Washing Machine Repor

7/30/2019 Washing Machine Repor

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INTRODUCTION

A washing machine (laundry machine, clothes washer, or washer) is a machine to wash

laundry, such as clothing and sheets. The term is mostly applied only to machines that use

water as opposed to dry cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids, and is performed

by specialist businesses) or ultrasonic cleaners. Washing entails immersing, dipping, rubbing,

or scrubbing in water usually accompanied by detergent, or bleach. The simplest machines

may simply agitate clothes in water while switched on; automatic machines may fill, empty,

wash, spin, and heat in a cycle. Most washing machines remove substantial amounts of

water from the laundry at the end of a wash cycle, but do not completely dry it.


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HISTORY

1. The Process By HandLaundering by hand involves soaking, beating, scrubbing, and rinsing dirty textiles. Before

indoor plumbing, the housewife also had to carry all the water used for washing, boiling,

and rinsing the laundry; according to an 1886 calculation, women fetched water eight to ten

times every day from a pump, well, or spring. Water for the laundry would be hand carried,

heated on a fire for washing, then poured into the tub. That made the warm soapy water

precious; it would be reused, first to wash the least soiled clothing, then to wash

progressively dirtier laundry. Removal of soap and water from the clothing after washing

was originally a separate process. First soap would be rinsed out with clear water. After

rinsing, the soaking wet clothing would be formed into a roll and twisted by hand to extract

water. The entire process often occupied an entire day of hard work, plus drying and

ironing.


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2. Washing By MachineClothes washer technology developed as a way to reduce the manual labor spent, providing

an open basin or sealed container with paddles or fingers to automatically agitate the

clothing. The earliest machines were hand-operated and constructed from wood, while later

machines made of metal permitted a fire to burn below the washtub, keeping the water

warm throughout the day's washing.

The earliest special-purpose washing device was the scrub board, invented in 1797. By the

mid-1850s, steam-driven commercial laundry machinery was on sale in the UK and US.

Technological advances in machinery for commercial and institutional washers proceeded

faster than domestic washer design for several decades, especially in the UK. In the US there

was more emphasis on developing machines for washing at home, though machines for

commercial laundry services were widely used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The

rotary washing machine was patented by Hamilton Smith in 1858. As electricity was not

commonly available until at least 1930, some early washing machines were operated by a

low-speed single-cylinder hit and miss gasoline engine.


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3. Wringing By MachineAfter the items were washed and rinsed, water had to be removed by twisting. To help

reduce this labor, the wringer/mangle machine was developed.

The mangle used two rollers under spring tension to squeeze water out of clothing andhousehold linen. Each laundry item would be fed through the wringer separately. The first

wringers were hand-cranked, but were eventually included as a powered attachment above

the washer tub. The wringer would be swung over the wash tub so that extracted wash

water would fall back into the tub to be reused for the next load. As implied by the term

"mangle," these early machines were quite dangerous, especially if powered and not hand-

driven. A user's fingers, hand, arm, or hair could become entangled in the laundry being

squeezed, resulting in horrific injuries; unwary bystanders, such as children, could also be

caught and hurt. Safer mechanisms were developed over time, and the more hazardous

designs were eventually outlawed.

The modern process of water removal by spinning did not come into use until electric

motors were developed. Spinning requires a constant high-speed power source, and was

originally done in a separate device known as an "extractor". A load of washed laundry

would be transferred from the wash tub to the extractor basket, and the water spun out in a

separate operation. These early extractors were often dangerous to use, since unevenly

distributed loads would cause the machine to shake violently. Many efforts were made to

counteract the shaking of unstable loads, such as mounting the spinning basket on a free-

floating shock-absorbing frame to absorb minor imbalances, and a bump switch to detectsevere movement and stop the machine so that the load could be manually redistributed.


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The Process Combined

What is now referred to as an automatic washer was at one time referred to as a

"washer/extractor", which combines the features of these two devices into a single

machine, plus the ability to fill and drain water by itself. It is possible to take this a step

further, and to also merge the automatic washing machine and clothes dryer into a single

device, called a combo washer dryer


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Parts

1) Water inlet control valve: Near the water inlet point of the washing there is water inlet

control valve. When you load the clothes in washing machine, this valve gets opened

automatically and it closes automatically depending on the total quantity of the water

required. The water control valve is actually the solenoid valve.

