Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey · Tabitha Rudin, Shae Callan, Dean Main Brad...
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Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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Warrawoona Gold Project:
Subterranean Fauna Survey
Biologic Environmental Survey
Report to Calidus Resources Limited
August 2019
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Document Status
Revision
No. Author
Review / Approved for
Issue
Approved for Issue to
Name Date
1 Tabitha Rudin, Shae Callan,
Dean Main Brad Durrant
Dave Reeves
Kate George August 2019
2
Final Tabitha Rudin, Dean Main Brad Durrant Dave Reeves
Kate George August 2019
“IMPORTANT NOTE”
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 7
1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 10
1.2 Legislation and guidance ....................................................................................... 11
1.3 Subterranean fauna ................................................................................................ 11
2 Environment ........................................................................................................ 14
2.1 Biogeography .......................................................................................................... 14
2.2 Climate..................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Geology ................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Surface drainage and indicative catchments ........................................................ 15
2.5 Hydrogeology .......................................................................................................... 16
2.6 Suitability for subterranean fauna habitat ............................................................ 16
3 Methods ............................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Database search and review of previous reports ................................................. 21
3.2 Survey timing .......................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Site selection and survey effort ............................................................................. 23
3.4 Sampling methods .................................................................................................. 27
3.4.1 Troglofauna trapping .............................................................................................. 27
3.4.2 Troglofauna scraping ............................................................................................. 27
3.4.3 Stygofauna net-hauling .......................................................................................... 27
3.4.4 Water physicochemistry ......................................................................................... 28
3.4.5 Sorting and taxonomy ............................................................................................ 28
3.4.6 Conservation status and SRE classification ........................................................... 28
4 Results ................................................................................................................. 31
4.1 Database searches ................................................................................................. 31
4.3 Previous survey results ......................................................................................... 37
4.4 Current survey results ............................................................................................ 39
4.4.1 Troglofauna results ................................................................................................ 39
4.4.2 Stygofauna results ................................................................................................. 43
5 Subterranean Habitat assessment .................................................................... 51
5.1 Troglofauna habitats .............................................................................................. 51
5.1.1 Klondyke ................................................................................................................ 51
5.1.2 Copenhagen .......................................................................................................... 51
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5.2 Stygofauna habitats ................................................................................................ 55
5.2.1 Klondyke ................................................................................................................ 55
5.2.2 Copenhagen .......................................................................................................... 55
5.2.3 Potential habitat in the wider local area .................................................................. 55
5.3 Groundwater characteristics ................................................................................. 56
6 Risk Assessment ................................................................................................ 58
6.1 Impacts to troglofauna ........................................................................................... 58
6.2 Risks to troglofauna species ................................................................................. 58
6.3 Impacts to stygofauna ............................................................................................ 62
6.4 Risks to stygofauna species .................................................................................. 63
7 Key findings ........................................................................................................ 70
7.1.1 Risks to Troglofauna Species ................................................................................ 70
7.1.2 Risks to Stygofauna Species ................................................................................. 70
8 References .......................................................................................................... 72
9 Appendices ......................................................................................................... 75
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Regional location and IBRA sub-regions ............................................................................... 13
Figure 2.1: Long-term monthly average rainfall and temperature from Marble Bar (BoM 2019) ............. 14
Figure 2.2: Geology of the Study Area and surrounds (GSWA 1:250,000) ............................................. 18
Figure 2.3: Surface drainage of the Study Area and surrounds .............................................................. 19
Figure 2.4: Regional surface hydrology ................................................................................................... 20
Figure 3.1: Long term average (LTA) and current (2018-2019) climatic data at Marble Bar ................... 23
Figure 3.2: Sites sampled for troglofauna (current survey) ...................................................................... 25
Figure 3.3: Sites sampled for stygofauna (current survey) ...................................................................... 26
Figure 4.1: Previous troglofauna records within 60 km of the Study Area ............................................... 35
Figure 4.2: Previous stygofauna records within 60 km of the Study Area ............................................... 36
Figure 4.3: Locations of troglofauna taxa collected during the current survey ........................................ 42
Figure 4.4a: Stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey (Copepoda) ...................................... 48
Figure 4.4b: Stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey (Nematoda, Oligochaeta,
Ostracoda and Polychaeta) ................................................................................................. 49
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Figure 4.4c: Stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey (Amphipoda, Isopoda and
Syncarida) ....................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 5.1: Conceptual hydrological model (GRM, 2019b) ...................................................................... 52
Figure 5.2: Indicative local extent of habitat features for subterranean fauna ......................................... 53
Figure 5.3: Permeability modelling (K-zones) and subterranean habitat features .................................. 54
Figure 5.4: Groundwater physicochemical measurements recorded during the survey ......................... 57
Figure 6.1: Locations of troglofauna taxa at risk from proposed impacts ................................................ 61
Figure 6.2: Locations of stygofauna taxa at risk from proposed impacts ................................................ 68
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Surface geology of the Study Area and generalised suitability for subterranean fauna ......... 17
Table 3.1. Databases searched for subterranean fauna records ............................................................ 21
Table 3.2: Numbers of samples collected within and near each deposit ................................................. 24
Table 3.3: SRE categorisation used by WAM taxonomists ..................................................................... 29
Table 4.1: Troglofauna and stygofauna morphospecies recorded in the databases within 60 km of
the Study Area ....................................................................................................................... 31
Table 4.2: Summary of previous subterranean fauna survey effort and results within 100 km of the
Study Area ............................................................................................................................. 38
Table 4.3: Troglofauna results to date, taxonomic and distribution comments, known linear ranges
and collection locations. Red fonts indicate taxa detected only within proposed impact
areas. ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Table 4.4:Stygofauna results to date, taxonomic and distribution comments, known linear ranges
and collection locations. Red fonts indicate taxa detected only within proposed impact
areas. ..................................................................................................................................... 45
Table 4.5: Higher level stygofauna identifications in the Study Area ....................................................... 47
Table 6.1: Troglofauna risk assessment based on current taxonomic factors, habitat factors, and
distribution relative to impacts ................................................................................................ 60
Table 6.2: Stygofauna risk assessment based on current taxonomic factors, habitat factors, and
distribution relative to impacts ................................................................................................ 66
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APPENDICES
Appendix A – Sampling effort .................................................................................................................. 75
Appendix B – Database search results .................................................................................................... 81
Appendix C – Water physicochemistry .................................................................................................... 96
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Calidus Resources Limited (Calidus) owns the Warrawoona Gold Project, located approximately 25
kilometres (km) south-east of the town of Marble Bar in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. The
Project comprises the Klondyke, Copenhagen, Coronation and Fieldings Gully Prospects with a global
gold resource currently at 1.25 million ounces. Pre-feasibility studies are currently underway to evaluate
the potential development of a new open pit and underground mine at Klondyke (which hosts the majority
of the gold resource), and the extension of an existing open pit at Copenhagen (and associated
infrastructure).
Biologic Environmental Survey Pty Ltd (Biologic) was commissioned by Calidus to undertake a Level 2
subterranean fauna (troglofauna and stygofauna) assessment within the Warrawoona Gold Project
(approximately 1,212 ha). The survey was designed and conducted in accordance with relevant EPA
guidelines for subterranean fauna assessments, and sampling included a balanced mix of sites in
proposed impact areas as well as reference (non-impact) sites. The survey aimed to provide a
comprehensive assessment of all subterranean species and habitats occurring within the Study Area and
immediate surrounds and assess the potential risks to subterranean species and habitats from the
proposed developments at the Warrawoona Gold Project.
No previous subterranean fauna sampling has been undertaken within the Study Area. The nearest
subterranean fauna survey was conducted 20 km south of the Study Area at Corunna Downs which
detected a rich troglofauna species assemblage comprising cockroaches, beetles, diplurans, isopods,
millipedes, pseudoscorpions, scolopendrids and symphylans. Similarly, database searches revealed no
subterranean fauna records within the Study Area, with the nearest record being located 10 km north of
the Study Area.
The current survey sampled a total of 118 bores and holes throughout all prospects within the Study Area
resulting in 198 troglofauna samples (87 trapping, and 111 scraping respectively) and 93 stygofauna
samples (all net-hauls). A total of 1979 subterranean fauna specimens were recorded, comprising almost
99% stygofauna (1955 specimens) with the remaining 1% representing troglofauna (24 specimens).
Using morphological identification methods, the troglofauna specimens were identified as representatives
from 6 morphospecies comprising pseudoscorpions, silverfish, cockroaches, dipterans and weevils.
Relative to other subterranean fauna surveys within the wider area, the troglofauna species assemblage
recorded within the Study Area is considered depauperate. Blattodea were the most abundant group,
accounting for the majority of troglofauna recorded (75%, 19 specimens), followed by Zygentoma (3
specimens) with single records of Pseudoscorpiones, Diptera and Coleoptera. Of the six morphospecies
recorded, one taxon is known to be widespread in the Pilbara and one taxon was recorded from multiple
sites within the Study Area. Two troglofauna taxa were recorded as singleton records (one individual form
a single site). The remaining two groups represented indeterminate taxa that could not be resolved to
species-level due to specimens being immature, in poor/damaged condition or the wrong sex for species-
level identifications. Of these, one taxon was recorded form multiple locations within the Study Area
whereas the remaining taxon was a unique singleton record.
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The stygofauna were also identified using morphological methods, revealing 28 morphospecies and five
indeterminate taxa comprising nematode, polychaete and oligochaete worms, ostracods, cyclopoid and
harpacticoid copepods, syncarids, amphipods and isopods. This represents a rich stygofauna species
assemblage compared to other nearby surveys. Copepods were the most abundant group, accounting
for more than 79% of all stygofauna. The majority (14) of stygofauna taxa were widespread taxa known
to occur beyond the Study Area. Ten stygofauna taxa were recorded from multiple locations within the
Study Area. Three stygofauna taxa were singleton taxa or known only from a single site, whereas the
remaining taxon represented a unique higher-level taxon that could not be identified to species level.
The risk assessment for subterranean fauna was based on current taxonomic and ecological information,
available habitat information and the likelihood that any species of troglofauna or stygofauna would be
limited to habitats directly impacted by the proposed development. For troglofauna, the direct impact area
comprised the proposed pit boundaries at Klondyke and Copenhagen, while for stygofauna the direct
impact area comprised the estimated groundwater drawdown (based on hydrogeological modelling).
Four (4) troglofauna taxa are currently known only from the direct impact areas of the proposed
development. The potential risks to these taxa from mining were characterised using a three-point risk
classification system (i.e. high, moderate, or low risk) as follows:
• Low risk (3 taxa): Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087`, Trinemura sp. indet. and Nocticola sp. indet.
Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` and Trinemura sp. indet. were regarded as low risk because their known
records were located in the surface detritals which extend extensively beyond the impact areas. The risk
assessment of Nocticola sp. indet. was based on current taxonomic information and the likely extent of
suitable habitats (fractured rock habitats) beyond impact areas.
• Moderate risk (1 taxon): Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`,
This taxon was assessed as moderate risk as it is more likely to represent troglobitic SRE fauna and was
recorded as a singleton within the Klondyke pit. Nevertheless, its habitat is likely to continue beyond
impact areas in the nearby vicinity.
Seven (7) stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey of the Study Area are known only from
within the estimated groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen and Klondyke. Based on current taxonomic
and ecological information, modelling of groundwater drawdown and the likely extent of suitable habitats
for stygofauna beyond the modelled extent of drawdown, the following risk categories were assigned to
these taxa.
• Low risk (4 taxa): Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028`, Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060`, Parastenocaris sp. indet.,
and Bogidiellidae sp. indet.
These taxa were regarded as low risk due to current taxonomic and ecological information, and the likely
extent of suitable habitats (surface detritals and fractured rock aquifers) beyond impact areas.
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• Moderate risk (3 taxa): Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`, Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042`, and
Billibathynella sp. `BSY043`
These taxa were regarded as moderate risk because of their high likelihood to represent short-range
endemic stygobite species, as localised speciation and short-range endemism are common patterns
within their respective taxonomic groups. However, hydrogeological connectivity with other nearby
aquifers is likely, as several shears extend beyond the impact area to the north, north-west and east, with
surface detritals/colluvials extending to the south.
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Calidus Resources Limited (Calidus) owns the Warrawoona Gold Project, located approximately 25
kilometres (km) south-east of the town of Marble Bar in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. The
Project comprises the Klondyke, Copenhagen, Coronation and Fieldings Gully Prospects with a global
gold resource currently at 1.25 million ounces. Pre-feasibility studies are currently underway to evaluate
the potential development of a new open pit and underground mine at Klondyke (which hosts the majority
of the gold resource), and the extension of existing mining operations at the satellite deposit Copenhagen
(and associated infrastructure).
The key components of the proposed developments are:
• Development of a new open pit at Klondyke;
• Development of an underground mine below the main Klondyke open pit;
• Extension of the existing Copenhagen deposit; and
• Construction of associated infrastructure, including a processing plant, accommodation village,
wastewater treatment plants, mine water treatment plants, surface water management structures
and power station.
The proposed Klondyke open pit is expected to be approximately 2 kilometres long by 200 metres wide,
and the final pit floor elevations will be approximately 150 metres deep. The Copenhagen mining
developments will extend the existing pit 35 metres to the perimeter and 25 metres deep.
Groundwater drawdown associated with the proposed mining activities is expected to occur both at
Copenhagen and Klondyke. Groundwater modelling predicts that the drawdown impact from dewatering
at the end of Copenhagen mining (seven months) will extend out radially to around 500 m from the
Copenhagen pit perimeter. This groundwater drawdown is expected to have largely recovered by the end
of project mining (six years). At Klondyke, the drawdown impact is predicted to extend around 3 km to the
northeast and southeast along the strike of the Warrawoona Ranges by the end of mining. However, this
estimate does not take into consideration the frequency of large seasonal recharge events and it is
considered likely that the final drawdown impact will be smaller than predicted.
Biologic Environmental Survey (Biologic) was commissioned by Calidus to undertake a baseline two-
season Level 2 subterranean fauna survey within the Warrawoona Gold Project. The area of interest,
hereafter referred to as the Study Area, covers approximately 1,212 hectares (ha) (Figure 1.1).
This report provides:
• a desktop review of all previous subterranean fauna surveys in the vicinity of the Study Area and
existing subterranean fauna databases on the local/ sub-regional scale;
• results of a two-phase Level 2 stygofauna and troglofauna survey throughout the Study Area,
including detailed identifications of all species collected;
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• assessment of the likely local occurrence of stygofauna and troglofauna species relative to key
habitat units and proposed impact areas, and a discussion of their conservation status and wider
potential distribution with reference to regional taxonomic comparisons; and
• a detailed risk assessment of key subterranean fauna values (species and habitat) in relation to
the potential impacts of the proposed mining development.
1.2 Legislation and guidance
Western Australia’s subterranean fauna is considered globally-significant due to an unprecedented
richness of species and high levels of short-range endemism (EPA, 2016c). The EPA’s environmental
objective for subterranean fauna is to “protect subterranean fauna so that biological diversity and
ecological integrity are maintained” (EPA, 2016a, p2). In this context, the EPA defines ecological integrity
as “the composition, structure, function and processes of ecosystems, and the natural range of variation
of these elements” (EPA, 2016a, p2).
Protection for conservation significant subterranean species and/ or Threatened or Priority Ecological
Communities (TECs and PECs) is provided under State and Federal legislation, comprising:
• Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act 1986) (WA);
• Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WC Act 1950) (WA);
• Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (BC Act 2016) (WA); and
• Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act 1999)
(Commonwealth).
Most subterranean species and assemblages are not listed under these Acts, due to incomplete
taxonomic or ecological knowledge. Consideration of range-restricted subterranean fauna is therefore
also important, including species that only occur within restricted habitats, as these have a higher potential
of being Short-Range Endemic (SRE) species (Eberhard et al., 2009; Harvey, 2002).
This assessment has been undertaken in consideration of the following EPA guidance statements:
• EPA (2016c) Technical Guidance Subterranean Fauna Survey;
• EPA (2016b) Technical Guidance Sampling Methods for Subterranean Fauna; and
• EPA (2016a) Environmental Factor Guideline Subterranean Fauna.
1.3 Subterranean fauna
Subterranean fauna are animals that live underground. In Western Australia, subterranean fauna are
mainly invertebrates such as crustaceans, insects, arachnids, myriapods, worms, and snails, but a small
number of vertebrate taxa such as fish and reptiles have also been found (EPA, 2013; Humphreys, 1999).
Subterranean fauna are grouped into two major ecological categories:
• stygofauna - aquatic animals that inhabit groundwater in caves, aquifers and water-saturated
interstitial voids; and
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• troglofauna - air-breathing animals that inhabit air-filled caves and smaller voids above the water
table.
Nevertheless, there are some taxa which cross-over between these categories and are known to occur
in groundwater as well as air-filled subterranean habitats (e.g. enchytraeid worms), and yet other species
that occur within subterranean habitats for only part of their lifecycles (stygoxenes/ stygophiles, and
trogloxenes/ troglophiles respectively).
Following EPA (EPA, 2016c) guidelines, obligate subterranean fauna (known respectively as stygobites
and troglobites) are defined as species that live their entire lives underground and are completely
dependent upon, or restricted to, subterranean habitats. Such species are considered to have a high
likelihood of being limited to very narrow ranges (i.e. short-range endemic (SRE) species), and therefore
may be at greater risk of impacts from proposed developments (EPA, 2016c). SRE species as described
by (Harvey, 2002), are species whose natural ranges are limited to <10,000 km2 (or <100 km x 100 km),
whereas Eberhard et al. (2009) regarded even this criterion as potentially too vast for range-restricted
subterranean fauna, offering an alternative threshold of <1,000 km2 for subterranean SRE species.
