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Was the abacus the first?

Wattson you will have to wait and see

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Until the 1940s a person who computed the value of something

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the Lebombo Bone, the oldest known artefact linked to the basic mathematical activity of counting. Dated to 35 000 BC, the Lebombo Bone is a small piece of baboon fibula which has been carved with 29 notches, resembling the calendar sticks still used by San people in Namibia

The Ishango bone about 18000 to 20000 BC. fibula of a baboon with a sharp piece of quartz affixed to one end, perhaps for engraving or writing.

It was first thought to be a tally stick, as it has a series of tally marks carved in three columns running the length of the tool, but some scientists have suggested that the groupings of notches indicate a mathematical understanding that goes beyond counting.

The Ishango bone was found in 1960 near the headwaters of the Nile River at Lake Edward (now on the border between modern-day Uganda and Congo).

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Soroban migrated to Korea 15C and to Japan 16C

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Antikythera mechanism ancient mechanical calculator to calculate astronomical positions.

The astrolabe: astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers, navigators, and astrologers. Its many uses included locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars; determining local time given local latitude and vice-versa; surveying; and triangulation.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) made drawings of gear-driven calculating machines but apparently never built any.

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He is most remembered as the inventor of logarithms and Napier's bones, and for popularizing the use of the decimal point.

William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 1600s based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier. Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in scienceand engineering. The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices were being gradually introduced; but around 1974 the electronic scientific calculator made it largely obsolete and most suppliers exited the business.

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Wilhelm Schickard (April 22, 1592 – October 24, 1635) was a German polymath who built one of the first calculating machines in 1623.

Long before Pascal and Leibniz, Schickard invented a calculating machine in 1623. Contemporaries called his machine the Speeding Clock. It preceded the less versatile Pascaline of Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner by twenty years. Schickard's letters to Johannes Kepler show how to use the machine for calculating astronomical tables. The machine could add and subtract six-digit numbers, and indicated an overflow of this capacity by ringing a bell; to add more complex calculations, a set of Napier's bones were mounted on it. Schickard's letters mention that the original machine was destroyed in a fire while still incomplete. The designs were lost until the 19th century; a working replica was finally constructed in 1960. Predicessor to the Brunsviga (1892)

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This Model 13B I used in 1963-4

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The ANITA Mark VII and ANITA Mark VIII calculators were launched simultaneously in late 1961 as the world's first all-electronic desktop calculators. Designed and built by the Bell Punch Co. in Britain, and marketed through its Sumlock Comptometer division, they used vacuum tubes and cold-cathode switching tubes in their logic circuits and nixie tubes for their numerical displays. 811 1974

The Sinclair ExectuiveFor people in Britain in the 1970s and 1980s Clive Sinclair was known as "the inventor of the pocket calculator".

Although not really true (it depends on how big your pocket is), Sinclair stunned the world in the summer of 1972 when he launched his first electronic calculator, the Executive, which was smaller and considerably thinner than any other on the market. The vital statistics of the Sinclair Executive are 56mm x 138mm x 9mm / 2.2" x 5.4" x 0.35" and it fits easily into a shirt pocket without making a bulge.

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When the tables of values for sin(x) were compiled many years ago, computers were used to evaluate the successive terms in the series. Unfortunately, the computers were not machines; they were armies of clerks who had to do the math the hard way—by means of pencil and paper. As you can imagine, people looked for a better method of compiling these tables.

An important feature of the formula for sin(x) is that it involves nothing more than the repetition of fundamental arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). The first term in the series is x itself. The second term is -x3/3!, which is derived from the first term by multiplying it by -x2 and dividing it by 1 x 2 x 3. The third term is +x5/5! which is obtained by multiplying the second term by -x2 and dividing it by 4 x 5, and so on.

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At Cambridge Babbage saw the high error rate of this human-driven process and started his life’s work of trying to calculate the tables mechanically. He began in 1822 with what he called the difference engine, made to compute values of polynomial functions. Unlike similar efforts of the time, Babbage's difference engine was created to calculate a series of values automatically. By using the method of finite differences, it was possible to avoid the need for multiplication and division.

