (Fed.)John Adams-Vice-pres.

DomesticDomestic

Judiciary Act of 1789Set up system of courts13 fed. Cts.-1/state3 circuit cts + Supreme Ct.John Jay-1st chief justice, + 5 associate

justices

DomesticDomestic

Formation of cabinetSec. of State-T. Jefferson (foreign policy)Treasury-A. HamiltonWar-Henry KnoxAttorney General-Edmund Randolph

DomesticDomestic

Hamilton debt planStrong central govt. neededWanted commercial/industrial econ.-

impose high tariffs on imports (protect American goods)

Supports large army and navy

DomesticDomestic

Debt PlanPay foreign debt and interest in fullFed. Govt. assumes (assumption) state debts

(states like Va. Had paid off most of their debt)Good debt-est. creditImpose excise taxes (on whiskey) and tariffs

(tax on imported goods)Create natl. bank and natl. currencyCompromise: relocation of the capitol-to Foggy

Bottom/City of Washington

DomesticDomestic

National Bank-Bank of the U.S.Hamilton argued a broader view of

the Constitution (“necessary and proper” clause)

To regulate state banksTake in money from goodsNatl. currencyChartered by federal govt, but

privately owned (private investors)-federal govt. was a shareholder)

DomesticDomestic

Bondswanted to pay war bonds back at full value Many were concerned bonds wouldn’t get paid

back-new nation, struggling economyJefferson worried about all the cons benefiting (if

they were honored), cons who purchased bonds from those who sold them because they were unaware they might be honored

Hamilton-said had to honor and pay back bonds or no one would buy in the future-Hamil. wins on the issue

DomesticDomestic

Opponent to Hamilton’s Plan: Jefferson-(led anti-federalists), concerned it only benefited the rich, at the expense of the indebted farmers, states’ rights

New capital-to pass Hamilton’s plan on debt and get Southern vote through, agreed to capital between Maryland & Va.

DomesticDomestic

Whiskey RebellionTax-reminded individuals of British taxes-

no, passed here in Philadelphia (law of the land, you have to pay them)

12,000 troops sent in by Wash. & Hamil. To suppress it-show of force

ForeignForeign

Policy of neutralityBrit. & France at war-U.S. too weak and

too dependent on trade w/ Brit. (90% of imports)

Avoid “entangling alliances” that might lead to overseas wars

ForeignForeign

Ohio ValleyBrit. Forts there, providing arms/ammun. to

Indians to resist Amer. ExpansionU.S. sent troops inLittle Turtle-1791-Indians defeated a small

U.S. force (about 600 men)Battle of Fallen Timbers-1794-fed. Troops

defeated Indians, giving U.S. Ohio & made NW Territory open to settlement (Treaty of Greenville)

ForeignForeign

Jay’s TreatyBrit. Tested neutrality by

seizing Amer. Ships who were trading w/ French colonies

John Jay went to London to negotiate

Brit. Gave up forts, but restrictions on ships held and prewar debts had to be repaid to Brit.

ForeignForeign

Pinckney’s Treaty (Thomas Pinckney)

Negotiated w/ Spanish who controlled Miss. R. & New Orleans

Guaranteed free shipping rights and set boundary for Spanish FL.-31st parallel

Encourages westward movement

Washington’s FarewellWashington’s Farewell

Opted to step down after 2 terms1796, warned Americans:

-not to get involved in European affairs-against making “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs-not to form political

parties-to avoid sectionalism

AdamsAdams(Federalist)(Federalist)

Favored by northernersVice-pres.-Jefferson (runner-up in election-

changed in 1804 under 12th amendment)

DomesticDomestic

“Father of the Navy”Expanded army and authorized a small

navyTo pay, imposed unpopular taxes on

stamps & land

DomesticDomestic

Alien & Sedition ActsAlien Act-authorized Pres. To arrest &

deport immig. Who criticized fed. Govt.(many immigrants were Dem. Rep.)

Sedition Act-made it a crime for citizens to publicly discredit the fed. Govt.; faced jail time 6 mo.-5 yrs. And fine up to $5000

Keep the Democratic Republicans (led by Jefferson) from saying and writing bad things about the Federalists

DomesticDomestic

Va. & Ky. ResolutionsStates were Democ. Rep. statesWritten by Jefferson & Madison Declared Sedition Act unconstitutional (no judicial

review as of yet)States had the right to nullify fed. Govt. acts when

they overstepped their boundsCrisis fades after Federalists lose power and new

party looks to repeal or allow acts to expire; judicial review is est.

DomesticDomestic

Election of 1800Suspended expansion of army (new taxes

were unpopular)-near end of his term

ForeignForeign

XYZ Affair Jay’s Treaty offended the French-betrayal 1796-French began seizing Amer. Merchant ships Adams tried to negotiate peace (3 Amer. Officials sent

over-Pinckney, Marshall, Gerry) 3 French officials, X,Y,Z, demanded humiliating terms, incl.