Troglobites and stygobites often display evolutionary adaptations to underground life; these include
features such as reduced pigment, reduced or vestigial wings, reduced cuticle thickness, elongation of
sensory appendages, and reduced eyes or eyelessness. Additional adaptations to underground life can
include changes to physiology, lifecycle, metabolism, feeding and behaviour (Christiansen, 2005; Gibert
& Deharveng, 2002)
As the darkness of hypogean environments precludes photosynthesis, subterranean ecosystems are
generally dependent upon allochthonous inputs of nutrients and oxygen from the surface (except in cases
where chemo-autotrophic bacteria are present) (Hahn, 2009). Energy and nutrients are generally
transported into subterranean ecosystems by the infiltration of water, particularly via the roots of
groundwater dependent vegetation (Howarth, 1983; Humphreys, 2006; Malard & Hervant, 1999; Poulson
& Lavoie, 2000). Thus, the porosity (or otherwise) of the overlying geologies, the distance from the
surface, and the presence/absence of caves or fissures that can provide a conduit for water and nutrients
are important physical features that influence the suitability of underground habitats for subterranean
fauna (Hahn & Fuchs, 2009; Strayer, 1994). Groundwater physicochemistry (including salinity, pH,
dissolved oxygen and redox potential) is also an important determinant of habitat suitability for stygofauna
(Eberhard et al., 2009; Hahn, 2009; Humphreys, 2008; Watts & Humphreys, 2004).
784453 793453 80245376
3301
776
4051
7
Size A4. Created 13/03/2019
Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50Projection: Transverse MercatorDatum: GDA 1994
Calidus Resources - Warrawoona
Figure 1.1: Regional location and IBRA sub-regions1:75,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 1.5 30.75km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area
LegendStudy AreaKlondyke PitCopenhagen PitRoads
IBRA sub-regionsChichesterFortescueHamersleyRoebourne ¯
Marble Bar
Klondyke
CopenhagenCoronation
Fieldings Gully
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2 ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Biogeography
The Study Area is located within the Pilbara bioregion (Figure 1.1), as defined by the Interim
Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA; Thackway & Cresswell, 1995). The Pilbara bioregion
is characterised by vast coastal plains and inland mountain ranges with cliffs and deep gorges (Thackway
& Cresswell, 1995). Vegetation is predominantly mulga low woodlands or snappy gum over bunch and
hummock grasses (Bastin, 2008). Within the Pilbara bioregion the Study Area is located within the
Chichester (PIL 1) subregion. The Chichester subregion is comprised of undulating Archaean granite and
basalt plains with areas of basaltic ranges (Kendrick & McKenzie, 2001). The plains support a shrub
steppe characterised by Acacia inaequilatera over Triodia wiseana hummock grasslands, while
Eucalyptus leucophloia tree steppes occur through the ranges (Kendrick & McKenzie, 2001).
2.2 Climate
The Pilbara bioregion has a semi-desert to tropical climate, with rainfall occurring sporadically throughout
the year, although mostly during summer (Thackway & Cresswell, 1995). Summer rainfall is usually the
result of tropical storms in the north or tropical cyclones that impact upon the coast and move inland
(Leighton, 2004). The winter rainfall is generally lighter and is the result of cold fronts moving north
easterly across the state (Leighton, 2004). The average annual rainfall ranges from 200-350 mm,
although there are significant fluctuations between years (BoM, 2017), with up to 1,200 mm falling in
some locations in some years (McKenzie et al., 2009).
Long-term climatic data is not available for the Study Area itself; however, long term climatic data is
available from the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) weather station at Marble Bar located approximately
north of the Study Area (BoM, 2017). The Marble Bar weather station is expected to provide the most
accurate long-term average (LTA) dataset for climatic conditions experienced within the Study Area
(Figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1: Long-term monthly average rainfall and temperature from Marble Bar (BoM 2019)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rain
fall (
mm
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pera
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(°C
)
LTA Rainfall (mm) LTA Min Temp (°C) LTA Max Temp (°C)
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2.3 Geology
The Warrawoona Gold Project is situated within the Eastern Pilbara Domain of the Archean Pilbara
Craton. The Study Area is located on an Archean greenstone terrain synclinally folded between large
granitic batholiths (Calidus, 2019) (Figure 2.2). The greenstone succession comprises layered
assemblages of volcanic and intrusive mafic, ultramafic and intermediate rocks interbedded with minor
cherts and sedimentary rocks, overlain by Proterozoic banded iron formations (BIF) (Calidus, 2019).
Figure 2.2 shows the surface geology of the Warrawoona Gold Project based on GSWA 1:250,000
mapping, and Table 2.1 shows the generalised suitability for subterranean fauna for each of the geological
units. The geology of the Study Area comprises the Warrawoona Group, characterised by high-Mg
basaltic lavas with lesser tholeiite, andesite, sodic dacite, potassic rhyolite, chert and banded iron
formation (BIF) (Calidus, 2019).
The proposed deposits are hosted within three localized ductile shear zones: the Klondyke, Copenhagen
and Fielding’s Find shear zones (Calidus, 2019). Gold mineralisation generally occurs within the shear
zones, with mineralisation outcropping at surface. At Klondyke, the shear strikes northwest through the
centre of the deposit. Several shears parallel the Klondyke shear including the St. George and Coronation
shears. At the Copenhagen deposit, the mineralised units occur within a thick sequence of amphibole-
chlorite-quartz mafic schists. The area of mineralisation at Copenhagen is up to 80 m thick and lies
between a thick chlorite-quartz schist to the north and a 10 m thick bed of talc carbonate schist to the
south. At Fieldings Gully, the shear strikes east-west. The Fieldings Gully deposit comprises a sequence
of sheared and hydrothermally altered volcanic and sedimentary rocks.
2.4 Surface drainage and indicative catchments
The Warrawoona Gold Project is located within the Brockman Hay Cutting Creek catchment situated
along the Warrawoona Ranges which form the local surface water divide. (Figure 2.3, Figure 2.4). The
main ephemeral water course within the Study Area is the Brockman Hay Cutting creek, which runs from
Klondyke to the west into Coongan River, a tributary of the De Grey River system (Figure 2.3). Several
small ephemeral water courses and drainage lines flow through the western section of the Study Area
near deposits Copenhagen, Coronation and Fielders Gully before joining with Brockman Hay Cutting
Creek (Figure 2.3). All watercourses and drainages in the vicinity of the Warrawoona Gold Project are
ephemeral, with flows occurring periodically during the summer, however because the Project is situated
within the Warrawoona Ranges there are very limited catchment areas upstream of the proposed mining
areas.
The Warrawoona Range runs along the north-eastern section of the Study Area. Areas to the south-west
and north-east of these rocky ranges are comparatively low lying with elevations of 230 – 300 m (Figure
2.3). The highest peak in the area is Warrawoona Peak with an elevation of 398 m. The Warrawoona
Range is comprised of steep-sided relatively small hills and outcrops trending SE-NW (following the
regional shear zone), forming a series of parallel ridges separated by narrow valleys. Drainage lines cut
through the Range in certain areas (associated with transverse faulting), connecting the narrow valleys
and emptying onto the surrounding undulating plains.
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
Page | 16
The Warrawoona Ranges form a local surface and groundwater divide directly to the east of the Study
Area (GRM, 2019a). Surface water runoff from the Warrawoona Range moves either to the Brockman
Creek catchment to the north-east (which discharges into Talga River) or to the Camel Creek catchment
in the south-west (which discharges into the Coongan River) (Figure 2.4).
2.5 Hydrogeology
Within the Study Area, the stratigraphic layers of the Warrawoona syncline run vertical or near vertical
along the regional shear zone. Water penetration and permeability is facilitated by infiltration along the
geological contacts and preferential flow paths created by the fractures/ faults of the shear zones.
However, in some areas, transverse faulting has created flow paths perpendicular to the regional shear
trend, and in other areas, dolerite dykes may restrict flow paths along the shear zone, which creates
further complexities/ heterogeneity for the hydrogeological setting. The Study Area also features a large
(20 km long) north-east striking dyke that is likely to form a local barrier to groundwater flow between
Klondyke and Copenhagen (GRM, 2019a).
As fractured rock aquifers dominate the hydrogeological settings at the Study Area, permeability can be
moderate to high, although storage is variable depending on the size of individual fractures and the
degree of wider hydraulic connectivity (GRM, 2019a).
Groundwater table levels are lowest along the topographic highs of the Warrawoona Ranges, such as
the proposed Klondyke deposit where it averages around 25 mbgl. There is a strong hydraulic gradient
from the Warrawoona Ranges to the south (towards the Coongan River) and to the north (towards the
De Grey River), with groundwater levels rising quickly to less than 5 mbgl in the catchment areas to the
north-east and south-west of the Warrawoona Ranges (e.g. including Copenhagen, Fieldings Gully and
Coronation). Consequently, prospective troglofauna habitat in the low-lying areas at Copenhagen,
Coronation and Fieldings Gully is relatively limited.
2.6 Suitability for subterranean fauna habitat
As described above (section 1.3) subterranean fauna habitat is predicated on the occurrence and
interconnectedness of subterranean porosity, aperture spaces, voids, cracks, cavities, and caverns
(above and below water table). Other than thin detrital layers (i.e. colluvium in the valleys of the
Warrawoona Range, and alluvium following drainage lines), subterranean voids are largely limited to
fractured rocks associated with the shear zones and transverse faults. The geological layers found in the
Study Area are mostly massive and impermeable (Table 2.1), and in-situ weathering has not enhanced
their permeability (in contrast to secondary weathering of ironstone geologies). Therefore, deeper
subterranean habitats are expected to be limited to the fractures and faults of the shear zones, with
geological contacts/ transverse faults providing preferential flow paths for water. These may be overlain
in patches by superficial detrital habitats, potentially forming a network of habitable voids/ porosity, but
the overall extent of these kinds of habitats and their interconnectivity at the landscape scale is uncertain.
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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Table 2.1: Surface geology of the Study Area and generalised suitability for subterranean fauna
Unit Description Generalised suitability for subterranean fauna (AWT/BWT)
Detritals (valley fill, colluvium, alluvium)
Poorly consolidated scree, gravel, sand and silt associated with slope flanks (scree/ colluvium), washplains (colluvium), and drainage lines (alluvium).
Medium to High, depending upon the degree of consolidation, interconnectivity of pore spaces/ voids and the depth from the surface.
Sedimentary rocks Formed by the accumulation of small particles. Permeability depends largely on the type of sedimentary rock and ranges from low to high.
Low to Medium, depending upon the degree of fracturing.
Sandstone Sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. Permeable and porous. Medium to High, where sufficient vugs, cavities, fractures, or void spaces occur.
Shale A clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud. Shale is characterized by parallel layering less than one centimetre in thickness (fissility). Shale has generally low permeability, except where deeply fractured or faulted.
Typically low, except where fractured by faulting (Medium)
Conglomerate Coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of rounded gravel-sized clasts. Conglomerates typically contain finer grained sediment (e.g. sand, silt, clay) filling their interstices (called matrix).
Typically low, except where fractured by faulting (Medium)
Granite Dense and hard igneous rock that is granular in texture, consisting mainly of feldspar and quartz. Granite has poor permeability, except where deeply fractured or faulted.
Typically low, except where fractured by faulting (Medium)
Gneiss Metamorphic rock formed by high temperature and high-pressure. Gneiss nearly always shows a banded texture (alternating darker and lighter coloured bands). Gneiss has generally low permeability.
Typically low, except where fractured by faulting (Medium)
Basalt Volcanic rock that weathers relatively fast compared to other rocks. Low to Medium, depending upon the degree of fracturing and porosity of the local geology.
Basic and ultrabasic volcanic rocks
Igneous rock with a very low silica but high magnesium and iron content. Unknown/ uncertain
Acid volcanic rocks
Igneous rock that is compositionally rich in silica, alumina and alkalis. They are generally less dense and lighter in colour than basic rocks.
Unknown/ uncertain
766580 772580 778580 784580 790580 796580 802580 808580 814580 82058076
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Size A4. Created 13/03/2019
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Calidus Resources - Warrawoona
Figure 2.2: Geology of the Study Areaand surrounds (GSWA 1:250,000)1:200,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 4.5 92.25km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
LegendStudy AreaCopenhagen PitKlondyke Pit
Geology 250kAcid volcanic rocksBasalt, sandstone, conglomerateBasic and ultrabasic volcanic rocksGneissGraniteSandstone, shale, conglomerateSedimentary rocks
780510 789510 798510 80751076
3008
276
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Size A4. Created 13/07/2019
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Calidus Resources - Warrawoona
Figure 2.3: Surface drainage of the Study Area and surrounds1:100,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 2 41km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area
LegendCopenhagen PitKlondyke PitStudy Area
Drainage LinesRoads
Elevation Contours230-260 meters
260-280 meters280-300 meters300-330 meters330-390 meters ¯
Camel Creek
Brockman HayCutting Creek
Sandy Creek
BrockmanCreek
COPENHAGEN PIT
KLONDYKE PIT
784338 793338 80233876
3195
976
3945
9
Size A4. Created 13/03/2019
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Calidus Resources - Warrawoona
Figure 2.4: Regional surface hydrology
1:75,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 1.5 30.75km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area
LegendStudy AreaCopenhagen PitKlondyke PitDrainage Lines
Local Catchment AreasBrockman Creek catchment areaBrockman Hay Cutting Creek catchment areaCamel creek catchment areaSandy Creek catchment area ¯
Brockman HayCutting Creek
Camel Creek
Sandy Creek
BrockmanCreek
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3 METHODS
3.1 Database search and review of previous reports
Four databases were searched for subterranean fauna records in April 2014 (Table 3.1):
• Western Australian Museum (WAM) Arachnida/ Myriapoda database;
• WAM Crustacea database;
• DBCA’s Pilbara Stygofauna Survey species list (Halse & Eberhard, 2014); and
• Subterranean Ecology’s database (last updated in 2012).
All records were filtered based on collection methods and known stygofauna/ troglofauna taxonomic
groups where information on subterranean status was not present in the data.
Table 3.1. Databases searched for subterranean fauna records
Database Parameters
NatureMap 20 km radius around 21°19`38”S and 119°52`33”E
ALA 10 km radius around 21°19`38”S and 119°52`33”E
WAM Arachnida/ Myriapoda
WAM Crustacea 60 km radius around 21°19`38”S and 119°52`33”E
DBCA’s Pilbara Stygofauna Survey
60 km radius around 21°19`38”S and 119°52`33”E
Subterranean Ecology database
60 km radius around 21°19`38”S and 119°52`33”E
Reports from subterranean fauna surveys within 100 km of the Study Areas were reviewed for local and
regional context. Reports from relevant surveys are listed below:
• Corunna Downs Subterranean Fauna Assessment (MWH, 2016);
• McPhee Creek Subterranean Fauna Survey (Subterranean Ecology, 2012a);
• Sulphur Springs Subterranean Fauna Survey Report 1 (Subterranean Ecology, 2006);
• Panorama Project Subterranean Fauna Survey Report 2 (Subterranean Ecology, 2007);
• Mount Webber Desktop Assessment of Subterranean Fauna (Subterranean Ecology, 2012b);
• Abydos Troglofauna Survey (Subterranean Ecology, 2009); and
• Abydos Troglofauna Survey 2010 (Subterranean Ecology, 2010).
3.2 Survey timing
The Level 2 subterranean fauna survey was a two-phase survey, undertaken in accordance with
guidelines for subterranean fauna assessments (EPA 2016a, 2016b, 2016c). The first phase of sampling
was undertaken during the dry season months May – July 2018, with the second phase being undertaken
in March – May 2019, representing a wet season survey. Each survey phase comprised two field trips as
follows:
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Page | 22
Phase 1
• Trip 1, 8th – 15th May 2018: trap deployment and scrape / haul / pump sampling; and
• Trip 2, 15th July 2018: trap retrieval by Calidus personnel.
Phase 2
• Trip 3, 12 – 19 March 2019: trap deployment and scrape / haul / pump sampling; and
• Trip 4, 28th May 2019: trap retrieval by Calidus personnel.
The daily maximum temperatures during Phase 1 (Trip 1: 8 – 15 May 2018) at the Study Area ranged
from 35.8°C to 36.2°C, whereas the overnight minima ranged from 17°C to 19.9°C (Figure 3.1). These
conditions were consistent with the long-term average temperatures for the same period (Figure 3.1).
Marble Bar received no rainfall in the four weeks prior to Phase 1 trap deployment, and rainfall in the
three months prior to Trip 1 was well below average (63 mm; 111 mm below the long-term average).
However, significant rainfall well above average, was recorded in January 2018 (377 mm; 210 mm
above the long-term average). This would be expected to have significantly recharged the
subterranean habitats, and therefore fauna sampling during Phase 1 (dry season) survey was unlikely
to have been limited by a lack of wet season rainfall.
The daily maximum temperatures during Phase 2 (Trip 3: 12 – 19 March 2019) ranged from 36.7°C
to 42.7°C, reflecting slightly warmer than average long-term temperatures. Wet season sampling was
conducted following a significant rainfall event (32 mm) in late February, with a further 64 mm received
during the course of Phase 2 sampling (BoM, 2019). During the period Phase 2 troglofauna traps
were deployed (12 March – 28 May 2019) , the Study Area was hit by Cyclone Veronica, experiencing
well above average rainfall for March 2019 (236 mm; 324% above the long-term average) (Figure
3.1). This resulted in groundwater levels throughout the Study Area experiencing significant recharge,
particularly through drainage channels and low-lying areas such as Copenhagen. Consequently, a
number of troglofauna traps at Copenhagen were flooded with the rise in groundwater levels and
were subsequently raised above groundwater levels and remained in-situ for an additional eight
weeks to align with recommended guidance statements (EPA, 2016b). This is not expected to be a
limitation or have materially affected Phase 2 faunal results of the survey.
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Page | 23
Figure 3.1: Long term average (LTA) and current (2018-2019) climatic data at Marble Bar (Station 004106), (data from BoM 2019*)*Note: Data includes total monthly rainfall (mm) and average
monthly maximum and minimum temperatures (°C). Approximate survey timing (trap deployment and
scrape/haul sampling) is indicated by the black boxes. The arrows depict the timing of trap retrieval by Calidus
personnel.
3.3 Site selection and survey effort
Within the Study Area, site selection for subterranean fauna sampling was limited to accessible, vertical
bores (i.e. cased, production or monitoring bores) and drill holes (uncased holes). The ratios of
troglofauna trapping to scraping and net hauling within and near each deposit were dependent upon drill
hole construction (uncased required for troglofauna), angle (90° required for scraping and net hauling),
time since drilling (>6 months required for stygofauna, following EPA 2016b), and whether the holes
intercepted groundwater (required for stygofauna).
A total of 118 bores and holes were sampled throughout the Study Area over the course of two phases.