The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Although he received ample funding for the project, it was never completed. He later designed an improved version, "Difference Engine No. 2", which was not constructed until 1989-1991, using Babbage's plans and 19th-century manufacturing tolerances. It performed its first calculation at the London Science Museum returning results to 31 digits, far more than the average modern pocket calculator.

Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers, although they were not actually completed, largely because of funding problems and personality issues. He directed the building of some steam-powered machines that achieved some success, suggesting that calculations could be mechanized. Although Babbage's machines were mechanical and unwieldy, their basic architecture was very similar to a modern computer. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, the control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit.

The analytical engine, an important step in the history of computers, was the design of a mechanical general-purpose computer. It was first described in 1837, but Babbage continued to work on the design until his death in 1871. Because of financial, political, and legal issues, the engine was never actually built. In its logical design the machine was essentially modern, anticipating the first completed general-purpose computers by about 100 years. An interesting aside is that one of his patrons was a Ada Lovelace. Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace . named after Ada Lovelace. Ada programming language was named after Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), who is credited as being the first computer programmer.

As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science.

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As early as 1725 Basile Bouchon used a perforated paper loop in a loom in 1726 his co-worker Jean-Baptiste Falcon improved design using perforated paper cards attached to one another for efficiency in adapting and changing the program. The Bouchon-Falcon loom was semi-automatic and required manual feed of the program.

In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom in which the pattern being woven was controlled by punched cards. The series of cards could be changed without changing the mechanical design of the loom. This was a landmark point in programmability.

In 1890, the United States Census Bureau used punched cards, sorting machines, and tabulating machines designed by Herman Hollerith CTR (Computer Tabulating Recording Company) became IBM in 1924.

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While preparing for an evening lecture on 21 April 1820, Ørsted developed an experiment which provided evidence that surprised him. As he was setting up his materials, he noticed a compass needle deflected from magnetic north when the electric current from the battery he was using was switched on and off. This deflection convinced him that magnetic fields radiate from all sides of a wire carrying an electric current, just as light and heat do, and that it confirmed a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism.

The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir William Fothergill Cooke. Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented it in May 1837 as an alarm system. It was first successfully demonstrated by Cooke and Wheatstone on 25 July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London.

On January 6, 1838 Morse first successfully tested the device at the Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey, and on February 8 he publicly demonstrated it to a scientific committee at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

In 1843 the U.S. Congress appropriated $30,000 to fund an experimental telegraph line from Washington D.C. to Baltimore. By May 1, 1844 the line had been completed from the U.S. Capitol to Annapolis Junction in Maryland. That day the Whig Party nominated Henry Clay at its national convention in Baltimore. News of the nomination was hand carried by railroad to Annapolis Junction where Vail wired it to Morse in the Capitol.[7] On May 24, 1844, after the line was completed, Morse made the first public demonstration of his telegraph by sending a message from the Supreme Court Chamber in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. to the B&O Railroad "outer depot" (now the B&O Railroad Museum) in Baltimore. The famous message was: What hath God wrought

The effect was rediscovered by Thomas Edison on February 13, 1880, while trying to discover the reason for breakage of lamp filaments and uneven blackening (darkest near one terminal of the filament) of the bulbs in his incandescent lamps.

The British physicist John Ambrose Fleming, working for the British "Wireless Telegraphy" Company, discovered that the Edison Effect could be used to detect radio waves. Fleming went on to develop the two-element vacuum tube known as the diode, which he patented on November 16, 1904.

Marconi stood on the shoulders of many such as Hertz, Tesler

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Alan Turing's 1936 paper[51] proved enormously influential in computing and computer science, modern computers are said to be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine.

Colossus used to help decrypt Lorenz coded messages WW2. designed by engineer Tommy Flowers used valves and GPO relays, sloping programming panel seen on left. Kept secret and in use until 1994 at GCHQ

Z3 was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine; whose attributes, with the addition of conditional branching, have often been the ones used as criteria in defining a computer. The Z3 was built with 2,000 relays. (A request for funding for an electronic successor was denied as "strategically unimportant".)