250,000 in bribes (not uncommon of the time, but high for a promise to negotiate)

Adams broke off negotiations Insult roused sentiments vs. France 1800-sent new delegates to France to seek peace

JeffersonJefferson(Jeffersonian Republican or (Jeffersonian Republican or Democratic Republican)Democratic Republican)

Favored by Southerners/farmersVirginia Statute for religious

freedom (1785)-sep. of church and state (“no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry”)

Declaration of Ind.VA. And KY. Resolutions

DomesticDomestic

Election of 1800-Revolution of 1800 Grievances vs. Federalists: taxation to support an unneeded

army, Alien and Sedition Acts (vs. civil liberties), fears of “monarchism”, hostilities towards Hamilton’s economic programs, suppression of Whiskey Rebellion, Jay’s Treaty and peace with France in 1800

Jefferson (DR), Burr (DR), Adams (F), Pinckney (F) b/c pres. Through H. of Reps. Vote as there was no clear

distinction in electoral votes (Jefferson vs. Adams) Peaceful transfer of power from 1 party to another Burr serves as VP under Jefferson for 1st term, dropped for

Jefferson’s second term (George Clinton) Story of Burr: Burr vs. Hamilton duel, Hamilton dies (political rivalry)

DomesticDomestic

Encouraged Congress to abandon Alien & Sedition Acts and taxes on stamps, land & alcohol

Jefferson=no debt; Hamilton=use debt/good debt (est. credit)

Reduced taxes, cut debt from 80 to 57 million (made cuts to army, navy, stream- lined bureaucracy, revenue from imports w/ growth in trade, revenue from sale of federal lands)

Lower national debt & keep low taxes

DomesticDomestic

Marshall Ct.-Chief Justice nominated under Adams (Judiciary Act 1801 passed under Adams-16 circuit cts with a new justice for each, Marshall to chief justice and Federalists to all new positions + 42 justices of the peace for D.C….to ensure Federalist control)

Judicial reviewFederal laws superior to state lawsBroadly interpreted Constit. To find implied powers for Natl. govt. (vs. strict interpretation-literal translation)“sanctity of contracts”-limited power of st. govts. To

interfere w/ business

DomesticDomestic

Marbury v. Madison Adams (outgoing) appointed Marbury (Fed.) as S.C. justice-

midnight appointment for justice in D.C. Incoming Sec. of State Madison refused to deliver official

papers of appt.-Marbury sued Marshall ruled in favor of Madison: declared the part of the

Judiciary Act of 1789 that ordered the S.C. to make an official perform a certain duty unconstitutional-S.C. could not order Madison to deliver the commission/papers (writs of mandamus could be issued by S.C.-Marshall ruled this exceeded the authority allotted to the S.C. and thereby, was null & void)

Judicial Review-we accept the S.C. reviewing constitutionality of federal laws today b/c of Marshall

DomesticDomestic

Pop. Doubling every 25 yrs.-need more landWanted to expand to Pacific-thought conquering

Spain’s LA. Territory would be easy-Spain was distracted by wars in Europe, but then Bonaparte (France) takes over the territory-1800

DomesticDomestic

LA. Purchase James Monroe & Robert Livingston (minister to Fr.)

approached Napoleon about the territory-he was receptive; Napoleon’s foreign minister Talleyrand offers whole LA. Territory

Lack of French $ and $ needed to fight the British, struggling with control and diseases, France agrees to sell the land (Treaty of Cession)

Nearly doubles the size and doubles the debt-pd 15 million

Jefferson had for a long time argued on minimal fed. Govt.-that the Constit. Didn’t allow fed. Govt. to buy land from a foreign country-allowed it here

DomesticDomestic

Lewis & Clark Expedition Jefferson sent them out, Corps of Discovery commissioned

1803, leave 1804 from St. Louis along Missouri Meriwether Lewis (U.S. Army Captain, hunter, outdoorsman,

aide to Jefferson), William Clark (U.S. Army, Bureau of Indian Affairs); with York, Seaman

Goals: explore, map territory, establish trade/sovereinty over Natives

Guided by Sacagawea and her husband, Charbonneau (delivers son Pomp, aka Jean Baptiste)-after Fort Mandan

Brought back 2 bear cubs, kept in S. lawn for Jefferson (plants, animals, maps)

Lewis-governor of LA. Territory; suicide (Jefferson) or murder (family)? (shot)…outside of a tavern near Nashville

ForeignForeign

Trade problemsSeizing shipsBritish-impressing detained sailors (1803)1807-British stop the American Chesapeake

off coast of VA. And demand to search it, Americans refuse, British open fire (3 dead)-Jefferson orders all British ships to leave U.S. territorial waters; British respond with more aggressive searches

ForeignForeign

Trade Amer. Were suffering from both the British and French restrictions

on trade; Jefferson undertook restrictions on both to show the importance of neutral trade

Embargo of 1807-restricted all American ships from foreign trade-peaceable coercion (reasoned both would rely on American products and be forced to work with them…Dambargo/Ograbme cartoon

detrimental to econ.-ships idle, crews unpaid, smuggling flourished called for its repeal in 1809, the final days of his presidency Loss of power for the party 4 days before he leaves office, Jefferson/Congress passed the Non-

Intercourse Act 1809-lifted embargo with the exception of restrictions on Britain and France