In total, 82 holes were sampled by troglofauna trapping, 99 bores and holes were sampled by scraping
for troglofauna, and 87 were sampled by stygofauna net-hauling. Some holes were sampled during both
trips while others were sampled using combined net hauling/ scraping/ trapping methods. Three
troglofauna traps (excluded from survey sample numbers) were lost to disturbance.
A total of 207 subterranean fauna samples were collected during the survey. This comprised 198
troglofauna samples collected by trapping (87 samples) and scraping (111 samples), and 93 stygofauna
samples collected by net hauling during the survey. Table 3.2 provides details of the number of samples
collected within and nearby each sampling area with respect to the methods employed, and Figures 3.2
and 3.3 shows the location of holes visited and sampled throughout the Study Area. Details of bores and
drill holes visited during the survey are provided in Appendix A.
0
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25
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)
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pera
ture
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Obs Rain LTA Rain Max °C Obs LTA Max Min °C Obs LTA Min
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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Table 3.2: Numbers of samples collected within and near each deposit
Copenhagen Coronation Fieldings
Gully Klondyke Total
Traps retrieved 18 6 12 51 87
Scrapes 6 - 2 19 27
Net hauls 5 - 1 3 9
Combined scrape/ net haul
19 13 11 41 84
Troglofauna total 43 19 25 111 198
Stygofauna total 24 13 12 44 93
Grand total, all samples 48 19 26 114 207
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Size A4. Created 13/03/2019
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Calidus Resources - Warrawoona
Figure 3.2: Sampling effort for troglofaunaper site (current survey)
1:75,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 1.5 30.75km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
LegendStudy AreaCopenhagen PitKlondyke Pit
Number of trap samples#* 1#* 2
Number of scrape samples") 1") 2
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Size A4. Created 13/03/2019
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Calidus Resources - WarrawoonaFigure 3.3: Sampling effort for Stygofaunaper site (current survey)
1:75,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 1.5 30.75km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
LegendStudy AreaCopenhagen PitKlondyke Pit
Number of haul samples #* 1#* 2
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3.4 Sampling methods
The sampling methods used were consistent with EAG #12 (EPA, 2016c), Guidance Statement #54A
(EPA, 2016b) and the Stygofauna Sampling Protocol developed for the Pilbara Biodiversity Study
Subterranean Fauna Survey (Eberhard et al., 2005; Eberhard et al., 2009). The field work was undertaken
by Syngeon Rodman, Michael Brown, Phil Runham and Courtney Brown. Laboratory sorting was
undertaken by Dean Main, Shae Callan, Syngeon Rodman, Fabian Rudin, Mary van Wees, and Dr Nihara
Gunawardene.
3.4.1 Troglofauna trapping
Trapping utilises custom made cylindrical PVC traps (approximately 50 mm x 300 mm) baited with
decaying leaf litter (dead spinifex / acacia sourced from the Pilbara region), which were sterilised with
boiling water. Traps are lowered via a nylon cord to a suitable depth and left in operation six to eight
weeks, before being collected and transported back to the laboratory in Perth.
3.4.2 Troglofauna scraping
Scraping was undertaken at vertical, uncased drill holes using a reinforced 150 µm weighted stygofauna
net, with a specialised scraping attachment used above the net to maximise gentle contact with the walls
of the hole. The net was lowered and raised through the full length of the hole at least three (3) times for
holes where no water was present, with each haul being emptied into a sample bucket as per net-hauling.
Where the water table was intercepted, a combined net-haul / scrape sample was taken using the
scraping attachment, comprising six (6) hauls throughout the full length of the hole from top to bottom,
including both the air filled and below water subterranean habitats. The contents of the sample were
elutriated, processed, and stored in 100 % ethanol as per net-hauling. Nevertheless, this technique can
frequently result in stygofauna by-catch where scraping nets are lowered below the water table to collect
any invertebrates that may have fallen past the net.
3.4.3 Stygofauna net-hauling
Stygofauna were sampled by standard net-hauling methods, using a plankton net of a diameter to suit
each bore or drill hole (in most cases 30-80 mm). Each haul sample comprised a total of six hauls from
the bottom of the hole to the top, with three hauls using a 150 μm mesh and three hauls using a 50 μm
mesh. The base of the net was fitted with a lead weight and a sample receptacle with a base mesh of
50 μm. To stir up sediments, the net was raised and lowered at the bottom of the hole prior to retrieval
and hauled at an even pace through the water column to maximise filtration of the water.
The sample from each haul was emptied into a bucket, which was elutriated after the final haul to remove
coarse sediments and filtered back through the 50 μm net/ sample receptacle to remove as much water
as possible. The sample was transferred to a 50-120 mL preservation vial (depending upon the quantity
of sediment) and preserved in 100% ethanol. The ethanol and the samples were kept chilled on ice to
facilitate cool-temperature DNA fixation.
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3.4.4 Water physicochemistry
Prior to stygofauna sampling, a groundwater sample was collected using a 1m plastic cylindrical bailer,
for the purposes of physicochemical measurements. The bailer was lowered down the hole until reaching
groundwater and a water sample was collected at a depth of 2 m below the surface. As such the results
were not indicative of water parameters throughout the entire bore (or aquifer) but rather provide a general
indication of near surface conditions. Conditions sampled during pumping were measured using a sample
collected from the pump outflow, which would have artificially increased the dissolved oxygen readings.
Groundwater physicochemical data (including EC, pH, TDS, Redox ORP, and dissolved O2) was
measured using a multi-parameter water meter. Constrictions in piezometer bores, blockages from root
material, or excessive depths to groundwater inhibited the collection of physicochemical readings at some
sites.
3.4.5 Sorting and taxonomy
Sorting and parataxonomy were undertaken in-house using dissecting microscopes. The personnel
involved (D. Main, S. Callan, N. Gunawardene, S. Rodman, F. Rudin, and M. van Wees) were all suitably
trained and experienced in sorting and parataxonomy of subterranean fauna.
Parataxonomy of the specimens utilised published literature and taxonomic keys where available. Each
morphospecies from each sample was assigned a separate labelled vial and labelled with a specimen
tracking code. Taxonomic groups were examined in as much detail as possible using in-house expertise,
before sending a reference collection to specialist taxonomists for detailed taxonomic advice. Species
comparisons and alignments were performed using regional specimens collected beyond the Study Area
throughout the wider sub-regional area. Jane McRae provided specialist taxonomic identifications and
regional alignments.
3.4.6 Conservation status and SRE classification
A few subterranean species and assemblages from the Pilbara region are listed under relevant legislation
as threatened species, or as Threatened or Priority Ecological Communities in certain locations. Any
listed subterranean species or community is regarded as conservation significant although, due to a lack
of survey effort and taxonomic certainty for the majority of subterranean fauna in the Pilbara region, there
are many potentially range-restricted (SRE) or conservation significant species and communities that do
not appear on these lists.
The likelihood of taxa representing SRE species (i.e. distribution <10,000 km2 following Harvey 2002, or
<1,000 km2 following Eberhard et al. 2009) was assessed based on the known local species distribution,
and regional comparisons where data was available, following advice from the WAM and other relevant
taxonomic specialists. The assessment of SRE status was highly dependent on:
1. the degree of taxonomic certainty at the genus and species levels;
2. the current state of taxonomic and ecological knowledge for each taxon (including whether a
regional genetic context has been investigated);
3. the scale and intensity of the local and regional sampling effort; and
4. whether or not relevant taxonomic specialists were available to provide advice.
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The SRE status categories used in this report follow the WAM’s categorisation for SRE invertebrates.
This system is based upon the 10,000 km2 range criterion proposed by Harvey (2002), and uses three
broad categories to deal with varying levels of taxonomic certainty that may apply to any given taxon
(Table 3.3). Owing to the fact that the majority of subterranean fauna are poorly known taxonomically,
and the general limitations to sampling subterranean fauna, the majority of morphospecies invariably fall
within one (or several) of the five Potential SRE sub-categories.
Table 3.3: SRE categorisation used by WAM taxonomists
Taxonomic Certainty Taxonomic Uncertainty
Distribution
<10 000km2
Confirmed SRE
• A known distribution of < 10,000km2.
• The taxonomy is well known.
• The group is well represented in collections and/ or via comprehensive sampling.
Potential SRE
• Patchy sampling has resulted in incomplete knowledge of geographic distribution.
• Incomplete taxonomic knowledge.
• The group is not well represented in collections.
• Category applies where there are significant knowledge gaps.
SRE Sub-categories may apply:
A) Data Deficient
B) Habitat Indicators
C) Morphology Indicators
D) Molecular Evidence
E) Research & Expertise
Distribution
>10 000km2
Widespread (not an SRE)
• A known distribution of > 10,000km2.
• The taxonomy is well known.
• The group is well represented in collections and/ or via comprehensive sampling.
The degree of stygomorphy or troglomorphy (observable physical adaptations to subterranean habitats
such as eyelessness, depigmentation, elongation of sensory appendages and thinning of the cuticle)
assessed to determine each morphospecies’ ‘subterranean status’, i.e. whether a taxon was more or
less likely to be an obligate subterranean species (stygobite/ troglobite). It is acknowledged that the
current EPA guideline for subterranean fauna does not account for non-obligate subterranean fauna,
stating, "…subterranean fauna are defined as fauna which live their entire lives (obligate) below the
surface of the earth.... Fauna that use a subterranean environment for only part of the day or season
(e.g. soil-dwelling or burrowing species, cave-dwelling bats and birds) are not considered as
subterranean fauna for this EAG" (EPA, 2013).
Nevertheless, there may be fauna with restricted distributions <10,000 km2 following Harvey (2002), or
<1,000 km2 following Eberhard et al. (2009) that are of interest because of their SRE status, regardless
of whether they can be definitively regarded as ‘obligate’ subterranean fauna. For this reason, this report
presents an assessment of both the subterranean status and the SRE status of each taxon collected, to
the best available knowledge.
In some cases where thorough sampling has been conducted and sufficient habitat information and
ecological information is available, the potential occurrence of a taxon at a local scale may be inferred
via the extent of habitats, particularly where the rest of the assemblages are highly similar, and the
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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habitats appear well-connected. Despite the suggestion within the current EPA (2013) guidelines that
related species’ ranges may be used as surrogates for poorly-known species’ ranges, the level of
evidence required to support the identification of an appropriate surrogate is almost prohibitively high for
most subterranean fauna, therefore this would only be investigated as a last resort.
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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4 RESULTS
4.1 Database searches
The WAM, Subterranean Ecology and DBCA’s Pilbara Stygofauna Survey records revealed 29
troglofauna taxa belonging to 14 taxonomic groups, and 68 stygofauna (including potential stygofauna)
taxa from 12 taxonomic groups within 60 km of the Study Area (Table 4.1). The locations of these
subterranean fauna records are shown in Figure 4.1 and 4.2. None of the troglofauna or stygofauna taxa
recorded from the database searches were recorded within the Study Area, owing to the lack of previous
sampling.
Based on current knowledge, none of the described troglofauna or stygofauna species appear on any
threatened species lists. Particularly in relation to the stygofauna taxa, the majority of the records
comprise widespread species known to occur beyond the Study Area. However, owing to the
indeterminate identifications of many of the taxa recorded, a number of records cannot be assessed for
wider local/ regional distributions. A list of all database search records is presented in Appendix B.
Table 4.1: Troglofauna and stygofauna morphospecies recorded in the databases within 60 km of the Study Area (search parameters as per Table 3.1)
Taxonomy Likely subterranean status
SRE status where known
Source
Rotifera
Bdelloidea sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA
Platyhelminthes
Turbellaria sp. D4: ED4: E278 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Platyhelminthes sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Nematoda
Nematoda sp. 17 Stygofauna Potential SRE DBCA
Nematoda sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA
Polychaeta
Aeolosoma sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Oligochaeta
Dero furcata Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Enchytraeidae sp. McP Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Insulodrilus lacustris s.l. Pilbara type 2/3 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Monopylephorus n. sp. WA29 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Phreodrilid with dissimilar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Phreodrilid with similar ventral chaetae Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Pristina? sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Enchytraeidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Phreodrilidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Acari
Guineaxonopsis sp. S1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Oribatida sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain WAM
Recifella sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain WAM & DBCA
Wandesia sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain WAM
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Taxonomy Likely subterranean status
SRE status where known
Source
Guineaxonopsis sp. indet.* Potential stygofauna Uncertain WAM
Ostracoda
Amphitritecandona secunda Stygofauna Potential SRE WAM & DBCA
Areacandona cf. sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Bennelongia sp.2 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Bennelongia strelleyensis Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Candonopsis pilbarae Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Cypretta seurati Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Cyprinotus kimberleyensis Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Gomphodella hirsuta Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Gomphodella 'quasihirsuta' ms Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Heterocypris 'kimberleyensis' ms Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol & DBCA
Kencandona harleyi Stygofauna Widespread WAM & DBCA
Leicacandona cf. carinata Stygofauna Potential SRE DBCA
Leicacandona jimi Stygofauna Potential SRE DBCA
Leicacandona lite Stygofauna Potential SRE WAM & DBCA
Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE WAM & DBCA
Limnocythere sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Strandesia sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA
Cyprididae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Leicacandona sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Ostracoda sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol & DBCA
Cyclopoida
Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol & DBCA
Diacyclops humphreysi humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol & DBCA
Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Diacyclops sobeprolatus Stygofauna Widespread WAM & DBCA
Meridiecyclops baylyi Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Mesocyclops brooksi Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol
Metacyclops sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA
Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread WAM & DBCA & SubEcol
Orbuscyclops westaustraliensis Stygofauna Widespread WAM
Cyclopoida sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Harpacticoida
Dussartstenocaris sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol & DBCA
Megastygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol
Megastygonitocrella unispinosa Stygofauna Widespread WAM
Parastenocaris jane Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol
Parastenocaris sp. 3 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Parastenocaris sp. B23 Stygofauna Potential SRE WAM
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Taxonomy Likely subterranean status
SRE status where known
Source
Pseudectinosoma galassiae Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Stygonitocrella bispinosa Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Stygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol & DBCA
Stygonitocrella unispinosa Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Canthocamptidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA
Parastenocaris sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA
Harpacticoida sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol & DBCA
Syncarida
Bathynella sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Bathynellidae sp. McP Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Billibathynella sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
nr Kimberleybathynella sp. McP Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
nr Atopobathynella sp. B16 Stygofauna Potential SRE WAM
Amphipoda
Bogidiellidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Melitidae sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Nedsia sp. indet. Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Paramelitidae sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Paramelitidae sp. 6 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Paramelitidae sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Pilbarus millsi Stygofauna Widespread DBCA
Melitidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA
Paramelitidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol & DBCA
Isopoda
Coxicerberus sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Philosciidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Troglarmadillo sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Troglarmadillo sp. Mcp2 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Microcerberidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain WAM & DBCA
Scolopendrida
Cryptops sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Geophilida
Chilenophilidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Polyxenida
Polyxenida sp. S1 (MW) Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Polyxenida sp. RRV Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Polyxenida sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Pauropoda
Pauropoda sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Diplura
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Taxonomy Likely subterranean status
SRE status where known
Source
Anajapygidae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Anajapygidae sp. McP2 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Anajapygidae sp. McP3 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Pseudoscorpiones
Indohya sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Palpigradi
Palpigradi sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Palpigradi sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Schizomida
Draculoides sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Araneae
Anapistula sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Prethopalpus sp. indet. Troglofauna Uncertain WAM
Oonopidae sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Zygentoma
Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Ateluridae sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Blattodea
Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Nocticola sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Hemiptera
Meenoplidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Meenoplidae sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Meenoplidae sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol
Coleoptera
Anillini sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Anillini sp. McP2 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Anillini sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Cryptorhynchinae sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Curculionidae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Pselaphinae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol
Note: *Asterisk indicates indeterminate taxa such as ‘Meenoplidae sp. indet.’ which are not included in species counts
as they represent specimens that cannot be allocated to the other known species based on current taxonomic
information.
732370 748370 764370 780370 796370 812370 828370 84437076
0233
976
1633
976
3033
976
4433
976
5833
9
Size A4. Created 13/03/2019
Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50Projection: Transverse MercatorDatum: GDA 1994
Calidus Resources - Warrawoona
Figure 4.1: Previous troglofauna recordswithin 60 km of the Study Area1:400,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 9 184.5km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
LegendStudy AreaCopenhagen PitKlondyke Pit
Troglofauna OrderAraneaeBlattodeaColeoptera
DipluraGeophilidaHemipteraIsopoda
PalpigradiPauropodaPolydesmidaPolyxenida
PseudoscorpionesSchizomidaScolopendridaSymphylaZygentoma
Anapistula sp. MWAnillini sp. MWCryptorhynchinae sp. MWHanoniscus? sp. MWIndohya sp. MWMeenoplidae sp. MWNocticola sp. MWPolyxenida sp. S1 (MW)
Anajapygidae sp. McP1Anajapygidae sp. McP2Anajapygidae sp. McP3Anillini sp. McP1Anillini sp. McP2Ateluridae indet.Ateluridae sp. McP1Chilenophilidae sp. McPCryptops sp. McPCurculionidae sp. McP1Meenoplidae indet.Meenoplidae sp. McPNocticola indet.Nocticola sp. McPOonopidae indet.Palpigradi indet.Palpigradi sp. McPPauropoda sp. McPPhilosciidae sp. McPPolyxenida indet.Polyxenida sp. RRVPrethopalpus sp. indet.Pselaphinae sp. McPTrinemura sp. McPTroglarmadillo sp. McP1Troglarmadillo sp. McP2
Cryptops-OES5Curculionidae-OES11Illaphanus-OES2Indohya-OES6InjapxInjapx-OES5Injapx-OES5Lophoproctidae-OES1Nocticola-OES10Philosciidae-OES18Projapygidae-OES2Prosopodesmus-OES8Symphyla-OES1Tenebrionidae-OES1Tyrannochthonius-OES16
#*#*#*#*
#*#*#*#*#* #*#*#*#*#*
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713551 737551 761551 785551 809551 833551 857551 88155175
9508
876
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3508
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7508
876
9508
8
Size A4. Created 13/03/2019
Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50Projection: Transverse MercatorDatum: GDA 1994
Calidus Resources - Warrawoona
Figure 4.2: Previous stygofauna recordswithin 60 km of the Study Area1:600,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 10 205km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
LegendStudy AreaCopenhagen PitKlondyke Pit
Higher Order#* Acari#* Amphipoda#* Cyclopoida
#* Isopoda#* Nematoda#* Oligochaeta#* Ostracoda
#* Platyhelminthes#* Polychaeta#* Rotifera#* Syncarida
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4.3 Previous survey results
Reports from subterranean fauna surveys within 100 km of the Study Area were reviewed for local and
regional context. Little previous subterranean fauna work has been conducted within the immediate
vicinity of the Study Area, owing mainly to the low number of nearby (i.e. within 50 km) mining operations.