ENIAC developed for US army to calculate ballistic tables in operation until 1955. ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-solderedjoints. It weighed 30 short tons (27 t), was roughly 8.5 feet by 3 feet by 80 feet

ESDAC Developed at Cambridge university. the first practical stored-programelectronic computer . Later funded by J.Lyons

Leo1 (Lyons Electronic Office 1) Used engineers from the EDSAC project to train the Lyons engineers. Lyons used LEO I initially for valuation jobs, but its

role was extended to include payroll, inventory and so on. One of its early tasks was the elaboration of daily orders which were phoned in every afternoon by the shops and used to calculate the overnight production requirements, assembly instructions, delivery schedules, invoices, costings and management reports. This, arguably, was the first instance of an integrated management information system plus a computerised call centre.

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A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its program instructions as well as its data in read-write, random access memory. Stored-program computers were an advancement over the program-controlled computers of the 1940s, such as Colossus and ENIAC, which were programmed by setting switches and inserting patch leads to route data and control signals between various functional units. In the majority of modern computers, the same memory is used for both data and program instructions.

The terms "von Neumann architecture" and "stored-program computer" are generally used interchangeably

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1949 George Orwell (ps of Eric Arthur Blair 1903 - 1950) publishes "1984"

"Computers in the future will contain 1,000 vacuum tubes and probably weigh more than 1,5 tons"

Popular Mechanics Magazine.

1950 Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko develop the "Auto-Sembly" process, in which component leads are inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip soldered. With the development of board lamination and etching techniques, this concept evolves into the standard printed circuit board fabrication process in use today

1952 IBM (International Business Machines) decides to add computers to their line of business equipment products.

This will lead IBM to become a dominant force in this field. The first production-line electronic digital computer from IBM is Model 701, designed by Nathaniel Rochester and marketed for scientific use. It includes 1 Kb RAM. The 701 is the first machine to use a Tape Drive.

1953 Bell Telephone Laboratories build the first completely transistorized computer, the TRADIC.

The machine contains 800 transistors.

1954 John W. Backus an employee of IBM designs the programming language FORTRAN: FORmula TRANslator

Engineers and scientist definitively chose this path of programming with a higher computer language. Rewiring of

machines to reprogram them belonged to the past. Another gigantic step forward! (1952: Grace Hopper “The Education of a Computer",(20) and develops the first software that can translate symbols of higher computer languages into machine language. (A/O compiler) later to publish COBOL in 1959 also the first to coin the phrase “bug” in a program actually pasted a moth found in a relay into the log book)

Scientist could work independently from programmers and offer their programs directly to computers to run them. It took until 1956 before a manual appeared. Documentation would always be the last thing programmers do obviously.

Jack Tramiel starts Commodore. In the first few years of its existence Commodore would just repair typing machines and related equipment.

1955 William Shockley's Semiconductor Laboratory is the first company established in Silicon Valley, San Francisco Bay, In March Computer Usage Company is the first software company to open for business.

CUC is founded by Elmer C Kubie and John W. Sheldon

1956

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The first Pegasus, produced by the UK company Ferranti Ltd., went into service in March 1956, at a time when all of the computers installed in the UK were designed and built in Britain.

Pegasus was noted for its reliability and ease of use. It was the first computer to have a general register set architecture – a feature now seen in most modern computers. 40 Pegasus machines were built by Ferranti Ltd. between 1956 and 1962. Number 25, the only one still working, was installed in a special gallery in the Science Museum, London

1957 The integrated circuit was conceived by a radar scientist, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (1909-2002), working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British Ministry of Defence, and published at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on May 7, 1952.[1] He gave many symposiums publicly to propagate his ideas.

Dummer unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956.

The integrated circuit was independently co-invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments[2] and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor [3] around the same time. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958 and successfully demonstrated the first working integrated circuit on September 12, 1958.[2] Kilby won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part of the invention of the integrated circuit.[4] Robert Noyce also came up with his own idea of integrated circuit, half a year later than Kilby. Noyce's chip had solved many practical problems that the microchip developed by Kilby had not. Noyce's chip, made at Fairchild, was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium.

A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares (wafers), each one containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which looked very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by Jack Kilby, and led to the short-lived Micromodule Program (similar to 1951's Project Tinkertoy).[6] However, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design: the IC.