2) Water pump: The water pump circulates water through the washing machine. It works in

two directions, re-circulating the water during wash cycle and draining the water during the

spin cycle.

3) Tub: There are two types of tubs in the washing washing machine: inner and outer. The

clothes are loaded in the inner tub, where the clothes are washed, rinsed and dried. The

inner tub has small holes for draining the water. The external tub covers theinner tub and

supports it during various cycles of clothes washing.

4) Agitator or rotating disc: The agitator is located inside the tub of the washing machine. It

is the important part of the washing machine that actually performs the cleaning operation

of the clothes. During the wash cycle the agitator rotates continuously and produces strong

rotating currents within the water due to which the clothes also rotate inside the tub. The

rotation of the clothes within water containing the detergent enables the removal of the

dirt particles from the fabric of the clothes. Thus the agitator produces most important

function of rubbing the clothes with each other as well as with water.

In some washing machines, instead of the long agitator, there is a disc that contains blades

on its upper side. The rotation of the disc and the blades produce strong currents within thewater and the rubbing of clothes that helps in removing the dirt from clothes.


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5) Motor of the washing machine: The motor is coupled to the agitator or the disc and

produces it rotator motion. These are multispeed motors, whose speed can be changed as

per the requirement. In the fully automatic washing machine the speed of the motor i.e. the

agitator changes automatically as per the load on the washing machine.

6) Timer: The timer helps setting the wash time for the clothes manually. In the automatic

mode the time is set automatically depending upon the number of clothes inside the

washing machine.

7) Printed circuit board (PCB): The PCB comprises of the various electronic components and

circuits, which are programmed to perform in unique ways depending on the load

conditions (the condition and the amount of clothes loaded in the washing machine). They

are sort of artificial intelligence devices that sense the various external conditions and take

the decisions accordingly. These are also called as fuzzy logic systems. Thus the PCB will

calculate the total weight of the clothes, and find out the quantity of water and detergent

required, and the total time required for washing the clothes. Then they will decide the time

required for washing and rinsing.

8) Drain pipe: The drain pipe enables removing the dirty water from the washing that has

been used for the washing purpose.

INSIDE WASHING MACHINE

The washing machine has two steel tubs. The inner tub is the one that holds the clothes. It

has an agitator in the middle of it, and the sides are perforated with holes so that when the

tub spins, the water can leave.The outer tub, which seals in all the water, is bolted to thebody of the washer. Because the inner tub vibrates and shakes during the wash cycle, it has

to be mounted in a way that lets it move around without banging into other parts of the

machine.The inner tub is attached to the gearbox, which is attached to the black metal

frame you see in the picture above. This frame holds the motor, gearbox and the concrete

weight.


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The picture above shows just the black metal frame, without the tub or gearbox. The cable

that you see on the left side of the picture is the other end of the same cable that you see

on the right side. There are a total of three pulleys, so that if one side of the frame moves

up, the other side moves down. This system supports the weight of the heavy components,

letting them move in such a way as not to shake the entire machine.

A laundry machine has a damping system that uses friction to absorb some of the force from

the vibrations.In each of the four corners of the machine is a mechanism that works a littlelike a disc brake. The part attached to the washer frame is a spring. It squeezes two pads

against the metal plate that is attached to the black frame. You can see where the pads have

polished the plate from movement during vibration.


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Pump

This pump is actually two separate pumps in one: The bottom half of the pump is hooked up

to the drain line, while the top half recirculates the wash water. The motor that drives the

pump can reverse direction. It spins one way when the washer is running a wash cycle and

recirculating the water and it spins the other way when the washer is doing a spin cycle anddraining the water.

This is a flexible coupling that hooks the clutch up to the pump. The coupling is needed

because the motor and clutch are mounted to the frame, which can move freely with the

inner tub, whereas the pump is mounted to the stationary outer tub.