None of the surveys sampled bores/ drill holes within the Study Area and most sampling was undertaken
at sites characterised by different geologies to that of the Study Area (e.g. BIF), hindering the direct
comparison of subfaunal records.
The closest subterranean fauna survey was conducted at Corunna Downs, located approximately 20 km
to the south of the Study Area (MWH, 2016). In total, 140 bores and drill holes were sampled for
troglofauna and stygofauna, though no stygofauna specimens were detected. Thirteen troglofauna
species from nine higher level taxonomic groups were recorded, comprising Blattodea, Coleoptera,
Diplura, Isopoda, Polydesmida, Polyxenida, Pseudoscorpiones, Scolopendromorpha and Symphyla.
Troglofauna were collected from geothite-hematite BIF habitat.
Subterranean fauna surveys undertaken at McPhee Creek, approximately 50 km south-east of the Study
Area, recorded a diverse troglofauna assemblage (Subterranean Ecology, 2012a). Twenty-one
troglofauna species representing 11 higher groups were recorded, comprising Araneae, Palpigradi,
Diplura, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Zygentoma, Isopoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Pauropoda.
The distributions of troglofauna demonstrated that the habitable geology was not confined to BIF zones
but also included the weathered and fractured geological units outside the deposits. A total of 12
stygofauna species from four orders (Copepoda, Syncarida, Oligochaeta and Ostracoda) were collected,
most of which were widespread and not of conservation concern.
Surveys conducted at Sulphur Springs, located approximately 50 km north-west of the Study Area,
recorded a diverse stygofauna assemblage in the alluvial aquifer systems associated with the upper
catchment tributaries of the East Strelley and Shaw Rivers. In contrast, only one species of troglofauna
was recorded, a subterranean Nocticola cockroach. This specimen was mainly found in the volcanic-
sedimentary units that overlay the granite-greenstone complex.
Subterranean fauna surveys at Mt Webber, located approximately 60 km south-west of the Study Area,
revealed a moderately rich troglofauna assemblage, with 12 troglofauna species from nine orders being
recorded. The troglofauna were collected from geothite-hematite and chert-rich BIF habitat in the western
part of the Mt Webber Project and fractured ultramafic/mafic rock type habitats to the east. A total of ten
stygofauna morphospecies and six indeterminate stygofauna taxa were recorded at Mt Webber. Of these,
two species were only known from the Study Area (Billibathynella sp. MW and Dussartstenocaris sp.
MW).
The two troglofauna surveys at Abydos, approximately 80 km north-west of the Study Area, recorded a
diverse troglofauna assemblage from Archean BIF deposits within the Paddy Market Formation. Diamond
drill cores from the mineralised zones indicated relatively well-developed secondary porosity that
extended to more than 50 mbgl. The distributions of troglofauna collected indicated that many species
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were not confined to individual deposit areas but were more widely dispersed along the ridge
demonstrating that weathered and fractured geological units provided suitable habitat for troglofauna as
well as BIF.
Table 4.2: Summary of previous subterranean fauna survey effort and results within 100 km of the Study Area
Previous survey
Corunna Downs
Subterranean Fauna
Assessment
McPhee Creek Subterranean Fauna Survey
Sulphur Springs
Subterranean Fauna Survey
Mount Webber Desktop
Assessment of Subterranean
Fauna
Abydos Troglofauna
Survey
Abydos Troglofauna
Survey
Author, year MWH 2016 Subterranean Ecology 2012
Subterranean Ecology 2006
& 2007
Subterranean Ecology 2012
Subterranean Ecology 2009
Subterranean Ecology 2010
Distance from Study Area
22 km S 50 km SE 53 km NW 63 km SW 77 km NW 77 km NW
Geology Goethite-
hematite BIF Goethite-
hematite BIF
Alluvium, calcrete, chert,
shales, sandstone
Goethite-hematite and chert-rich BIF,
ultramafic/mafic
BIF, minor shale, siltstone
BIF, minor shale, siltstone
Fauna targeted Troglofauna &
Stygofauna Troglofauna &
Stygofauna Troglofauna &
Stygofauna Troglofauna &
Stygofauna Troglofauna Troglofauna
Areas sampled Corunna Downs
McPhee Creek
Sulphur Springs
Mount Webber
Abydos Abydos
Bores sampled 140 99 53 109 183 95
Bores sampled in current deposits
0 0 0 0 0 0
Methods Trapping,
Scraping, Net hauling
Trapping, Net hauling
Scraping, Net hauling
Trapping, Scraping, Net
hauling Trapping
Trapping, Scraping
Trog collected Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Araneae ● ●
Blattodea ● ● ● ● ● ●
Coleoptera ● ● ● ●
Diplura ● ●
Geophilida ●
Hemiptera ● ●
Isopoda ● ● ● ● ●
Oligochaeta ● ●
Palpigradi ●
Pauropoda ●
Polydesmida ● ● ●
Polyxenida ● ● ● ● ●
Pseudoscorpiones ● ● ● ●
Schizomida ●
Scolopendrida ● ●
Zygentoma ●
Stygo collected Not found Yes Yes Yes No No
Acari ●
Amphipoda ●
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Previous survey
Corunna Downs
Subterranean Fauna
Assessment
McPhee Creek Subterranean Fauna Survey
Sulphur Springs
Subterranean Fauna Survey
Mount Webber Desktop
Assessment of Subterranean
Fauna
Abydos Troglofauna
Survey
Abydos Troglofauna
Survey
Author, year MWH 2016 Subterranean Ecology 2012
Subterranean Ecology 2006
& 2007
Subterranean Ecology 2012
Subterranean Ecology 2009
Subterranean Ecology 2010
Copepoda ●
Cyclopoida ● ●
Harpacticoida ● ●
Isopoda ● ●
Nematoda ●
Oligochaeta ● ● ●
Ostracoda ● ● ●
Podocopida ●
Syncarida ● ●
4.4 Current survey results
The current survey recorded a total of 1979 subterranean fauna specimens, comprising almost 99%
stygofauna (1955 specimens) with the remaining 1% troglofauna (24 specimens). The records were
collected from 62 bores and holes throughout Klondyke, Copenhagen, Coronation and Fieldings Gully
prospects of the Study Area.
4.4.1 Troglofauna results
A total of 24 troglofauna or potential troglofauna specimens were collected during the current survey,
representing six morphospecies belonging to five taxonomic groups: Pseudoscorpiones, Zygentoma,
Blattodea, Diptera, and Coleoptera. Blattodea were the most abundant group, accounting for the majority
of troglofauna recorded (75%, 19 specimens), followed by Zygentoma (3 specimens) with single records
of Pseudoscorpiones, Diptera and Coleoptera.
Compared to other subterranean fauna surveys within the wider area, the troglofauna species
assemblage recorded during the current survey is relatively depauperate. Surveys at Corunna Downs,
McPhee Creek and Mt Webber recorded at least twice the number of troglofauna morphospecies with
similar (or smaller) sample effort, with 13, 21, and 12 species recorded respectively (Table 4.2). The
depauperate troglofauna species assemblage at Warrawoona most likely reflects the limited troglofauna
habitat available in many of the prospects due to high groundwater levels.
Table 4.3 lists all troglofauna taxa collected within the Study Area alongside taxonomic and distribution
comments including known linear ranges. The locations of subterranean troglofauna collected during the
survey are shown in Figure 4.3.
Of the six morphospecies recorded; Sciaridae sp. `DPT006` is known to be widespread in the Pilbara
with a linear range exceeding 1000 km, and Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` was recorded from multiple sites
across two deposits (Klondyke and Copenhagen) spanning 9 km within the Study Area. Two troglofauna
taxa (Lagynochthonius sp. `BPS203` and Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`) were recorded as singleton
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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records (one individual from a single site) and as such, their distributions are currently unknown. Two
further groups; Nocticola sp. indet. and Trinemura sp. indet., represent indeterminate taxa (higher level
identifications) that could not be resolved to species-level due to specimens being immature, in
poor/damaged condition or the wrong sex for species-level identifications. Nocticola sp. indet. were
recorded from multiple sites across deposits Klondyke and Coronation, whilst Trinemura sp. indet.
represents a singleton record from Copenhagen. Due to the taxonomic uncertainty, it is unclear whether
Nocticola sp. indet. consists of a single or multiple species, whereas Trinemura sp. indet. represents a
unique morphospecies to the Study Area.
The survey results identified four troglofauna taxa that are currently known only within the proposed
mining pits, as shown in red font in Table 4.3 and listed below:
• Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087`
• Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`
• Trinemura sp. indet.
• Nocticola sp. indet.
Further details relating to these taxa are discussed in section 6.
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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Table 4.3: Troglofauna results to date, taxonomic and distribution comments, known linear ranges and collection locations. Red fonts indicate taxa detected only within proposed impact areas.
Taxonomy COP COR FG KL Total Taxonomic comments Subterranean status, SRE status
Distribution comments
Known linear range (km)
ARACHNIDA
Pseudoscorpiones
Lagynochthonius sp. `BPS203` 1 1 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies Troglofauna, Potential SRE Singleton -
INSECTA
Zygentoma
Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` 1 1 2 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies Potential Troglofauna, Potential SRE
2 sites 9
Trinemura sp. indet.* 1 1 Indeterminate genus-level taxon (juvenile specimen)
Troglofauna, Uncertain Putative Singleton Uncertain
Blattodea
Nocticola sp. indet.* 1 17 18 Indeterminate genus-level taxon (juvenile specimens)
Troglofauna, Uncertain 9 sites Uncertain
Diptera
Sciaridae sp. `DPT006` 1 1 Morphologically identified to unique, widespread morphospecies
Potential Troglofauna, Widespread
Singleton, Widespread
1000+1
Coleoptera
Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185` 1 1 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies Troglofauna, Potential SRE Singleton -
TOTAL 3 2 19 24
Note: indeterminate taxa with asterisk (*) were included in species count, as they were regarded as distinct taxa. All other indeterminate taxa were not included, as there was insufficient information to exclude the possibility that they may be the same as other specimens collected. Known linear range based on 1Pilbara Stygofauna Survey occurrence records (Halse & Eberhard, 2014).
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Size A4. Created 13/03/2019
Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50Projection: Transverse MercatorDatum: GDA 1994
Calidus Resources - Warrawoona
Figure 4.3: Locations of troglofauna taxacollected during the current survey1:75,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 1.5 30.75km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
LegendStudy AreaCopenhagen PitKlondyke Pit
Higher taxon, Morphospecies") Blattodea, Nocticola sp.
#* Coleoptera, Cryptorhynchinae `BCO185`GF Diptera, Sciaridae `DPT006`
$+ Pseudoscorpiones, Lagynochthonius `BPS203`
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Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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4.4.2 Stygofauna results
A total of 1955 stygofauna or potential stygofauna specimens were collected during the current survey,
representing 28 unique morphospecies belonging to the following taxonomic groups: Nematoda,
Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Syncarida, Amphipoda, and Isopoda (Table 4.4). A
further five indeterminate taxa were identified from taxonomic groups previously recorded and may
potentially represent species known from the Study Area (Table 4.5).
Copepods were the most abundant group, accounting for more than 79% of all stygofauna, including 58%
Cyclopoida (1129 specimens) and 22% Harpacticoida (424 specimens). The remaining stygofauna
comprised; Oligochaeta (10%, 195 specimens), Amphipoda (5%, 106 specimens) and Ostracoda (2%,
46 specimens), with the Isopoda and Syncarida accounting for less than 1% (11 and 3 specimens
respectively).
Compared to other subterranean fauna surveys within the wider area, the stygofauna species
assemblage recorded during the current survey is considered relatively rich. Comparatively, surveys at
Corunna Downs, McPhee Creek and Mt Webber recorded half or less the number of stygofauna
morphospecies, with 0, 12, and 10 species recorded respectively (Table 4.2).
Table 4.4 lists all stygofauna taxa collected within the Study Area alongside taxonomic and distribution
comments including known linear ranges. The locations of subterranean stygofauna collected during the
survey are shown in Figures 4.4a-c.
Of the 28 morphospecies recorded, half (14) of the stygofauna taxa were widespread and known to occur
throughout the wider catchment or regionally (Table 4.4). This includes two stygofauna taxa;
Phreodrilidae sp. AP DVC s.l. and Phreodrilidae sp. AP SVC s.l., that represent species complexes that
have historically been extensively recorded with distributions known to occur widespread throughout the
Pilbara (Halse & Eberhard, 2014). Ten stygofauna taxa were recorded from multiple locations within the
Study Area, as shown in Table 4.4. Of these, the amphipods; Melitidae sp. `BAM159` (sp. 1 group),
Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. `BAM060`, and Pilbarus sp. `BAM059` were recorded more widely throughout
the Study Area, with linear ranges ranging from 13 to 17 km. Three stygofauna taxa were singleton
records or known only from a single site, comprising Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`, Billibathynella
sp. `BSY043` and Parastenocaris sp. indet. that could not be recorded to species-level as the specimen
was juvenile. The remaining stygofauna, Bogidiellidae sp. indet., represents a unique family-level taxon
recorded from multiple sites including Klondyke, Copenhagen and Fieldings Gully (Table 4.4). Species-
level identifications were unable to be achieved due to the current poor taxonomic framework that exists
for the group as well as specimens being damaged or in poor condition.
All five indeterminate stygofauna taxa including one nematode (Nematoda sp. indet.), one cyclopoid
(Cyclopoida sp. indet.), two amphipods (Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. indet., Paramelitidae sp. indet.) and
one isopod (Microcerberidae sp. indet.) may be representatives of other morphospecies known from
elsewhere in the Study Area and surrounds Table 4.5. For instance, Microcerberidae sp. indet. is likely
to represent Microcerberidae sp. B01 recorded from multiple sites at the same deposit, though specimens
were too immature or of the wrong sex for species-level identifications.
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
Page | 44
Seven (7) stygofauna taxa are currently known only from within the estimated groundwater drawdowns
at Copenhagen and Klondyke and are therefore considered at risk of impacts:
• Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028`
• Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060`
• Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`
• Parastenocaris sp. indet.
• Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042`
• Billibathynella sp. `BSY043`
• Bogidiellidae sp. indet.
Further details relating to the potential wider occurrence of these taxa are discussed in section 6.
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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Table 4.4:Stygofauna results to date, taxonomic and distribution comments, known linear ranges and collection locations. Red fonts indicate taxa detected only within proposed impact areas.
Taxonomy COP COR FG KL Total Taxonomic comments Subterranean status, SRE status
Distribution comments
Known linear range (km)
NEMATODA
Family unknown
Nematoda sp. 01 (rat-tailed gp) (PSS)
3 3 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Not assessed in EIA, Widespread
2 sites, Widespread
3301
POLYCHAETA
Nereididae
Namanereis pilbarensis 1 1 Morphologically identified to named, widespread species.
Stygofauna, Widespread Singleton, Widespread
4902
OLIGOCHAETA
Enchytraeidae
Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028` 112 112 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Potential Stygofauna/ Amphibious, Potential SRE
9 sites 0.16
Phreodrilidae
Phreodrilidae sp. AP DVC s.l.* 32 32 Morphologically identified to widespread species complex
Potential Stygofauna, Widespread
3 sites, Species complex widespread
1000+1
Phreodrilidae sp. AP SVC s.l.* 4 5 9 Morphologically identified to widespread species complex
Potential Stygofauna, Widespread
4 sites, Species complex widespread
1000+1
Tubificidae
Monopylephorus sp. nov. WA29 (ex Pristina WA3) (PSS)
42 42 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Potential Stygofauna, Widespread
5 sites, Widespread
3101
OSTRACODA
Candonidae
Candonopsis tenuis 2 2 Morphologically identified to named, widespread species.
Stygofauna, Widespread 1 site, Widespread 3601
Leicacandona sp. `BOS1236` 10 26 36 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 2 sites 2
Leicacandona carinata 3 3 Morphologically identified to named, widespread species.
Stygofauna, Widespread 2 sites, Widespread
2501
Cyprididae
Heterocypris sp. `BOS1237` 1 4 5 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 2 sites 2
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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Copepoda
Cyclopidae
Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060` 12 2 14 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 4 sites 11
Diacyclops cockingi 33 31 100 164 Morphologically identified to named, widespread species.
Stygofauna, Widespread 7 sites, Widespread
6701
Diacyclops humphreysi humphreysi
306 344 162 75 887 Morphologically identified to named, widespread species.
Stygofauna, Widespread 42 sites, Widespread
7001,3
Diacyclops scanloni 14 1 15 Morphologically identified to named, widespread species.
Stygofauna, Widespread 4 sites, Widespread
4501
Microcyclops varicans 10 10 Morphologically identified to named, widespread species.
Stygofauna, Widespread 2 sites, Widespread
1000+1
nr Pilbaracyclops ngen sp. B02 29 3 32 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 6 sites 2
Thermocyclops decipiens 7 7 Morphologically identified to named, widespread species.
Stygofauna, Widespread 1 site, Widespread 2201
Ameiridae
Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`
8 8 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 1 site -
Megastygonitocrella trispinosa 2 28 61 91 Morphologically identified to named, widespread species.
Stygofauna, Widespread 6 sites, Widespread
1354
Canthocamptidae
Elaphoidella humphreysi 109 201 14 324 Morphologically identified to named, widespread species.
Stygofauna, Widespread 18 sites, Widespread
5501
Parastenocarididae
Parastenocaris sp. indet.* 1 1 Indeterminate genus-level taxon. Stygofauna, Uncertain Singleton Uncertain
SYNCARIDA
Bathynellidae
Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042` 2 2 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 2 sites 0.13
Parabathynellidae
Billibathynella sp. `BSY043` 1 1 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE Singleton -
AMPHIPODA
Bogidiellidae
Bogidiellidae sp. indet.* 5 5 1 11 Indeterminate family-level taxon (poor taxonomic resolution/ specimens damaged).