1958 At Bell Labs the first modulator-demodulator device is developed that became known as "modem".

This modem had a speed of 300 baud

Misquote: Although Watson is well known for his alleged 1943 statement: "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers," there is scant evidence he made it. However, in 1985 the story was discussed on Usenet (in net.misc), without Watson's name being attached. The original discussion has not survived, but an explanation has; it attributes a very similar quote to the Cambridge mathematician Professor Douglas Hartree, around 1951:

said “that, in his opinion, all the calculations that would ever be needed in this country could be done on the three digital computers which were then being built — one in Cambridge, one in Teddington, and one in Manchester. No one else, he said, would ever need machines of their own, or would be able to afford to buy them.”

1959 After several years of work General Electric Corporation delivers 32 ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine --Accounting) computing systems to the Bank of America in California to rescue the banking industry from being swamped by the rapidly increasing numbers of checks being used by an ever increasing clientele.

ERMA is based on a basic design by SRI, the ERMA system employs Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). A special font is developed that made this possible.

ERMA font - check with erma characters - erma console

This system made capture data from the checks possible and a check handling system was introduced that was not daunted by documents that were not in pristine condition. The banking industry rapidly became automated, introducing new ways of banking including the ATM and electronic personal banking. On the other hand it was a highlight in the history of computer manufacturing at GE that, with the exception of developing a profitable line of machines for NCR (the NCR 304), never really achieved the status that might be expected of such a financial giant. (20)

The Xerox 914 is the first office copier for sale.

First packaged software program is sold by Computer Science Corporation.(19)

IBM delivers the first four models of the first all-transistor computers to United States Air Force. These are called 7090 series.(23)

Both Texas Instruments (February) and Fairchild Semiconductor corporation (July) file for a patent for the process to produce transistors on a flat layer.

This is the process that will take the IC to mass production in about two years time.(3). Both firms engaged in a legal battle that will last through the decade of the 60's until both companies decided to cross-license their technologies.(5)

Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. invented the resistor-transistor logic (RTL) product on a chip.

Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. invented the resistor-transistor logic (RTL) product, a set/reset flip-flop and the first integrated circuit available as a monolithic chip

1960 It has an 18-bit word and had 4 kilowords as standard main memory (equivalent to 9 kilobytes, or 9,000 bytes), upgradable to 64 kilowords (144 KB). The magnetic core memory's cycle time was 5 microseconds (corresponding very roughly to a "clock speed" of 200 kilohertz; consequently most arithmetic instructions took 10 microseconds (100,000 operations per second) because they had two memory cycles: one for the instruction, one for the operanddata fetch. Signed numbers were represented in one's complement.

The PDP-1 was built mostly of DEC 1000-series System Building Blocks, using Micro-Alloy and Micro-Alloy-DiffusedTransistors. Rated switching speed: 5 MHz.

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1961 to solve this problem and return the control of the computer back in the hands of the user. Fernando Corbató, MIT, produces CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing System) for the IBM 7090/94, the first effective time-sharing system and coincidentally the first means of remote access to a computer since Stibitz's demonstration in 1940.(20) The 7090 is a transistorized version of the IBM 709 which was a very popular high end computer in the early 1960s. The 7090 had 32Kbytes of 36-bit core memory and a hardware floating point unit. Fortran was its most popular language, but it supported many others. It was later upgraded to the IBM 7094, and a scaled down version, the IBM 7040 was also introduced. IBM 7090s controlled the Mercury and Gemini space flights, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (until well into the 1980s )

Steven Hofstein develops the Field Effect Transistor that will be used in the MOS integrated circuits

1962 Teletype releases the Teletype model 33 a keyboard and punch tape terminal(4).

This form of in and output will be used on micro systems till the early 70's but until the 80's primarily on mainframe environments.

This terminal will be the picture people (watching high tech and science fiction movies) will have of Information Technology all over the world during the next 15 years or so.

1963 In this year ASCII is introduced: American Standard Code for Information Interchange. This code is developed by both the USA government and the computer industry. It is Bob Bemer who is the chief designer for the ASCII code

1964 Epson invents the dot matrix printer: EP-101(27). The machine is developed because the mother company Seiko needed a small device to be used with the time keeping instruments at the Olympics in Tokyo. It will take another four years before this printer will go into serial production.

- Computer Aided Design (CAD) is developed through a mutual project by IBM and General Motors.