On the bottom of the clutch is a set of four teeth. When the electromagnet engages, it

raises an arm up into these teeth, which stops them from rotating. Once the teeth are

stopped, the clutch starts to engage. After a couple of revolutions, it locks up to the motor

shaft and the pump starts to turn with the motor.


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Step to use Washing Machine

1) Decide on:o Load size (small, medium, large, x-large)o

Tempo How machine should agitateo Time2) Fill tub with clothes3) Fills with water4) Agitator starts to spin5) After agitating:-o Drains watero Spins clotheso Refills, agitates more Drainso Spins more.


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Tool Used For Maintenance

Screwdriver

A screwdriver is a hand-tool for turning (driving) screws (and sometimes bolts or other

machine elements with a mating drive system). A typical screwdriver comprises: an

approximately cylindrical handle of a size and shape to be held by a human hand; an axial

shaft embedded in, and protruding from, the handle and, a tip found at the end of the shaft,

opposite the handle. The handle and shaft allow the screwdriver to be positioned and

supported and, by rotating the handle, torque is applied to the tip via the screwdriver'sshaft.

A screwdriver is typically identified by its tip, which is shaped to fit, or mate with, a screw

the head of which has a particular contour, or surface shape. A screwdriver is, thus, a

mechanism to apply torque to a screw. Proper use of a screwdriver requires that the

screwdriver's tip engages with the head of a screw having the same size and type

designation as the screwdriver itself. Screwdriver tips are available in a large variety of

shapes and sizes.

Parts

The screwdriver consists of four parts: 1) The handle, 2) the shank, 3) the blade, and 4) the

tip.


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Types

Screwdrivers are distinguished from each other based on their tip and what type of screw

they drive. The two most common screwdriver tips are 1) the slot head screwdriver, and 2)

the Phillips-head screwdriver.

Slot head screwdriver (Flathead/regular screwdriver). A slot head screwdriver consists of a

single, flat blade that fits in the single slot of traditional screws. Its the oldest and most

common screwdriver in the world.

Phillips-head Screwdriver. A Phillips-head screwdriver has a four star point at the end that

fits into the corresponding screws shallow, cross-shaped depression. This design allows a

user to apply more torque than is possible with a flathead screwdriver. The depression

forces the blades of the Phillips screwdriver to slip out before any damaging over-torquing

can occur.


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How to Use a Screwdriver

Create a pilot hole.When driving screws into wood, its a good idea to drill a pilot hole first.

Without pilot holes, screws tend to follow the grain of the wood, which results in crooked

screws. Thus, pilot holes ensure that you drive the screw in straight.

Moreover, pilot holes prevent the wood from splinting as you drive the screw in. For small

screws in softwood, make a pilot hole by using a punch hole and an awl. For larger sized

screws and all screws in hardwood, drill a pilot hole with a boring tool of some kind.

Start the screw. Place the screw on the driver tip and hold both screw and tip together with

the fingers of one hand. Apply very little pressure on the driver while turning in a clockwise

direction until the screw engages the wood.

Keep driving.When the screws thread engages with the wood, move your fingers that were

holding the screw in place to the screwdriver shank. Use these fingers as a guide to hold the

tip directly in line with the screw. Apply enough pressure on the driver to keep it in the slot.

Rub beeswax or soap on screw threads.This makes screws easier to drive, especially in

hardwood.


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Get more leverage with an adjustable wrench. Ifyoure driving or removing a particularly

stubborn screw, add an adjustable wrench to the equation. Grip the wrench onto the tip of

the screwdrivers blade. As you turn the screwdriver, turn the wrench. This will give you a

bit more leverage to move even the most stubborn of screws.

For tough to reach places, use a screw holder.Sometimes you just cant get your hands into

a place to hold a screw as you start driving it. For moments like this, bust out a screw holder.

Its placed on the end of your screwdriver and has a set of jaws that holds the screw in place

as you start the driving.

Get more power. For more driving power, use a screwdriver with a shorter shank. Also, try

exerting downward pressure on the top of the screwdriver with your free hand.

Washing Machine Repor

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