Stygofauna, Uncertain 7 sites Uncertain
Melitidae
Melitidae sp. `BAM159` (sp. 1 group)
2 1 1 4 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 4 sites 14.7
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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Paramelitidae
Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. `BAM060`
21 12 5 38 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 7 sites 13
Pilbarus sp. `BAM059` 46 14 3 63 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 11 sites 17
ISOPODA
Microcerberidae
Microcerberidae sp. B01 8 3 11 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 4 sites 5
Total 824 599 243 262 1928
Note: only indeterminate taxa with asterisk (*) were included in species count, as they were regarded as distinct taxa. All other indeterminate taxa were not included, as there was insufficient information to exclude the possibility that they may be the same as other specimens collected. Known linear range based on 1Pilbara Stygofauna Survey occurrence records (Halse & Eberhard, 2014), 2Glasby (2014), 3Pesce & De Laurentiis (1996), and 4Karanovic (2006).
Table 4.5: Higher level stygofauna identifications in the Study Area
Taxonomy COP COR FG KL Total Taxonomic comments Probable species
Nematoda sp. indet. 9 1 10 Indeterminate higher-level taxon. May represent widespread Nematoda sp. 01 recorded from same deposit (Copenhagen) and beyond.
Nematoda sp. 01 (rat-tailed gp) (PSS)
Cyclopoida sp. indet. 1 1 Indeterminate higher-level taxon (very juvenile specimen). Likely to represent one of several Cyclopoida spp. recorded from same deposit (Copenhagen) and beyond.
Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060` Diacyclops cockingi Diacyclops humphreysi humphreysi Diacyclops scanloni Microcyclops varicans nr Pilbaracyclops ngen sp. B02 Thermocyclops decipiens
Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. indet.
1 1
Indeterminate higher-level taxon (juvenile specimen in poor condition). Likely to represent Paramelitidae Gen2 sp. BAM060 recorded from multiple sites/deposits at Study Area.
Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. `BAM060`
Paramelitidae sp. indet. 1 1 Indeterminate higher-level taxon (specimen head fragment only). May represent one of two Paramelitidae sp. recorded from same deposit (Klondyke).
Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. `BAM060` Pilbarus sp. `BAM059`
Microcerberidae sp. indet. 7 7 14
Indeterminate higher-level taxon (immature and wrong sex specimens for species-level ID). Likely to represent Microcerberidae sp. B01 recorded from multiple sites/deposits at Study Area.
Microcerberidae sp. B01
TOTAL 18 7 0 2 27
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Size A4. Created 13/03/2019
Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50Projection: Transverse MercatorDatum: GDA 1994
Calidus Resources - WarrawoonaFigure 4.4a: Stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey (Copepoda)
1:75,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 1.5 30.75km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
LegendStudy AreaCopenhagen PitKlondyke Pit
Groundwater Drawdown
Higher Order, Morphospecies#0 Cyclopoida, Anzcyclops `BCY060`#0 Cyclopoida, Diacyclops cockingi#0 Cyclopoida, Diacyclops humphreysi humphreysi#0 Cyclopoida, Diacyclops scanloni#0 Cyclopoida, Microcyclops varicans
#0 Cyclopoida, Thermocyclops decipiens#0 Cyclopoida, nr Pilbaracyclops ngen sp. B02!. Harpacticoida, Elaphoidella humphreysi!. Harpacticoida, Megastygonitocrella `BHA256`!. Harpacticoida, Megastygonitocrella trispinosa!. Harpacticoida, Parastenocaris sp.
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Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50Projection: Transverse MercatorDatum: GDA 1994
Calidus Resources - WarrawoonaFigure 4.4b: Stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey (Nematoda, Oligochaeta, Ostracoda and Polychaeta)1:75,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 1.5 30.75km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
LegendStudy AreaCopenhagen PitKlondyke Pit
Groundwater Drawdown
Higher Order, Morphospecies#0 Nematoda, Nematoda sp. 01 (rat-tailed gp) (PSS)#0 Nematoda, Nematoda spp.!. Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae sp. BOL028!. Oligochaeta, Monopylephorus sp. nov. WA29 (ex Pristina WA3) (PSS)!. Oligochaeta, Phreodrilidae sp. AP DVC s.l.
!. Oligochaeta, Phreodrilidae sp. AP SVC s.l.GF Ostracoda, Candonopsis tenuisGF Ostracoda, Heterocypris `BOS1237`GF Ostracoda, Leicacandona `BOS1236`GF Ostracoda, Leicacandona carinata$1 Polychaeta, Namanereis pilbarensis
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Size A4. Created 13/03/2019
Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50Projection: Transverse MercatorDatum: GDA 1994
Calidus Resources - WarrawoonaFigure 4.4c: Stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey (Amphipoda, Isopoda and Syncarida)
1:75,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 1.5 30.75km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
LegendStudy AreaCopenhagen PitKlondyke Pit
Groundwater Drawdown
Higher Order, Morphospecies#0 Amphipoda, Bogidiellidae sp.#0 Amphipoda, Melitidae sp. `BAM159` (sp. 1 group)#0 Amphipoda, Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp.#0 Amphipoda, Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. BAM060#0 Amphipoda, Paramelitidae sp.
#0 Amphipoda, Pilbarus `BAM059`!. Isopoda, Microcerberidae sp.!. Isopoda, Microcerberidae sp. B01
^̀ Syncarida, Billibathynella sp. BSY043
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Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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5 SUBTERRANEAN HABITAT ASSESSMENT
The habitat assessment for potentially restricted species within the Study Area is based upon available
geological and hydrogeological reports and surface geology maps (GSWA 1: 250,000). Groundwater
physicochemical measurements taken during the survey were incorporated into the stygofauna habitat
assessment where appropriate.
5.1 Troglofauna habitats
5.1.1 Klondyke
Recent hydrological tests of bores in and around the proposed Klondyke pit showed that the majority of
the underlying geology at Klondyke is of low to very low permeability (GRM, 2019b) (Figure 5.1). However,
the Klondyke shear which strikes northwest through the centre of the deposit (Figure 5.2) provides a zone
of preferential flow and permeability (fractured rock habitats), which is the most likely habitat for
troglofauna in the area of the deposit. The Klondyke shear zone runs for approximately 40 km throughout
and beyond the Klondyke deposit to the north, north-west and south-east (Figure 5.3). The Klondyke
shear is paralleled by several other shears, including the St. George and Coronation shears.
Hydrological testing showed that at least two vertical fracture zones and faults cross the Klondyke Shear
within and near the deposit (Figure 5.3), though it is very likely that they are more numerous throughout
the area (GRM, 2019b). Such fracture zones and faults support enhanced permeability (GRM, 2019b)
and are likely to comprise highly suitable habitat for troglofauna (above water table). Therefore, it is likely
that a network of habitable rock fractures may occur to the north, north-west and south-east of the
proposed pit via the Klondyke shear, and into the west via transverse/ vertical fractures and faults.
Potential connectivity between fractured rock habitats and superficial detrital habitats may also occur in
the vicinity of weathered saprolite valley fill and alluvials near drainage lines.
Overall, the current geological and hydrogeological information suggests that the potential habitats for
troglofauna species found in the proposed Klondyke pit are likely to extend beyond the pit boundaries,
particularly to the north, north-west and south-east via shear zones and to the west via faults and
fractures.
5.1.2 Copenhagen
Due to a strong hydraulic gradient from the Warrawoona Ranges to the south-west, the groundwater table
at Copenhagen, Fieldings Gully, and Coronation is very close to the surface. Consequently, potential
troglofauna habitat at these deposits is limited to surface geologies <5 mbgl. Similarly to Klondyke,
hydraulic testing showed the basement geology (basic and ultrabasic volcanic rocks) to be mostly
impermeable, therefore shears/ fracture zones in the rocks and thin detrital layers are likely to be the most
suitable habitat at Copenhagen. Figure 2.2 shows that these near-surface habitats are extensive along
the Warrawoona Syncline. This is further supported by a recent soil and landforms report (Mine Earth,
2019) which demonstrated that the surface soils between Copenhagen and Klondyke are chemically and
physically consistent. Although current geological information is limited, it is likely that suitable habitat for
the troglofauna species found within Copenhagen occurs beyond the pit boundaries.
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
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Figure 5.1: Conceptual hydrological model (GRM, 2019b)
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Size A4. Created 09/08/2019
Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50Projection: Transverse MercatorDatum: GDA 1994
Calidus Resources - Warrawoona
Figure 5.2: Indicative local extent of habitat features for subterranean fauna
1:60,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 1 20.5km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
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Size A4. Created 09/08/2019
Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50Projection: Transverse MercatorDatum: GDA 1994
Calidus Resources - Warrawoona
Figure 5.3: Permeability modelling (K-zones) and subterranean habitat features
1:60,000
Subterranean Fauna Survey
0 1 20.5km
Greater ParaburdooStudy Area ¯
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LegendStudy Area
FEATUREFaultLocal drainageCopenhagen PitKlondyke Pit
Higher taxon, Morphospecies") Blattodea, Nocticola sp.
#* Coleoptera, Cryptorhynchinae `BCO185`
XW Zygentoma, Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087`
XW Zygentoma, Trinemura sp.
Higher Taxon, MorphospeciesGF Amphipoda, Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp.
GF Amphipoda, Paramelitidae sp.#* Cyclopoida, Anzcyclops `BCY060`#* Cyclopoida, Cyclopoida sp._̂ Harpacticoida, Megastygonitocrella `BHA256`
_̂Harpacticoida, Parastenocaris sp.!. Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae sp. BOL028") Syncarida, Billibathynella sp. BSY043") Syncarida, Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042`
GF Amphipoda, Bogidiellidae sp.
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
Page | 55
5.2 Stygofauna habitats
5.2.1 Klondyke
Suitable hydrogeological habitat for stygofauna at Klondyke comprises fractured rock aquifers which have
developed within the Klondyke shear zone throughout the proposed pit and beyond (Figure 5.1, Figure
5.2, Figure 5.3). These moderately to highly permeable aquifers are constrained by massive/ fresh
geologies with very low porosity GRM (2019b). The fractured rock aquifers extend beyond the Study Area
to the west along fracture zones and faults (Figure 5.3), potentially connecting to a network of other
fractured rock aquifers to the north, north-west and south-east throughout the Klondyke shear zone.
The current habitat information suggests that potentially suitable habitats for stygofauna are likely to
extend beyond the boundaries of the proposed pit and drawdown zone, particularly to the north, north-
west and south-east via shear zones and to the west via faults and fractures.
5.2.2 Copenhagen
Similar to the geologies in the Klondyke area, the underlying geology at the Copenhagen deposit is mostly
impermeable (GRM, 2019b). However, suitable stygofauna habitat exists along a shear which strikes
northwest through the centre of the Copenhagen deposit (Figure 5.2). The shear extends beyond the
deposit both to the north-west and south-east (Figure 5.2). While current geological mapping does not
indicate that the Copenhagen shear system is directly connected to the shears and fault/fracture zones
in the Klondyke area, the fractured rock habitats of the Study Area may be further connected through
detrital habitats (particularly the hyporheic zone following the course of major drainage lines) extending
more widely throughout the sub-regional area.
Based on current hydrogeological information, it is considered likely that suitable habitat for stygofauna
occurs beyond the proposed pit and groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen, throughout the wider local
area.
5.2.3 Potential habitat in the wider local area
Geological mapping (GSWA 1:100,000 series, Figure 5.2) revealed the presence of significant calcrete
deposits associated with Brockman Hay Cutting Creek approximately 1-2 km south of the Copenhagen
deposit (Figure 5.2). There were no bores or drill holes available for sampling in these calcrete deposits,
but based on regional patterns of stygofauna occurrence, if these deposits extend beneath groundwater,
they would be expected to provide highly suitable habitats for stygofauna species. In addition, the regional
patterns of stygofauna occurrence show that stygofauna assemblages can often inhabit and disperse
throughout alluvial detrital habitats, where groundwater levels are close enough to the surface to provide
a long-term habitat within the hyporheic zone.
There is no current information on groundwater levels within the hyporheic zone of Brockman Hay Cutting
Creek and associated tributaries, but the occurrence of near surface water tables upstream at
Copenhagen (5 - 17 m measured during the survey), and in the north west corner of the Klondyke Study
Area (3.5 m at CRA bore), indicate that areas further downstream on Brockman Hay Cutting Creek (such
as the calcrete deposits) may also have elevated groundwater levels, and thus may provide a network of
suitable habitat for stygofauna extending throughout the wider local area. This potential habitat network
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within the detrital layers overlying the basement geology may provide pathways for stygofauna species
to disperse between deeper fractured rock habitats hosted within the shear zones and fractures running
throughout the Study Area. Potential connectivity between fractured rock habitats may also be possible
along the preferential flow pathways offered by the shear zones and transverse faults as shown by
permeability mapping (Figure 5.3).
It was observed that in the south-eastern part of Klondyke Study Area (i.e. in the catchment of Sandy
Creek, and south east of the dolerite dyke shown in pink on Figure 5.2), groundwater was significantly
deeper (average 27 m) than in the northern part of the Klondyke Study Area north west of the dyke. This
may have been a contributing factor to the relatively low abundance of stygofauna from the area
surrounding Klondyke pit, which probably hosts only fractured rock aquifers. While there may be detrital
alluvial aquifers associated with the lower reaches of Sandy Creek to the south west of Klondyke, it is
less likely that these may be interconnected with the deeper fractured rock aquifers in the Klondyke Study
Area.
5.3 Groundwater characteristics
Figure 5.4 shows mean (and standard deviation as error bars) temperature, pH, EC (as a proxy for
salinity), ORP (redox potential) and DO (dissolved oxygen) for bores within Copenhagen, Coronation,
Fielders Gully and Klondyke.
The average groundwater temperature ranged from 29.7 - 30.6°C and showed little variability across all
sites (Figure 5.4A). The pH of the groundwater (Figure 5.4B) ranged from 7.0 to 7.35 across all sites,
indicating neutral conditions suitable for stygofauna. The EC measurements (Figure 5.4C) showed that
the salinity of the groundwater was low in all five sampling areas, with most sites containing fresh water
(EC <1,500 uS/cm) and one site (Fielders Gully) being slightly brackish (EC ~2000 uS/cm). These levels
are well within the range suitable for stygofauna and can support rich stygofauna assemblages, which
are known to occur up to approximately double the salinity of sea water (EC 60,000 uS/cm).
Redox and DO measurements (Figure 5.4D & E) are typically variable between sites due to individual
bore conditions rather than overall aquifer conditions. Most bores contained groundwater with sufficient
dissolved oxygen for stygofauna to occur (> 1ppm), with the exception of a few bores at deposits Klondkye
and Coronation. The redox potential of groundwater is a measure of the system’s capacity to oxidise
materials through chemical reactions and has important implications for metal mobility, bio-availability
and toxicity (Schuring et al., 1999). All areas surveyed showed positive or near positive ORP’s, suitable
for stygofauna occurrence.
Overall, there was little variability in groundwater characteristics across the prospects which may indicate
that the aquifers are relatively well connected throughout the Study Area.
The full range of physicochemical data for all sites (bores and drill holes) measured during the survey can
be found in Appendix C.
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Figure 5.4: Groundwater physicochemical measurements recorded during the survey. Mean values are shown as bars, standard deviations as error bars
(E)
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
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6 RISK ASSESSMENT
6.1 Impacts to troglofauna
Direct impacts to troglofauna assemblages and habitats occur as a result of the excavation and removal
of subterranean habitat during mining. It can therefore be inferred that the direct impact areas for
troglofauna are the proposed pit boundaries at each of the deposits. Although indirect impacts such as
shock and vibration from blasting, changes to infiltration beneath stockpiles and waste dumps, and habitat
desiccation from pit walls or groundwater drawdown may extend beyond the pit boundaries, these risks
are generally considered minor, manageable, and/ or difficult to measure and assess, therefore this
section has focussed on the direct impacts of mining only.
6.2 Risks to troglofauna species
Four (4) troglofauna taxa recorded during the current surveys of the Study Area are known only from
within proposed pit boundaries, comprising:
• Two (2) silverfish: Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` and Trinemura sp. indet.;
• One (1) cockroach: Nocticola sp. indet.; and
• One (1) weevil: Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`.
The current occurrence of these four troglofauna taxa within the proposed deposits is at least partly
attributable to sampling artefacts such as the higher numbers of suitable bores/ drill holes within deposit
boundaries. Many troglofauna taxa are rare and difficult to detect, especially when primarily using litter
traps. Particularly for the rarer and less vagile taxa, detecting a species throughout the full extent of its
potential habitat or range can require a very high, repeated survey effort over a long period of time, and
even in this case, the extent of sampling is still constrained by the locations of suitable drill holes.
The risks to these taxa from the proposed development are presented in Table 6.1, based on current
taxonomic and ecological information and the likely extent of suitable habitats beyond pit boundaries.
Figure 6.1 shows the current records of each of these taxa relative to the proposed impact areas.
Three of the four troglofauna taxa; Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087`, Trinemura sp. indet. and Nocticola sp.
indet., were assessed as ‘low risk’ due to current knowledge of taxonomy, species distributions and the
extent of prospective habitats.
The silverfish Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` belongs to the subfamily Atelurinae whose members are most
frequently known from surface soil habitats or as cohabitors to termites and ants, though some
subterranean species are known to occur also (Smith & McRae, 2014). Whilst limited subterranean fauna
surveys have been previously undertaken in the immediate area, database searches revealed two
silverfish species; Ateluridae sp. McP1 and Trinemura sp. McP, whose distributions were shown to extend
approximately 3.5 km and 1.5 km respectively (Atlas Iron, 2014). Given that the record at Copenhagen
was collected from a shallow trap (Approx. 5 mbgl), it is considered likely that the taxon inhabits superficial
detrital habitats that are known to extend beyond project impacts. This is further supported by its extensive
distribution (9km linear range) across deposits, Copenhagen and Klondyke, and inferred habitat
connectivity between the two species records. Similarly, the silverfish Trinemura sp. indet. was only
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collected at Copenhagen from a trap set at 5 mbgl, indicating that it may represent an epigean species
inhabiting surface detritals, as is the case for approximately 50% of all described silverfish to date (Smith
& McRae, 2014). While species-level taxonomy could not be resolved for Trinemura sp. indet. (owing to
the juvenile specimen) it is unlikely this morphospecies, recorded from surface detritals, would be
restricted to the proposed mining pit at Copenhagen (<200m diameter).