- First Local Area Network is developed at Rank Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center

1965 Intel's chairman Gordon Moore suggests that integrated circuits would double in complexity every year while prices will stay the same. This suggestion will be known as Moore's Law. This statement is printed by a magazine in an article written by Moore. He will only have to change this law in 2001 Gordon Moore states (May 2nd) that his law should be changed from doubling of transistors on integrated circuitry every two years into every four or five years starting 2010 or 2020. Gordon Moore

The fact that this law held for almost 36 years is a miracle when you take the speed of change in this field into account.

-The first glass fiber cables are being used in a punch card reader from IBM.

While some companies were developing bigger and faster machines, Digital Equipment Corporation introduced the PDP-8 in 1965, the first TRUE minicomputer.

The PDP-8 had a minuscule instruction set and a primitive micro-language, and excellent interface capability. Thus the PDP-8 became used extensively as a process control system, including interfacing to telephone lines for time-

sharing systems

1966 IBM researcher Robert H. Dennard invents Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) cells.

One-transistor memory cells that store each a single bit of information as an electrical charge in an electronic circuit. The technology permits major increases in memory density, and is widely adopted throughout the industry where it remains in widespread use today.

1967 In the spring of 1967 at the University of Michigan, ARPA held its yearly meeting of the "principle investigators" from each of its university and other contractors. (ARPA draft, III-25) Results from the previous year's research was summarized and future research was discussed, either introduced by ARPA or the various researchers present at the meetings. Networking was one of the topics brought up at this meeting. (ARPA draft, III-25)

The Completion Report continues the story:

"At the meeting it was agreed that work could begin on the conventions to be used for exchanging messages between any pair of computers in the proposed network, and also on consideration of the kinds of communications lines and data sets to be used. In particular, it was decided that the inter-host communication 'protocol' would include conventions for character and block transmission, error checking and retransmission, and computer and user identification. Frank Westervelt, then of the University of Michigan, was picked to write a position paper on these areas of communication, an ad hoc 'Communication Group' was selected from among the institutions represented, and a meeting of the group scheduled." (ARPA draft, III-26)

Mouse invented by Douglas Englebart then at Stamford Research Institute, went onto PARC where Steve Jobs first saw his work and conceived the Lisa and Mac which like the original Apple & Apple II were designed by the brilliant engineer Steve Wozniak (WoZ)

1968 Gordon E. Moore, Robert N. Noyce left Fairchild and establish Intel (18.07.1968)

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Someone once told me where the designations 1900 and 2900 came from: the 1900 computers were so-called because that was when their operating systems had been developed, whereas the 2900 series were so call because that was when their hardware would be ready.

What is a mainframe? O/S IBM's z/OS MVS/ESA (OS/390), VM/ESA & VSE/ESA

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Mid sized Multi-user aimed at small and medium sized business

Strong presence in 1970s and 80s

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Micro Processor

1970 It is Gilbert Hyatt who takes the IC technology a step further and files for a patent for the Micro Processor.

But the paperwork took a long time to get through the "windings" of the patent bureau.

Three engineers from Intel Corporation were faster and they created the first commercially viable microprocessor, Ted Hoff started the project in late 1970 then Stan Mazor took over and Frederico Faggin did the chip design. That is why those three are accredited to have invented the microprocessor, however Hyatt will be awarded the patent in 1990 after all. This seems to be a similar case to that of Atanasov with his first electronic computer.

Ray Holt, working with his brother - Bill holt - on an engineering team, designs the onboard main flight computer for the U.S. Navy's F-14A "Tomcat" fighter jet. It is a computer on a chip and this processor is more powerful than the 4004 designed by Intel. The project started in 1968.

Ray Holt is getting his chance to claim to be the father of the microprocessor not before 1999.

It will take Holt 30 years to have the Navy declassify the project and be able to make his

invention known to the public.

Interviews with Holt's co-workers and his own documents confirm that their work preceded the

1969-1971 efforts of Santa Clara-based Intel Corp. that turned the microprocessor into a

business empire. "It was very frustrating," says Holt, about keeping silent for so long. "I almost

had to forget about it." (1)

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8008 designed for the CTC Datapoint 2200 but they didn’t take it up due to the timescale

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Microcontrollers are hugely more important than PCs started in 1977

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MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOS– owned by Seattle Computer Products, written by Tim Paterson. Development of 86-DOS took only six weeks, as it was basically a clone of Digital Research's CP/M (for 8080/Z80 processors), ported to run on 8086 processors and with two notable differences compared to CP/M; an improved disk sector buffering logic and the introduction of FAT12 instead of the CP/M filesystem. This first version was shipped in August 1980.[5] Microsoft, which needed an operating system for the IBM Personal Computer[7][8] hired Tim Paterson in May 1981 and bought 86-DOS 1.10 for $75,000 in July of the same year. Microsoft kept the version number, but renamed it MS-DOS. They also licensed MS-DOS 1.10/1.14 to IBM, who, in August 1981, offered it as PC DOS 1.0 as one of three operating systems the IBM PC.

