PRIMATES Include prosimians, apes, monkeys and human Chapter 43: Section 4.
Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and Tarsiers Now: the Anthropoids…
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Transcript of Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and Tarsiers Now: the Anthropoids…
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Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and Tarsiers
Now: the Anthropoids…
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But first… (Tx Travis!)
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Anthropoids
• A.k.a., the haplorhines• Dry, unconnected noses; like yours• Africa, Asia, South America (originally)• Monkeys, apes and humans
– ***prosimians are NOT “monkeys”• Two groups
– Catarrhines (monkeys and apes in the Old World)– Platyrrhines (just monkeys, and in the New World only)
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Rhine = nose
Catarrhine: Old World PrimateNostrils oriented downward
Platyrrhine: New World PrimateNostrils oriented sideways
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Old/New World
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Differences Between Platyrrhines and Catarrhines
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Platyrrhine vs. Catarrhine Dentition:2133 vs. 2123
(usually)
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New World Monkeys
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CeboideaFamily Subfamily Common Names Body size General Social
PatternSome Special Features
Cebidae Squirrel monkey
_______________
Capuchin monkey
Small
_________
Medium
Large, multi-male, multi-female groups - strictly seasonal breeding
_______________________
- large brain
- tool use
-adaptable & resourceful (like Old World macaques)
- weakly prehensile tail
Callitrichidaetamarins,
marmosets
small polyandrytwins, high paternal investment,
reproductive suppression
Atelidae Pithecinae Uakaris & Sakis Medium Socially monogamous
Other?red-faced uakari:sexual selection?
Swamp dwellers (hard to study)
Alouattinae Howler monkeys Large One-male, multi-female groups
("harems")- LOUD howling
- prehensile tail (strong!)
Atelinae Spider monkey, wooly monkey, woolly spider
monkey
Very large Large fusion-fission communities
- prehensile tails (strong & dextrous!)
Interesting social patterns (kind of like chimps and bonobos)
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Cebids vs. Callitrichids
*alloparental care of infants PRESENT in Capuchins, acc. To more recent Perry!!!
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Callitrichids
Pygmy marmoset (smallest primate)
juvenile golden lion tamarin
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Callitrichids
Common Marmoset
GoldenLion
Tamarins
Moustached Tamarin
Cotton TopTamarin
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Callitrichids: New Discovery
• Wied’s marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii)• Usually born as twins• Chimerism: an exchange of cells
between twins early during embryonic development; result is that most of these monkeys have tissues grown from their twin's cells
• Germ line too: marmoset fathers can sire their own children and their nephews
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Atelines
Howler monkey
Red-faced uakari
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Atelines: prehensile tails
Spider monkeys
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Cebids
Squirrel monkey Capuchin monkey
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Catarrhines
• Cercopithecoids: the Old World monkeys– Cercopithecines– Colobinae
• Hominoidea: the apes
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Old World Monkeys
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Cercopithecoidea
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Cercopithecines
Hamadryas baboon
Geladababoon
Japanesemacaque
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Cercopithecines: female-bonded
Celebes macaque
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Colobines
Black and white colobus Snub-nosed monkey
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Snub-nosed monkey
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Snub-nosed monkey
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Colobines
Proboscis monkey
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Colobines eat a lot of leaves
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Colobines vs. Howlers• Colobines: gut with adaptations for digesting
cellulose• Howlers: not so; other adaptations (some
behavioral ones…) instead
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Hominoidea: the ApesHylobatidae Hominidae
Category The “lesser” apes
The “great” apes The “human” apes
Common names
Gibbons and siamangs
Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Bonobos humans
Distribution Southeast Asia
Borneo, Sumatra
-Lowland gorilla in West Central Africa
-Mountain gorilla in volcanic mountains bordering Rwanda, Uganda, and Congo
Tropical rainforests and tropical forests of West, East, and North-central Africa
Central African Rainforests South of the big bend of the Congo River
Global
(plus?)
Size Large
(5-11 kg)
Huge
(35-70 kg)
Huge
(90-150 kg)
Huge
(30-45 kg)
Huge
(30-45 kg)
Huge
Grouping Pattern
Socially monogamous
Solitary Group (1 alpha male, his ‘harem,’ and their kids)
Large fission-fusion communities
Large fission-fusion communities
Large multimal/
multifemae communities
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Ape Distribution
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Brachiation
gibbon
siamang
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Brachiation
gibbon
siamang
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Duetting (territoriality)
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Monogamy
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Orangutan
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Orangutan
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Gorilla
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Gorilla: mountain vs. lowland
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Chimpanzee
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Chimpanzee
4 Goodall films shown in class
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Bonobo
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Human
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OverviewOrder: Primates
Prosimians Anthropoids
Lemur GroupLoris Group
Tarsiers?
Platyrrhines(NWM)
Catarrhines(OWM and apes)
callitrichids atelidscebids
cercopithecoids hominoids
colobinescercopithecines “lesser apes”hylobat
“great apes”
Chimp human common ancestor (lived 6-7 mya)
gorillasorangutans
chimp humanbonobo
Lots of fossilsVery few to no fossils
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Primates: Variables• Lots of morphological variation
– Size, colors, dentition
• Lots of variation in social group structure (many males and many females in a group vs. monogamous pairs, etc.)
• Lots of variance in social activity (solitary aye aye vs. the übergregarious capuchin)
• Lots of variance in locomotion• Lots of variance in diets• Lots of variance in susceptibility to predation
• What accounts for this variance?
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Primate Behavioral Ecologists
• Primatologists figure out relationships between ecology, morphology, behavior, and sociality
• Social variables (e.g., dominance and subordinance, fighting, mating, genetic relatedness), ecological variables (e.g., seasonal foods, the presence of predators), morphological variables (e.g., a very long gut), etc.
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Some Examples
• Colobines (OWM) and howler monkeys (NWM) eating leaves, but having very different energy levels
• Male gorillas having proportionately larger teeth than females, even though they eat leaves, not meat
• When newly joining a group, male langurs will selectively kill most or all infants who are still nursing, then immediately mate with the mothers (who agree to it!)