The cockroach Nocticola sp. indet. is known from 18 records and 9 sites, both inside and outside the
proposed Klondyke pit, as well as extending outside of direct impacts at Coronation. Due to all Nocticola
specimens collected being immature, or the wrong sex for taxonomic resolution, species-level
identifications could not be achieved. Whilst taxonomic constraints could not confirm whether the records
represent the same species, morphological consistencies between specimens (both females and male
nymphs) suggest they likely represent the same species and were consistent with the described species
‘Nocticola currani’ group known from approx. ~135km south (Jane McRae, pers. comm., Trotter et al.,
2017). Subterranean Nocticola have also been found in the nearby Corunna Downs located 20 km south
of the Study Area, where a single species (Nocticola OES10) was collected from multiple deposits with
distributions spanning approximately 5 km (MWH, 2016). Similarly, only a single Nocticola
species,Nocticola sp. McP (confirmed via DNA), was recorded across several deposits (~5.5 km linear
range) at the much larger mining tenement at McPhee Creek (Atlas Iron, 2014). Whilst the Nocticola
specimens from the current survey could not be compared against these records, these surveys indicate
that Nocticola are often found as single species across wider local areas. As such, there is a low
likelihood, that current clustered records inside Klondyke impacts would either represent multiple species,
or be restricted to pits given their proximity to pit boundaries (<100m) and existing records outside impacts
(within ~200m).
The remaining troglofauna taxon Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`, belonging to the weevil family
Curculionidae, was assessed as ‘moderate risk’, as this taxon may potentially represent troglobitic SRE
fauna and was recorded as a singleton within Klondyke pit. Molecular analysis of troglobitic weevils from
nearby Corunna Downs project, showed species, Curculionidae OES11 (0.4% genetic divergence), to
have a distribution extending beyond 3 km (MWH, 2016). While Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185` is
currently only known within proposed impacts (singleton record), its close proximity to the pit boundary
(30 m) and location within the valley floor habitat, (that extends south, east and west beyond Klondyke
pit), suggests a ‘moderate risk’ the species may potentially be restricted to mining impacts (Table 6.1).
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Table 6.1: Troglofauna risk assessment based on current taxonomic factors, habitat factors, and distribution relative to impacts
Taxon Taxonomic factors Distribution factors Habitat factors Risk level
Zygentoma
Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087`
Potential troglofauna (possible trogloxene/troglophile). Sub-family Atelurinae known from soil and termite nests as well as subterranean habitats.
Morphologically unique, based on regional comparisons.
Known from 2 sites within the proposed Klondyke and Copenhagen pits (17KLRC014, KKC002). Current known linear range is 9 km.
Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, E- Research and Expertise). Both short-ranging and widespread species collected throughout the Pilbara.
Klondyke record from valley floor fractured rock/ detritals (to 22m bgl). Copenhagen record most likely from detritals (to 6m bgl).
Most likely habitat is detritals – habitat occurs extensively beyond impacts.
Inferred habitat connectivity between records at Klondyke and Copenhagen
LOW
Trinemura sp. indet.
Potential Troglobite
Indeterminate genus-level taxon (juvenile specimen).
Putative singleton known only from within the proposed Copenhagen pit (KKC002).
Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, E- Research and Expertise). Genus includes both widespread and restricted species.
Record was collected from a trap set at ~5 m depth. The groundwater table was <6 mbgl, suggesting limited most likely from detrital habitats.
Copenhagen pit <200m in diameter, most likely habitat is detritals – habitat occurs extensively beyond impacts.
LOW
Blattodea
Nocticola sp. indet.
Potential Troglobite
Indeterminate genus-level taxon (many juvenile specimens).
Unable to confirm species level IDs (juvenile specimens), potential alignment to ‘N. currani’ group.
Known from 9 sites, inside and outside impacts (Klondyke, Coronation).
Potential linear range is 13.6 km (assuming specimens belong to the same species).
Taxonomic uncertainty precludes assessment of taxon distribution.
Most records likely from fractured rock habitats (13- 50m bgl).
Assuming specimens belong to the same species, wider habitat connectivity may occur between deposits (unconfirmed by genetic analysis).
LOW
Coleoptera
Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`
Troglobite
Morphologically unique, based on regional comparisons.
Singleton known only from within the proposed Klondyke pit (DD95KL11).
Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, E- Research and Expertise). Both short-ranging and widespread species collected throughout the Pilbara.
Record located in the valley floor, approximately 30 m from the boundary of the proposed Klondyke pit.
Potential habitat (fractured rock) likely extends beyond pit area.
MODERATE
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Size A4. Created 09/08/2019
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Figure 6.1: Locations of troglofauna taxa potentially at risk from proposed impacts
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6.3 Impacts to stygofauna
Direct impacts to stygofauna assemblages and habitats comprise the removal of porous/ fractured
hydrogeological strata from BWT mining, and depletion of groundwater by abstraction for mine dewatering
and operational uses. The propagation of groundwater drawdown throughout all suitable, connected
hydrogeological habitats is considered to be a direct impact, regardless of distance from the mine or
whether the drawdown propagates through strata with different porosities.
6.4 Risks to stygofauna species
Seven (7) stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey of the Study Area are known only from
within the estimated groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen and Klondyke, comprising:
• One (1) oligochaete worm: Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028` (Copenhagen);
• One (1) cyclopoid: Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060` (Copenhagen & Klondyke);
• Two (2) harpacticoids: Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256` (Copenhagen) and Parastenocaris sp.
indet. (Copenhagen);
• One (1) amphipod: Bogidiellidae sp. indet. (Copenhagen, Klondyke & Fieldings Gully); and
• Two (2) syncarids: Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042` (Copenhagen) and Billibathynella sp. `BSY043`
(Copenhagen).
The current occurrence of these taxa is at least partly attributable to sampling artefacts such as the high
proportion of bores/ drill holes within deposits and their associated estimated groundwater drawdowns.
This is particularly relevant for Copenhagen where a high proportion of drill holes were sampled within a
relatively small impact area, as availability of holes outside of impact areas was limited. It is also worth
noting that the groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen is expected to be relatively restricted (500 m
radius) and is expected to be temporal (up to six years) (GRM, 2019a) which was factored into the risk
assessment.
Based on current taxonomic and ecological information, modelling of groundwater drawdown and the
likely extent of suitable habitats for stygofauna beyond these impacts, the risks to these taxa are
presented in Table 6.2. Figure 6.2 shows the current records of each of these taxa relative to the proposed
impact areas. All stygofauna risk levels are contingent upon the extent of groundwater drawdown
modelling as modelled by GRM (2019a). Any new information/ new modelling that changes the spatial
extent or magnitude of drawdown, the duration of drawdown, or the duration of subsequent recovery of
aquifer habitats following the end of project may result in changes to the potential risks to stygofauna
taxa.
Four of the seven stygofauna taxa were assessed as ‘low risk’ due to current knowledge of taxonomy
and habitats: Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028`, Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060`, Parastenocaris sp. indet., and
Bogidiellidae sp. indet. (Table 6.2).
Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028` belongs to an amphibious family which is known to inhabit both terrestrial
and aquatic habitats (Moldovan, 2018). Accordingly, Enchytraeidae sp. ̀ BOL028` has been detected both
from traps and from net-hauls/scrapes within the Study Area, indicating that this taxon occurs within water
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films in the surface detritals above the water table as well as within groundwater. This means that this
morphospecies is unlikely to be largely affected by the short-lived groundwater drawdown at
Copenhagen, as both groundwater and humid subterranean habitats are likely to extend well beyond
drawdown impact areas.
Species of Anzcyclops are infrequently collected and have not been observed to have ranges beyond the
scale of a single tributary (McRae et al., 2015). However, Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060` was assessed as low
risk as it was detected both at Copenhagen and Klondyke (11 km linear range) and suitable habitats
(surface detritals and fractured rock aquifers) extend well outside of impact areas (Figure 6.2).
Parastenocaris sp. indet. could not be identified to species-level as the specimen was juvenile. Most
members of this genus are widespread in the Pilbara (Halse & Eberhard, 2014; Karanovic & Cooper,
2011), and detrital/ fractured rock habitats are likely to extend beyond the drawdown at Copenhagen and
beyond, suggesting that the risks to this taxon from the proposed mining developments are low. The
widespread Parastenocaris jane has been recorded both west and east of the Study Area at nearby
Mount Webber and McPhee Creek (Figure 4.2), whereas Parastenocaris sp. 3 has been found 20 km
south-east of Klondyke (Figure 4.2).
Bogidiellidae sp. indet. could not be identified to species level due to the current poor taxonomic
framework that exists for the group, as well as specimens being damaged or in poor condition. All records
were located within shears which are likely connected periodically after rainfall events. Suitable habitat is
also likely to extend to the south within detritals (colluvials) which are connected to calcrete deposits
further downstream.
The remaining three taxa, Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`, Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042, and
Billibathynella sp. `BSY043`, were assessed as ‘moderate risk’ owing mainly to taxonomic information
and their only occurrence within aquifers that will be affected by groundwater drawdowns at Copenhagen,
although it is likely that suitable habitat continues beyond impact areas.
Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042 belongs to an obligate stygobitic group (Bathynellidae) that is currently
undergoing a taxonomic study to describe previously unrecognised species and genera found in Western
Australia (G. Perina pers. comm. 2019). Current patterns of diversity across the region suggest the
occurrence of many SRE taxa, with turnover at the species-level and generic level between different
catchments and discrete hydrogeological habitat units (Perina, 2019; Perina et al., 2018). Similarly,
Billibathynella sp. `BSY043` belongs to a group (Parabathynellidae) for which taxonomic studies have
shown that most of the species are restricted in their distribution to single calcretes (Guzik et al., 2008).
Accordingly, the single species of Billibathynellid (Billibathynella sp. MW) recorded at the nearby Mount
Webber operations had a small linear range of ~1 km and was assessed to be likely restricted to the local
area (Subterranean Ecology, 2012b).
Bathynellacea are known to have limited dispersal abilities due to their habit of crawling over the sub-
strata as opposed to free swimming within water-filled subterranean cavities (Coineau & Camacho, 2013;
Schminke, 1974). This would suggest that the distributions of Bathynellacea may be more limited, and
species turnover potentially higher per unit of distance, than the more vagile, free-swimming stygofauna
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such as cyclopoid copepods, ostracods, or amphipods (i.e. groups that contain more well-known,
widespread species in the Pilbara).
Similarly, Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256` belongs to a group (Stygonitocrella s. l.) that mainly
comprises short-range endemic species known only from their type localities within discrete river
catchments (Karanovic et al., 2013). With the exception of one taxon (Megastygonitocrella trispinosa)
which is more widespread with a distribution spanning several adjacent river catchments, members of
this group are characterised by high incidents of localised speciation, endemism and sympatry (Karanovic
et al., 2013). Therefore, the distributions of Megastygonitocrella sp. ̀ BHA256` recorded during the current
survey may be relatively limited.
Nevertheless, the habitat assessment indicated that suitable habitats for these three species likely exist
well beyond impact areas.
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Table 6.2: Stygofauna risk assessment based on current taxonomic factors, habitat factors, and distribution relative to impacts
Potentially restricted taxon Taxonomic factors Distribution factors Habitat factors Risk level
Oligochaeta
Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028`
Amphibious subterranean fauna
Morphologically unique morphospecies.
Known from 9 sites within the predicted groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen, current linear range 0.16 km.
Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, E- Research and Expertise). Genus includes both widespread and restricted species.
Multiple records from troglofauna traps indicates taxon can occur within water films/habitats above water table as well as within groundwater.
Groundwater/ humid subterranean habitats likely to extend well beyond drawdown, likely to recover within 6 years post mining.
LOW
Cyclopoida
Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060`
Stygobite
Morphologically unique morphospecies.
Known from 4 sites within the predicted groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen and Klondyke, current known linear range 11 km.
Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, E- Research and Expertise). Genus includes both widespread and restricted species.
Inferred habitat connectivity between Klondyke and Copenhagen – taxon may occur in fractured rock aquifers and detrital aquifers. Habitat likely to extend beyond potential impact areas. Habitat at Copenhagen likely to recover within 6 years post mining.
LOW
Harpacticoida
Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`
Stygobite
Morphologically unique taxon (regional comparisons).
Most species within group have been found to be SREs.
Known from a single site within the predicted groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen.
Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, E- Research and Expertise). Genus includes both widespread and restricted species.
Detrital/ fractured rock habitats likely to extend beyond drawdown, groundwater habitats likely to recover within 6 years post mining.
MODERATE
Parastenocaris sp. indet.
Potential Stygobite
Indeterminate genus-level taxon.
Putative singleton known only from within the predicted groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen. Most representatives of the genus are widespread in the Pilbara.
Detrital/ fractured rock habitats likely to extend beyond drawdown, groundwater habitats likely to recover within 6 years post mining.
LOW
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Potentially restricted taxon Taxonomic factors Distribution factors Habitat factors Risk level
Amphipoda
Bogidiellidae sp. indet.
Potential Stygofauna
Indeterminate family-level taxon (specimens damaged).
Unable to confirm species level ID’s.
Known from 7 sites inside and outside impacts (Copenhagen, Klondyke, Fieldings Gully).
Potential linear range is 9.3 km (assuming specimens belong to the same species).
Taxonomic uncertainty precludes assessment of taxon distribution.
Known from multiple shears which are likely connected and extend beyond drawdown.
The record at Klondyke will be subject to minimal drawdown (~1m) whereas at Copenhagen, groundwater habitats are likely to recover within 6 years post mining.
LOW
Syncarida
Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042`
Stygobite
Morphologically unique morphospecies
All species within family have been found to be highly restricted SREs.
Known from 2 sites within the predicted groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen, current linear range 0.13 km.
Detrital/ fractured rock habitats likely to extend beyond drawdown, groundwater habitats likely to recover within 6 years post mining.
MODERATE
Billibathynella sp. `BSY043`
Stygobite
Morphologically unique morphospecies
Most species within family have been found to be SREs.
Singleton known only from within the predicted groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen.
Detrital/ fractured rock habitats likely to extend beyond drawdown, groundwater habitats likely to recover within 6 years post mining.
MODERATE
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Figure 6.2: Locations of stygofauna taxa potentially at risk from proposed impacts
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7 KEY FINDINGS
The key findings are based on results of all sampling to date (previous and current surveys), available
habitat information and current knowledge of the impacts to subterranean fauna from the proposed mining
at the Study Area. These findings may be subject to change following the receipt of further molecular
studies of subterranean fauna from the Study Area and beyond.
7.1.1 Risks to Troglofauna Species
Four (4) troglofauna taxa are currently known only from the direct impact areas of the proposed
developments at Copenhagen and Klondyke and were therefore considered to be potentially at risk. The
potential risks to these taxa were characterised as follows, using a three-point system (i.e. high, moderate,
or low risk):
• Low risk (3 taxa): Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087`, Trinemura sp. indet. and Nocticola sp. indet.
Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` and Trinemura sp. indet. were regarded as low risk because their known
records were located in the surface detritals which extend extensively beyond the impact areas. The risk
assessment of Nocticola sp. indet. was based on current taxonomic information and the likely extent of
suitable habitats (fractured rock habitats) beyond impact areas.
• Moderate risk (1 taxon): Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`,
This taxon was assessed as moderate risk as it is more likely to represent troglobitic SRE fauna, and was
recorded as a singleton within the Klondyke pit. Nevertheless, its habitat is likely to continue beyond
impact areas in the nearby vicinity.
7.1.2 Risks to Stygofauna Species
The current survey recorded seven (7) stygofauna taxa known only from within the modelled groundwater
drawdown at Copenhagen and/or Klondyke. Based on current taxonomic and ecological information,
modelling of groundwater drawdown and the likely extent of suitable habitats for stygofauna beyond the
modelled extent of drawdown, the following risk categories were assigned to these taxa.
• Low risk (4 taxa): Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028`, Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060`, Parastenocaris sp. indet.,
and Bogidiellidae sp. indet.
These taxa were regarded as low risk due to current taxonomic and ecological information, and the likely
extent of suitable habitats (surface detritals and fractured rock aquifers) beyond impact areas.
• Moderate risk (3 taxa): Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`, Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042`, and
Billibathynella sp. `BSY043`
These taxa were regarded as moderate risk because of their high likelihood to represent short-range
endemic stygobite species, as localised speciation and short-range endemism are common patterns
within their respective taxonomic groups. However, hydrogeological connectivity with other nearby
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aquifers is likely, as several shears extend beyond the impact area to the north, north-west and east, with
surface detritals/colluvials extending to the south.
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8 REFERENCES
Atlas Iron, Pty Ltd. (2014). McPhee Creek Project. Subterranean Fauna Environmental Impact Assessment. April 2014.