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Had 16 slots to put memory/interface card in. Quickly had teletype and memory cards, later came a floppy disk interface. S100

They told the bank that they expected to sell 800 machines over the next year and knew they needed to sell 200 to break even. When it was launched in Jan 75 in Popular Electronics they were flooded with over 1000 orders and took 2500 by July shipping over 5000 by mid 76 when the 8800b was launched to stave off competition from Imsai which was a better design. Bill Gates/Paul Allen’s “Altair Basic” (aka MITS 4K BASIC)

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The Acorn Proton was a pre-existing project at Acorn to succeed the Atomhome computer. It was then submitted for, and won, the Literacy Project tender for a computer to accompany the TV programmes and literature. Renamed the BBC Micro, the platform was chosen by most schools and became a cornerstone of computing in British education in the 1980s, changing Acorn's fortunes. It was also moderately successful as a home computer in the United Kingdom despite its high cost. The machine was directly involved in the development of the ARM architecture which sees widespread use in embedded systems as of 2009.

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The majority of computer systems in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called embedded systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and output devices include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small or custom LCD displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer, and may lack human interaction devices of any kind.

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Some will use unix/linux some various versions of VME (Virtual machine emulation) some will use versions of windows servers

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Home energy monitor, sensor clips around your incoming mains feed

Cloud Storage-Dropbox, OneDrive, Google Drive, Spider Oak, Wuala…

Cloud Computing-Microsoft Office 365, Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services…

Smart phone-1992 IBM Simon sold 50,000, Nokia 9000 1996, RIM (Blackberry) Palm & Microsoft Pocket PC … early 2000s. 2007 iPhone, 2008 Android from Google.

Mobile internet-Been around since 1997, 3G arrived 2005 but the real take-off began 2008 a few months after the release of iPhone in mid 2007

Mobile money-M-Pesa in Africa 2007 by Vodafone for Safaricom and Vodacom, the largest mobile network operators in Kenya and Tanzania. t has since expanded to Afghanistan, South Africa, India and in 2014 to Eastern Europe. M-Pesa allows users to deposit, withdraw, transfer money and pay for goods and services (Lipa na M-Pesa) easily with a mobile device.[2]

The service allows users to deposit money into an account stored on their cell phones, to send balances using PIN-secured SMS text messages to other users, including sellers of goods and services, and to redeem deposits for regular money. Users are charged a small fee for sending and withdrawing money using the service.[3] M-Pesa is a branchless banking service; M-Pesacustomers can deposit and withdraw money from a network of agents that includes airtime resellers and retail outlets acting as banking agents.

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M-Pesa has spread quickly, and by 2010 had become the most successful mobile-phone-based financial service in the developing world.[4] By 2012, a stock of about 17 million M-Pesa accounts had been registered in Kenya.[1] The service has been lauded for giving millions of people access to the formal financial system and for reducing crime in an otherwise largely cash-based society

IoT-For example, with nanotechnology (more info), we can now build data-collecting sensors that measure in billionths of an inch. These tiny devices are described as nanoelectromechanical systems — or the somewhat larger microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelorometers-temp sensors-gpstrackers… computing power that allows us to combine them to correct for the individual errors so for instance we can now determine that not only are we on the M4 heading west but we have moved from the inside lane to the middle lane in a slow drift that may indicate that we are falling asleep-and sound a warning.

Ipv6-This newer addressing system uses 128 bits, an address space so large that each person on earth could be given a few Octillion (10 to the power of 27) IP addresses and there would still be a lot of addresses left over. In short, it will be nearly impossible to run out of IPv6 addresses.

VR- coming to smart phones now- real uses other than games-architects-estate agents-safety inspection devices…

AI-? Is it really coming?

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