Bastin, G. (2008). Rangelands 2008 - Taking the Pulse. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory:
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9 APPENDICES
Appendix A – Sampling effort
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APPENDIX A: Bores and drill holes visited during the survey
Hole ID Easting Northing Deposit Phase 1 Phase 2
Trapping Scraping Hauling Trapping Scraping Hauling
17CP008 791804.9035 7641360.756 Copenhagen ✓ ✓
17CP009 791831.4332 7641415.334 Copenhagen ✓
17CPRC006 791824.9135 7641368.887 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
17CPRC008 791801.0256 7641356.426 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
17CPRC012 791716.5608 7641388.983 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
17CPRC013 791687.3758 7641396.813 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
17CPRC014 791710.1711 7641471.419 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
17CPRC015 791695.2285 7641453.39 Copenhagen ✓ ✓
17CPRC017 791897.9193 7641434.901 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
17CPRC018 791911.5263 7641413.017 Copenhagen ✓ ✓
17CPRC022 791851.7498 7641370.259 Copenhagen ✓
17CPRC023 791728.6932 7641329.261 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
✓
17CRDD001 789049.3701 7641992.135 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓
17FGRC001 786685.5027 7641446.579 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓
17FGRC003 786605.182 7641457.063 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓
✓
17FGRC007 786551.9644 7641467.06 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓
17FGRC008 786476.5504 7641474.908 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
17FGRC009 786518.9267 7641464.869 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓
17FGRC010 786816.8034 7641431.733 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
17FGRC011 786739.0362 7641426.183 Fieldings Gully ✓
17FGRC012 786773.6985 7641419.17 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓
17FGRC014 786805.9277 7641389.485 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓
17FGRC017 786686.8614 7641390.244 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLDD002 799883.1575 7637698.282 Klondyke ✓
17KLRC006 800451.6346 7637576.341 Klondyke ✓
17KLRC009 800438.5129 7637544.301 Klondyke ✓ ✓
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Hole ID Easting Northing Deposit Phase 1 Phase 2
Trapping Scraping Hauling Trapping Scraping Hauling
17KLRC010 800464.0316 7637526.731 Klondyke ✓
17KLRC011 800247.7165 7637608.819 Klondyke ✓ ✓
17KLRC013 800288.2469 7637601.878 Klondyke ✓ ✓
17KLRC014 800325.7836 7637580.641 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC017 800731.4843 7637348.615 Klondyke ✓
17KLRC018 800659.2224 7637459.049 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC020 800686.5873 7637429.566 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC022 800800.9805 7637388.947 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC027 800768.3565 7637321.239 Klondyke ✓ ✓
17KLRC028 800816.3061 7637335.504 Klondyke ✓
17KLRC029 800801.7798 7637315.725 Klondyke ✓ ✓
17KLRC033 800667.6489 7637394.596 Klondyke ✓ ✓
17KLRC034 800645.8776 7637433.518 Klondyke ✓
17KLRC036 800573.3963 7637457.128 Klondyke ✓ ✓
17KLRC037 800535.2914 7637480.748 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC039 800707.8609 7637400.826 Klondyke ✓ ✓
17KLRC040 800545.28 7637498.816 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC045 800847.1608 7637249.25 Klondyke ✓
17KLRC046 800903.1044 7637215.648 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC048 800985.3023 7637168.961 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC049 801086.2348 7637132.689 Klondyke ✓ ✓
17KLRC050 801130.8505 7637105.837 Klondyke ✓
17KLRC053 801318.7517 7637040.705 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓
17KLRC055 800535.4471 7637573.756 Klondyke ✓
17KLRC059 800209.1504 7637549.276 Klondyke ✓
✓
17KLRC067 800029.0505 7637641.066 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC068 799942.2851 7637689.172 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
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Hole ID Easting Northing Deposit Phase 1 Phase 2
Trapping Scraping Hauling Trapping Scraping Hauling
17KLRC070 799768.1998 7637737.186 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC073 799637.564 7637816.814 Klondyke ✓ ✓
17KLRC075 799728.3502 7637810.615 Klondyke
17KLRC077 799695.4993 7637884.669 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC078 799644.0312 7637920.799 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC081 800836.9656 7637290.374 Klondyke ✓
17KLRC083 799580.636 7637849.62 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC086 799336.1214 7637989.261 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
17KLRC087 799408.061 7637901.414 Klondyke ✓ ✓
✓
✓
17KLRC091 799620.0092 7637870.097 Klondyke ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓
18CPRC024 791869.8085 7641440.091 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
18CPRC026 791875.811 7641470.357 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
18CPRC027 791954.6471 7641401.133 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
18CPRC028 791975.1295 7641442.099 Copenhagen ✓ ✓
18CPRC030 792014.8548 7641412.778 Copenhagen ✓ ✓
18CPRC031 792009.0803 7641444.119 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
18CPRC034 791825.6542 7641463.894 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
18CPRC036 791754.0151 7641473.273 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
18CPRC037 791776.4142 7641521.586 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
18CPRC038 791943.3329 7641256.615 Copenhagen ✓
18CPRC039 791678.6909 7641422.791 Copenhagen ✓
18CPRC040 791717.9362 7641581.271 Copenhagen ✓
18CRRC003 788907.6418 7642078.876 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓
18CRRC005 789419.9544 7641838.503 Coronation ✓ ✓
18CRRC009 789338.8319 7641847.23 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓
18CRRC012 789244.2299 7641928.697 Coronation ✓ ✓
18CRRC013 789176.3749 7641916.7 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓
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Hole ID Easting Northing Deposit Phase 1 Phase 2
Trapping Scraping Hauling Trapping Scraping Hauling
18CRRC017 789075.4514 7641946.098 Coronation ✓ ✓
18CRRC018 789110.0637 7641996.114 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓
18CRRC021 788993.5756 7641989.786 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓
18CRRC022 789035.9774 7642035.188 Coronation ✓ ✓
18CRRC024 788989.258 7642056.302 Coronation ✓ ✓
18KLDD014 800571.0504 7637575.527 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
18KLDD018 800376.9692 7637651.687 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
18KLDD028 800469.3755 7637601.558 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
18KLDD039 800721.6052 7637331.986 Klondyke ✓ ✓
18KLRC097 802907.9156 7636495.167 Klondyke ✓
18KLRC101 803340.5097 7636330.535 Klondyke ✓ ✓
✓
18KLRC103 801983.1852 7636828.941 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
18KLRC115 798864.2559 7638333.864 Klondyke ✓ ✓
18KLRC116 798595.4183 7638557.859 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
18KLRC118 801827.9491 7636769.422 Klondyke ✓ ✓
18KLRC121 801598.8735 7636860.786 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
18KLRC126 802419.9176 7636540.66 Klondyke ✓
18KLRC138 802291.3011 7636641.897 Klondyke ✓ ✓
18KLRC145 802610.0363 7636453.996 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
18KLRC172 801537.4455 7636918.839 Klondyke ✓ ✓
18KLRC187 801191.3299 7637251.621 Klondyke ✓
18SGRC025 801699.2053 7637194.153 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
18SGRC064 799917.3083 7638037.968 Klondyke ✓ ✓
18SGRC069 800668.1763 7637644.662 Klondyke ✓ ✓
CalUnk001 791804.9465 7641439.365 Copenhagen ✓ ✓
CRA_bore 796044.0676 7640701.156 Klondyke ✓
CRC8 791827.1933 7641423.299 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓
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Hole ID Easting Northing Deposit Phase 1 Phase 2
Trapping Scraping Hauling Trapping Scraping Hauling
DD95KL11 800923.1905 7637175.471 Klondyke ✓ ✓
KKC002 791804.5434 7641439.472 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
KKC005 800201.1708 7637628.536 Klondyke ✓ ✓
KKC007 801168.7264 7637143.579 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
KKC008 801055.4681 7637186.495 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
KLRC103 800015.1019 7637699.536 Klondyke ✓ ✓
KLRC143 799844.847 7637794.977 Klondyke ✓
PCR1 789949.1871 7641700.41 Coronation ✓ ✓
PCR2 789893.6704 7641709.605 Coronation ✓ ✓
RC95KL37 800051.4207 7637635.191 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓
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Appendix B – Database search results
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APPENDIX B: Database search results
Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW016 -21.538013 119.285156 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW016 -21.538013 119.285156 SubEcol
Coleoptera Anillini sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW025 -21.538 119.2883 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW026 -21.535505 119.286667 SubEcol
Coleoptera Cryptorhynchinae sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW026 -21.535505 119.286667 SubEcol
Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW026 -21.535505 119.286667 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW026 -21.535505 119.286667 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW026 -21.535505 119.286667 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW030 -21.536259 119.28804 SubEcol
Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW090 -21.53558 119.288445 SubEcol
Coleoptera Anillini sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW090 -21.53558 119.288445 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW090 -21.53558 119.288445 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW099 -21.549984 119.296989 SubEcol
Pseudoscorpiones Indohya sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW155 -21.544445 119.298973 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW165 -21.542347 119.299805 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW169 -21.540844 119.300034 SubEcol
Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW169 -21.540844 119.300034 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW169 -21.540844 119.300034 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW169 -21.540844 119.300034 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW197 -21.53335 119.309525 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW199 -21.533106 119.309097 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW199 -21.533106 119.309097 SubEcol
Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. S1 (MW) Troglofauna Potential SRE MW199 -21.533106 119.309097 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW200 -21.53396 119.309097 SubEcol
Schizomida Draculoides sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW200 -21.53396 119.309097 SubEcol
Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW210 -21.532154 119.305595 SubEcol
Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW210 -21.532154 119.305595 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW214 -21.533276 119.304756 SubEcol
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Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Araneae Anapistula sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW215 -21.533842 119.304459 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW215 -21.533842 119.304459 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW215 -21.533842 119.304459 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW227 -21.536312 119.302574 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW232 -21.539436 119.300392 SubEcol
Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MWD007 -21.538057 119.286835 SubEcol
Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MWD010 -21.535421 119.291176 SubEcol
Tubificida Pristina? Stygofauna Uncertain McPhee Creek Well -21.6247419
120.2094629 SubEcol
Tubificida Phreodrilidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain McPhee Creek Well -21.6247419
120.2094629 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Stygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread McPhee Creek Well -21.6247419
120.2094629 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Diacyclops humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread McPhee Creek Well -21.6247419
120.2094629 SubEcol
Coleoptera Anillini sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE MCRC0027 -21.6006762
120.1044336 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE MCRC0034 -21.596998 120.1062538 SubEcol
Zygentoma Ateluridae indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC279 -21.5995461
120.1038094 SubEcol
Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes indet. Stygofauna Uncertain No. 19 Well -21.4070712
120.1231693 SubEcol
Tubificida Phreodrilidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain No. 19 Well -21.4070712
120.1231693 SubEcol
Amphipoda Paramelitidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain No. 19 Well -21.4070712
120.1231693 SubEcol
Podocopida Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread No. 19 Well -21.4070712
120.1231693 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Parastenocaris jane Stygofauna Widespread No. 19 Well -21.4070712
120.1231693 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Diacyclops humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread No. 19 Well -21.4070712
120.1231693 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC001 -21.5850478
120.1491884 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC120 -21.5906132
120.1076355 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC120 -21.5906132
120.1076355 SubEcol
Isopoda Philosciidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC122 -21.5910079
120.1080137 SubEcol
Tubificida Enchytraeidae sp. McP Stygofauna Potential SRE RCMC122 -21.5910079
120.1080137 SubEcol
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Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Geophilomorpha Chilenophilidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC122 -21.5910079
120.1080137 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC122 -21.5910079
120.1080137 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC128 -21.5923956
120.109955 SubEcol
Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC149 -21.5958937
120.1029652 SubEcol
Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. RRV Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC149 -21.5958937
120.1029652 SubEcol
Coleoptera Pselaphinae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC149 -21.5958937
120.1029652 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC162 -21.5973671
120.1077522 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC164 -21.5969716
120.1068141 SubEcol
Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC164 -21.5969716
120.1068141 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC164 -21.5969716
120.1068141 SubEcol
Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. RRV Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC166 -21.5962405
120.1062978 SubEcol
Isopoda Philosciidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC166 -21.5962405
120.1062978 SubEcol
Polyxenida Polyxenida indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC166 -21.5962405
120.1062978 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC181 -21.6004187
120.1026048 SubEcol
Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC181 -21.6004187
120.1026048 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC181 -21.6004187
120.1026048 SubEcol
Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC183 -21.599797 120.1016327 SubEcol
Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC183 -21.599797 120.1016327 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread RCMC183 -21.599797 120.1016327 SubEcol
Palpigradida Palpigradi indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC183 -21.599797 120.1016327 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC185 -21.6001386
120.1020699 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC185 -21.6001386
120.1020699 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC185 -21.6001386
120.1020699 SubEcol
Hemiptera Meenoplidae indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC185 -21.6001386
120.1020699 SubEcol
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
Page | 85
Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC187 -21.6009632
120.1032889 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC187 -21.6009632
120.1032889 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC187 -21.6009632
120.1032889 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread RCMC193 -21.6017936
120.1043245 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread RCMC193 -21.6017936
120.1043245 SubEcol
Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC197 -21.6018724
120.1021126 SubEcol
Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC197 -21.6018724
120.1021126 SubEcol
Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC197 -21.6018724
120.1021126 SubEcol
Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC197 -21.6018724
120.1021126 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC199 -21.6024074
120.1027679 SubEcol
Polyxenida Polyxenida indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC202 -21.5815847
120.1200137 SubEcol
Diplura Anajapygidae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC208 -21.5783141
120.1224524 SubEcol
Isopoda Troglarmadillo sp. Mcp2 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC233 -21.5807363
120.1168939 SubEcol
Coleoptera Anillini sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC240 -21.5726168
120.1265506 SubEcol
Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC244 -21.573612 120.1282488 SubEcol
Diplura Anajapygidae sp. McP2 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC244 -21.573612 120.1282488 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC244 -21.573612 120.1282488 SubEcol
Pauropoda Pauropoda sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC257 -21.5681502
120.1261176 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC259 -21.5682397
120.1265984 SubEcol
Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC232 -21.57628 120.124886 SubEcol
Coleoptera Anillini sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC330 -21.581013 120.1172359 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC350 -21.5687425
120.1274859 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC350 -21.5687425
120.1274859 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC350 -21.5687425
120.1274859 SubEcol
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
Page | 86
Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC363 -21.5866196
120.1162562 SubEcol
Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC363 -21.5866196
120.1162562 SubEcol
Polyxenida Polyxenida indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC373 -21.5909534
120.1116341 SubEcol
Coleoptera Anillini sp. McP2 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC395 -21.5973489
120.1087853 SubEcol
Tubificida Enchytraeidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain RCMC405 -21.5988642
120.0916326 SubEcol
Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC416 -21.5961706
120.0903931 SubEcol
Isopoda Philosciidae sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC416 -21.5961706
120.0903931 SubEcol
Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC417 -21.5965783
120.0899603 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC427 -21.5938294
120.0953623 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC427 -21.5938294
120.0953623 SubEcol
Isopoda Philosciidae sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC427 -21.5938294
120.0953623 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC427 -21.5938294
120.0953623 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC427 -21.5938294
120.0953623 SubEcol
Araneae Oonopidae indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC434 -21.5907987
120.0954903 SubEcol
Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC434 -21.5907987
120.0954903 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC434 -21.5907987
120.0954903 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC437 -21.5908339
120.0959529 SubEcol
Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 -21.5908339
120.0959529 SubEcol
Isopoda Troglarmadillo sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 -21.5908339
120.0959529 SubEcol
Isopoda Troglarmadillo sp. McP2 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 -21.5908339
120.0959529 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 -21.5908339
120.0959529 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC437 -21.5908339
120.0959529 SubEcol
Coleoptera Curculionidae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 -21.5908339
120.0959529 SubEcol
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
Page | 87
Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. RRV Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 -21.5908339
120.0959529 SubEcol
Isopoda Troglarmadillo sp. McP1 troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 -21.5908339
120.0959529 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC437 -21.5908339
120.0959529 SubEcol
Scolopendromorpha Cryptops sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC442 -21.5899513
120.096067 SubEcol
Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC442 -21.5899513
120.096067 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC442 -21.5899513
120.096067 SubEcol
Palpigradi Palpigradi sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC442 -21.5899513
120.096067 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC442 -21.5899513
120.096067 SubEcol
Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. RRV Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC442 -21.5899513
120.096067 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC442 -21.5899513
120.096067 SubEcol
Diplura Anajapygidae sp. McP3 troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC445 -21.589874 120.0952578 SubEcol
Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC445 -21.589874 120.0952578 SubEcol
Podocopida Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread Underwood Well -21.4058652
120.0687125 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Mesocyclops brooksi Stygofauna Widespread Underwood Well -21.4058652
120.0687125 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Parastenocaris jane Stygofauna Widespread Underwood Well -21.4058652
120.0687125 SubEcol
Podocopida Cyprididae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain Underwood Well -21.4058652
120.0687125 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Stygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread Underwood Well -21.4058652
120.0687125 SubEcol
Tubificida Pristina? Stygofauna Uncertain UNK 1 (Well) -21.3722025
120.163557 SubEcol
Podocopida Cyprididae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain UNK 1 (Well) -21.3722025
120.163557 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread UNK 1 (Well) -21.3722025
120.163557 SubEcol
Bathynellacea nr Kimberleybathynella sp. McP
stygofauna Potential SRE WBMC001 -21.5804679
120.1495194 SubEcol
Bathynellacea Bathynellidae sp. McP stygofauna Potential SRE WBMC001 -21.5804679
120.1495194 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Diacyclops humphreysi stygofauna Widespread WBMC001 -21.5804679
120.1495194 SubEcol
Bathynellacea nr Kimberleybathynella sp. McP
Stygofauna Potential SRE WBMC001 -21.5804679
120.1495194 SubEcol
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
Page | 88
Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Bathynellacea Bathynellidae sp. McP Stygofauna Potential SRE WBMC001 -21.5804679
120.1495194 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB1 -21.5281131
119.315987 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Cyclopoida indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB1 -21.5281131
119.315987 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB11 -21.5440617
119.3294338 SubEcol
Tubificida Enchytraeidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB12 -21.5445398
119.3294704 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Megastigonitocrella trispinosa
Stygofauna Widespread GWB12 -21.5445398
119.3294704 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Dussartstenocaris sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB12 -21.5445398
119.3294704 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Parastenocaris jane Stygofauna Widespread GWB12 -21.5445398
119.3294704 SubEcol
Podocopida Ostracoda indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB12 -21.5445398
119.3294704 SubEcol
Isopoda Coxicerberus sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB12 -21.5445398
119.3294704 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB12 -21.5445398
119.3294704 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread GWB12 -21.5445398
119.3294704 SubEcol
Podocopida Leicacandona sp. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Bathynellacea Billibathynella sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Amphipoda Melitidae sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Isopoda Coxicerberus sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Harpacticoida indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Megastigonitocrella trispinosa
Stygofauna Widespread GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Podocopida Ostracoda indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Podocopida Ostracoda indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB3 -21.5151624
119.3187441 SubEcol
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
Page | 89
Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB6 -21.5217318
119.3177483 SubEcol
Tubificida Phreodrilidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB6 -21.5217318
119.3177483 SubEcol
Podocopida Leicacandona indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB6 -21.5217318
119.3177483 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread GWB6 -21.5217318
119.3177483 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Megastigonitocrella trispinosa
Stygofauna Widespread GWB6 -21.5217318
119.3177483 SubEcol
Isopoda Coxicerberus sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB6 -21.5217318
119.3177483 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Megastigonitocrella trispinosa
Stygofauna Widespread GWB7 -21.5219044
119.3183204 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Harpacticoida indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB7 -21.5219044
119.3183204 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread GWB7 -21.5219044
119.3183204 SubEcol
Isopoda Coxicerberus sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB7 -21.5219044
119.3183204 SubEcol
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB7 -21.5219044
119.3183204 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB7 -21.5219044
119.3183204 SubEcol
Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB8 -21.5150505
119.3222452 SubEcol
Bathynellacea Billibathynella sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB8 -21.5150505
119.3222452 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Parastenocaris jane Stygofauna Widespread GWB8 -21.5150505
119.3222452 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Megastigonitocrella trispinosa
Stygofauna Widespread GWB8 -21.5150505
119.3222452 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread GWB8 -21.5150505
119.3222452 SubEcol
Harpacticoida Harpacticoida indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB8 -21.5150505
119.3222452 SubEcol
Aphaneura Aeolosoma sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS
Aphaneura Aeolosoma sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread COMET1 -21.23175 119.72464 PSS
Ostracoda Amphitritecandona secunda Stygofauna Potential SRE MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Ostracoda Amphitritecandona secunda Stygofauna Potential SRE MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Ostracoda Areacandona cf. sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS
Syncarida Bathynella sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS
Syncarida Bathynella sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
Page | 90
Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Bdelloidea Bdelloidea sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS
Ostracoda Bennelongia sp.2 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314B -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Ostracoda Bennelongia strelleyensis Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS
Amphipoda Bogidiellidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314B -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Amphipoda Bogidiellidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
Amphipoda Bogidiellidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
Ostracoda Candonopsis pilbarae Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS
Copepoda Canthocamptidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS
Ostracoda Cypretta seurati Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS
Ostracoda Cypretta seurati Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
Ostracoda Cyprinotus kimberleyensis Stygofauna Widespread NPM03 -21.12531 119.35964 PSS
Ostracoda Cyprinotus kimberleyensis Stygofauna Widespread NPM03 -21.12531 119.35964 PSS
Tubificida Dero furcata Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread NPM01 -21.09728 119.40647 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops humphreysi humphreysi
Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops humphreysi humphreysi
Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops humphreysi humphreysi
Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops humphreysi humphreysi
Stygofauna Widespread NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314B -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Copepoda Diacyclops sobeprolatus Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey
Page | 91
Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Copepoda Diacyclops sobeprolatus Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS
Copepoda Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Copepoda Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS
Copepoda Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
Copepoda Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Ostracoda Gomphodella hirsuta Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS
Ostracoda Gomphodella hirsuta Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS
Ostracoda Gomphodella hirsuta Stygofauna Widespread EGINBAH1 -21.21186 119.77431 PSS
Ostracoda Gomphodella 'quasihirsuta' ms
Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Acariformes Guineaxonopsis sp. S1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS
Copepoda Harpacticoida Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Copepoda Harpacticoida Stygofauna Uncertain NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS
Ostracoda Heterocypris 'kimberleyensis' ms
Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS
Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread EGINBAH1 -21.21186 119.77431 PSS
Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread COMET1 -21.23175 119.72464 PSS
Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Tubificida Insulodrilus lacustris s.l. Pilbara type 2/3
Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Tubificida Insulodrilus lacustris s.l. Pilbara type 2/3
Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS
Ostracoda Kencandona harleyi Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Ostracoda Leicacandona cf. carinata Stygofauna Potential SRE MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS
Ostracoda Leicacandona jimi Stygofauna Potential SRE MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS
Ostracoda Leicacandona lite Stygofauna Potential SRE NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS
Ostracoda Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Ostracoda Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Ostracoda Limnocythere sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS
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Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Amphipoda Melitidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Amphipoda Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Amphipoda Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Amphipoda Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Amphipoda Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Amphipoda Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS
Copepoda Meridiecyclops baylyi Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS
Copepoda Metacyclops Stygofauna Uncertain BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK284 -21.14025 119.86514 PSS
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS
Copepoda Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Copepoda Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS
Copepoda Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
Tubificida Monopylephorus n. sp. WA29
Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Tubificida Monopylephorus n. sp. WA29
Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Tubificida Monopylephorus n. sp. WA29
Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS
Tubificida Monopylephorus n. sp. WA29
Stygofauna Widespread NPM01 -21.09728 119.40647 PSS
Tubificida Monopylephorus n. sp. WA29
Stygofauna Widespread NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS
Tubificida Monopylephorus n. sp. WA29
Stygofauna Widespread NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS
Amphipoda Nedsia sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Amphipoda Nedsia sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK324 -20.90283 119.76925 PSS
Nematoda Nematoda Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Nematoda Nematoda sp. 17 Stygofauna Potential SRE NPM03 -21.12531 119.35964 PSS
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Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK284 -21.14025 119.86514 PSS
Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain EGINBAH1 -21.21186 119.77431 PSS
Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS
Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK284 -21.14025 119.86514 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 6 Stygofauna Widespread COMET1 -21.23175 119.72464 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314B -20.95911 119.84769 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Copepoda Parastenocaris Stygofauna Uncertain CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Copepoda Parastenocaris Stygofauna Uncertain CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Copepoda Parastenocaris Stygofauna Uncertain BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Copepoda Parastenocaris sp. 3 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS
Tubificida Phreodrilid with dissimilar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS
Tubificida Phreodrilid with dissimilar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Tubificida Phreodrilid with dissimilar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Tubificida Phreodrilid with dissimilar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS
Tubificida Phreodrilid with dissimilar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
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Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Tubificida Phreodrilid with dissimilar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread NPM01 -21.09728 119.40647 PSS
Tubificida Phreodrilid with similar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS
Tubificida Phreodrilid with similar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Tubificida Phreodrilid with similar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Tubificida Phreodrilid with similar ventral chaetae
Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS
Amphipoda Pilbarus millsi Stygofauna Widespread COMET1 -21.23175 119.72464 PSS
Amphipoda Pilbarus millsi Stygofauna Widespread NPM01 -21.09728 119.40647 PSS
Copepoda Pseudectinosoma galassiae Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Acariformes Recifella sp. Potential stygofauna Uncertain BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Ostracoda Strandesia Stygofauna Uncertain NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS
Ostracoda Strandesia Stygofauna Uncertain NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS
Copepoda Stygonitocrella bispinosa Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Copepoda Stygonitocrella bispinosa Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS
Copepoda Stygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK284 -21.14025 119.86514 PSS
Copepoda Stygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS
Copepoda Stygonitocrella unispinosa Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS
Turbellaria Turbellaria sp.D4:ED4:E278 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS
Turbellaria Turbellaria sp.D4:ED4:E278 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS
Turbellaria Turbellaria sp.D4:ED4:E278 Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS
Acari Oribatida sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain Site PSB003, bore NRPP1
-21.3308 120.3756 WAM
Acari Wandesia sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain Site PSB003, bore NRPP1
-21.3308 120.3756 WAM
Araneae Prethopalpus sp. indet. Troglofauna Uncertain 210 km SE. of Port Hedland
-21.59083 120.0956 WAM
Acari Recifella sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain Site PSS409, bore BCR1
-20.9378 119.9601 WAM
Acari Guineaxonopsis sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain Site PSS248, bore MBSLK240
-21.4497 120.0781 WAM
Bathynellacea nr Atopobathynella sp. B16 Stygofauna Potential SRE BlueSpec -21.0136 120.004 WAM
Cyclopoida Diacyclops sobeprolatus Stygofauna Widespread BlueSpec -21.0136 120.003 WAM
Cyclopoida Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread BlueSpec -21.0136 120.003 WAM
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Order Lowest ID Likely subterranean status (Biologic)
SRE status where known (Biologic)
Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source
Cyclopoida Orbuscyclops westaustraliensis
Stygofauna Widespread BlueSpec -21.0136 120.004 WAM
Harpacticoida Megastygonitocrella unispinosa
Stygofauna Widespread BlueSpec -21.0136 120.004 WAM
Harpacticoida Parastenocaris sp. B23 Stygofauna Potential SRE BlueSpec -21.0136 120.004 WAM
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain Bore MBSLK284 -21.1402 119.865 WAM
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain Sandy Creek Well (a.k.a. Tony Well), bore COR
-21.4595 120.021 WAM
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain Box Soak Well, bore BCR1
-20.9377 119.96 WAM
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain Box Soak Well, bore BCR1
-20.9377 119.96 WAM
Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain Camp5, bore NPM04
-21.1032 119.408 WAM
Podocopida Amphitritecandona secunda Stygofauna Potential SRE Bamboo Creek, Mbslk316
-20.9352 119.851 WAM
Podocopida Kencandona harleyi Stygofauna Widespread Box Soak Well, Bcr1 -20.9377 119.96 WAM
Podocopida Kencandona harleyi Stygofauna Widespread Box Soak Well, Bcr1 -20.9377 119.96 WAM
Podocopida Kencandona harleyi Stygofauna Widespread Box Soak Well, Bcr1 -20.9377 119.96 WAM
Podocopida Leicacandona lite Stygofauna Potential SRE Camp 5, Npm04 119.408 119.408 WAM
Podocopida Leicacandona lite Stygofauna Potential SRE Camp 5, Npm04 119.408 119.408 WAM
Podocopida Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE Box Soak Well, Bcr1 119.96 119.96 WAM
Podocopida Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE Box Soak Well, Bcr1 119.96 119.96 WAM
Podocopida Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE Box Soak Well, Bcr1 119.96 119.96 WAM
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Appendix C – Water physicochemistry
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APPENDIX C: Water physicochemical measurements observed during the current survey
Deposit Bore/ site
No. Date
DTW (m)
Temp (°C)
EC (μS/cm)
Salinity (ppm)
Acidity (pH)
Redox (mV)
Dissolved oxygen (ppm)
Appearance
Klondyke 17KLRC018 2018-05-10 32 29 1190 0.59 7.32 -51.8 1.2 Stale odor
Klondyke 17KLRC027 2018-05-09 37 31.9 1257 0.62 6.92 10.7 1.48 Mineral odor
Klondyke 17KLRC033 2018-05-09 38 31.2 946 0.46 7.37 -1 2.4
Klondyke 17KLRC040 2018-05-13 48 30.9 1241 0.61 7.22 -89.4 1.3 Slight sulphurous odor
Klondyke 17KLRC046 2018-05-09 28 31.9 7.02 0.34 6.98 -7.2 1.34 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke 17KLRC048 2018-05-14 31 29.8 8 0.38 7.62 -44.8 1.85 Fresh clean odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC014 2018-05-11 15 29.6 4300 2.27 7.64 -118.4 1.38 Biological odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC010 2018-05-11 18 28.5 1314 0.65 7.12 -40 2.44 Mineral odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC012 2018-05-11 19 29.9 1593 0.79 7.14 -58.6 1.81 Fresh clean odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC001 2018-05-11 33 29.5 1372 0.68 7.13 -26.2 2.73 Mineral odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC008 2018-05-11 13 32.1 1352 67 7.52 -26.9 2.45 Stale odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC017 2018-05-12 17 27.4 2211 1.13 7.53 -71.2 1.78 Stale odor
Coronation 17CRDD001 2018-05-12 23 30.4 707 0.34 7.31 -47.6 1.75 Mineral odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC013 2018-05-12 6 29.7 1327 0.66 7.04 -45.8 1.47 Biological odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC023 2018-05-12 5 30.7 1095 0.54 7.27 -87.6 0.82
Copenhagen 17CP008 2018-05-12 9 30.3 1214 0.6 6.95 -52.8 1.31 Biological odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC018 2018-05-12 10 30.3 1105 0.54 6.63 -50.2 1.26
Copenhagen CalUnk001 2018-05-13 5 25.7 1058 0.52 7.26 -54.1 1.98 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 17CP009 2018-05-13 8 28 1301 0.64 7.35 -91 0.99 Biological odor
Klondyke 17KLRC053 2018-05-09 33 30.9 911 0.44 6.99 75.5 1.27 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke 17KLRC067 2018-05-13 137 30.2 795 0.38 7.39 -50 1.29 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke 17KLRC068 2018-05-13 37 29.5 1196 0.59 7.29 -52.7 1.54 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke 17KLRC070 2018-05-13 30 29.5 874 0.42 7.35 -49.8 1.75 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke 17KLRC078 2018-05-10 32 32 1276 0.63 7.36 -22 2.42 Salty odor
Klondyke 17KLRC083 2018-05-10 19 32.2 1645 0.82 7.44 -36.8 0.91
Klondyke 17KLRC086 2018-05-13 42 29 1431 0.71 7.39 -53.5 2 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke 17KLRC087 2018-05-13 28 28.7 1044 0.51 7.3 -44.2 2.35 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC024 2019-03-17 14.5 29.2 1301 0.59 7 169.9 1.38 Stale odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC006 2019-03-17 8 29.6 1319 0.6 7.33 -125.2 0.69 Biological odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC036 2019-03-16 6.5 29.5 1210 0.55 6.81 92.6 1.93 Chemical odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC034 2019-03-16 8 30.1 1255 0.56 7.08 99.7 3.72 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC022 2019-03-16 8 30 1330 0.6 7.16 -169.4 0.9 Biological odor
Copenhagen KKC002 2019-03-17 30.4 1057 0.47 7.32 98.8 4.81 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC008 2019-03-16 11 30 1182 0.53 7 77.8 1.82 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC012 2019-03-16 9 29.1 1103 0.5 7.16 72.3 0.44 Stale odor
Copenhagen CRC8 2019-03-16 29.6 1181 0.53 7.19 55.1 2.13 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC017 2019-03-16 12.5 29 1486 0.68 7.73 96.1 1.87 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC038 2019-03-17 8.5 30.4 1332 0.59 7.17 109.3 1.97 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC028 2019-03-17 15.5 30.8 1295 0.57 7 113.5 1.4 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC027 2019-03-17 12 29.3 1287 0.58 6.99 140.1 28.4 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC039 2019-03-16 5 30.4 1519 0.68 7.23 -132.8 1.46 Major sulphurous odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC014 2019-03-16 6 29.3 1223 0.56 7.17 57.2 2.1 Biological odor
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Deposit Bore/ site
No. Date
DTW (m)
Temp (°C)
EC (μS/cm)
Salinity (ppm)
Acidity (pH)
Redox (mV)
Dissolved oxygen (ppm)
Appearance
Copenhagen 18CPRC030 2019-03-17 15.5 30.8 1273 0.56 7.24 98.8 1.54 Stale odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC040 2019-03-17 29.9 989 0.44 7.82 87.7 1.33 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC031 2019-03-17 169 29.2 1230 0.56 7.23 105.5 1.48 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC023 2019-03-16 12.5 31.4 1126 0.49 7.04 -99.7 1.73 Biological odor
Copenhagen 17CPRC015 2019-03-16 6 29 1448 0.67 7.19 74.9 1.27 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC037 2019-03-16 9 31.8 1173 0.51 7.09 190.2 0.1 Fresh clean odor
Copenhagen 18CPRC026 2019-03-16 11.5 29.9 1366 0.62 7.16 104.5 1.54 Fresh clean odor
Coronation PCR1 2019-03-18 17.5 31.4 1161 0.5 6.88 109.3 1.61 Stale odor
Coronation PCR2 2019-03-18 22.5 31.4 1179 0.51 6.88 106.2 2.69 Fresh clean odor
Coronation 18CRRC017 2019-03-18 30 30.8 1002 0.44 7.03 -61.7 1.43 Slight sulphurous odor
Coronation 18CRRC013 2019-03-18 32.5 30.7 996 0.44 6.96 -7.6 1.69 Slight sulphurous odor
Coronation 18CRRC005 2019-03-18 62 30.6 1163 0.51 7.1 -45.8 1.95 Slight sulphurous odor
Coronation 18CRRC009 2019-03-18 49.5 30.8 1074 0.47 7.01 107.7 1.62 Fresh clean odor
Coronation 18CRRC012 2019-03-18 49 30.6 977 0.43 6.97 105.9 2.09 Stale odor
Coronation 18CRRC018 2019-03-18 32.5 30.5 967 0.42 6.94 92.7 1.51 Fresh clean odor
Coronation 18CRRC022 2019-03-18 36.9 30.3 1011 0.45 6.89 85.6 2.07 Stale odor
Coronation 18CRRC024 2019-03-18 21.5 29.9 1049 0.47 7 -66.6 10.7 Stale odor
Coronation 18CRRC003 2019-03-18 15 30.1 1170 0.52 7.13 139.8 2.57 Fresh clean odor
Coronation 18CRRC021 2019-03-18 24 29 1054 0.48 7.14 125.5 1.77 Fresh clean odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC011 2019-03-17 31.6 1529 0.67 7.13 123.7 3.23 Fresh clean odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC009 2019-03-17 12 31.3 2137 0.96 7.14 120 4.18 Fresh clean odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC017 2019-03-17 20 30.8 2399 1.09 7.4 -73 1.51 Biological odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC012 2019-03-17 20.5 31.1 1545 0.68 7.23 125 4.31 Fresh clean odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC008 2019-03-17 12.5 31.1 1879 0.84 7.21 117.7 2.83 Fresh clean odor
Fielders Gully 17FGRC010 2019-03-17 22 30.9 1274 0.56 7.09 116.2 2.29 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke 17KLRC020 2019-03-14 35 30.1 1115 0.5 7.38 -93.4 1.22 Biological odor
Klondyke 18KLDD014 2019-03-14 44 31.7 1310 0.57 7.34 57.722 1.81 Stale odor
Klondyke 17KLRC014 2019-03-14 22.5 30.8 1504 0.67 7.25 -74.4 1.85 Biological odor
Klondyke 18KLDD028 2019-03-15 37.5 30.9 1439 0.63 7.63 -138.7 1.87 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke 18KLRC187 2019-03-14 14.5 30.2 1176 0.52 7.4 91.8 1.85 Stale odor
Klondyke 18KLRC103 2019-03-13 20 30.8 1358 0.6 7.18 171.2 4.7 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke 18SGRC025 2019-03-13 13.5 30.8 1275 0.56 7.54 -170.2 0.83 Slight sulphurous odor
Klondyke 18KLRC182 2019-03-13 18.5 30.6 1488 0.66 7.65 -99 22.4 Chemical odor
Klondyke 18KLRC116 2019-03-15 17 29.4 1702 0.78 6.94 112.7 1.7 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke CRA_bore 2019-03-15 3.5 31.6 1969 0.87 8.05 75.4 4.07 Fresh clean odor
Klondyke 18KLDD018 2019-03-14 30 30.6 1611 0.72 7.37 -31.8 1.25 Stale odor