Warm-up Create a “word splash” of what you know about bones. Think of as many words as possible...
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Transcript of Warm-up Create a “word splash” of what you know about bones. Think of as many words as possible...
Warm-up
Create a “word splash” of what you know about bones. Think of as many words as possible and write them down.
LEQ
What is the purpose of our skeletal system?
The Skeletal System
· Parts of the skeletal system
·Bones (skeleton)
·Joints
·Cartilage
·Ligaments (bone to bone) (tendon= bone to muscle)
The Skeletal System
Skeleton comes from a Greek word meaning dried up body.
Bone appears dead and dried up, but it is not!
Bone is living tissue
Newborn human has 350 bones
Adult human has 206 bones
Changes in the Human Skeleton
· In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
· During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
· Cartilage remains in isolated areas
· Bridge of the nose
· Parts of ribs
· Joints
Structure and Function
• Functions of the skeletal systemProvides shape and supportProtects internal organs Stores minerals and fat Produces blood cells and
platelets Assists in movement
Look at page 193
The Two Skeletons
Axial skeletonIncludes the 80 bones of the
head and trunk
Appendicular skeleton Includes the 126 bones of the
pelvis, shoulders, arms, and legs
Table 13-2 Bones by Shapes
Bones by Shapes
Classification of Bones
· Long bones
· Typically longer than wide
· Have a shaft with heads at both ends
· Contain mostly compact bone
· Found in legs and arms
• Examples: Femur, humerus
• Page 193. Read about epiphysis and diaphysis.
Classification of Bones
· Short bones
· Generally cube-shape and small
· Contain mostly spongy bone
· Found in wrist, ankles, and toes
· Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Classification of Bones
· Flat bones
· Thin and flattened
· Usually curved
· Cover organs/provide surface for lg. muscle
· Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
· Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Classification of Bones
· Irregular bones· Irregular shape
· Do not fit into other bone classification categories
· Example: Vertebrae and hip, ear and face bones
Sesamoid Bones
Sesamoid bones Small and
usually embedded in tendons, used to protect integrity of tendonsPatellaSome in hands
and feet
Table 13-1 Bones of the Body
Answer LEQ
What is the purpose of our skeletal system?
Warm-up
What is one thing you would like to achieve in your lifetime? Why?
LEQ
What are the bones in the face?
The Axial Skeleton
· Divided into three parts
·Skull
·Vertebral column
·Bony thorax (chest area)
The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
The Skull (28 bones) (18 names!)
· Sits on top of the vertebral column
· Two sets of bones
· Cranium (8 bones)
· Facial bones (14 bones)
· Bones are joined by sutures
· Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
Bones of the Cranium
Frontal View
Frontal
Frontal View
Forehead bone; and most of upper part of eye sockets
Parietal
Frontal View
Form bulging topsides of cranium
Temporal
Frontal View
Form lower sides of cranium and contains middle & inner ear structures
Nasal
Frontal View
Small; forms upper bridge of nose
Vomer
Frontal View
Forms lower, back part of nasal septum
Zygoma
Frontal View
Maxilla
Frontal View
Mandible
Frontal View
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Zygoma
Nasal
Vomer
Maxilla
Mandible
Frontal View
Bones of the Skull
Slide 5.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.11
Lateral View
Frontal
Lateral View
Parietal
Lateral View
Temporal
Lateral View
Nasal
Lateral View
Zygoma
Lateral View
Maxilla
Lateral View
Mandible
Lateral View
Sphenoid
Lateral View
Occipital
Lateral View
Mastoid Process
Lateral View
External Auditory Meatus
Lateral View
Frontal
Nasal
ZygomaMaxilla
Mandible
Parietal
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
External Auditory Meatus
Mastoid Process
Lateral View
The Skull
Slide 5.21b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.7
Sutures
Sagittal
Sutures
Frontal(Coronal)
Sutures
Squamous
Sutures
Lamboid
Sutures
Frontal(Coronal)
Sagittal
Squamous
Lambdoid
Sutures
The Cranium
That’s it! No more cranium bones!
206 bones - 8 bones = 198 bones to go…
Activity!
You and a partner will create a rap/song of what you’ve learned about the bones so far.
You can include types of bones, names, etc. Doesn’t have to rhyme Must be 20 lines Keep it appropriate
Everyone will perform. The top group gets extra credit!
LEQ
What are the bones in the face?
Warm-up
Answer the LEQ from yesterday.
Let’s finish the raps from yesterday.
LEQ
•What are the different sections of the spinal column?
Facial Bones
• 14 bones
• Most of these bones come in pairs
• Only the mandible and vomer are single bones
The Face
Facial Bones
•Mandible - the lower jaw bone• Carries the lower teeth• The anterior portion forms the chin• Only freely movable joint in the
skull
Facial Bones
• Maxilla (2) ~ Upper jaw• Two bones fused together• Roof of the mouth• Also form parts of the nasal cavity
and eye orbits
The Skull
The Facial Bones
•Zygomatic Bones (2) ~ the cheekbones•Also forms a part of the orbits of the eyes
The Skull
Other Facial Bones
Lacrimal Bones (2) ~ inner wall of eye sockets
Nasal Bones (2) ~ bridge of nose
Vomer ~ nasal septum
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
The Skull
Facial Bones
•That’s it! No more facial bones!
•198 bones - 14 bones = 184 bones to go…
The Vertebral Column
• The backbone or spine
• Consists of 26 bones called vertebrae
The Vertebral Column· Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs (act as shock absorbers)
· The spine has a normal curvature
· Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
Figure 5.14
Vertebral column
• C1-C7 ~ in the neck region • 7 cervical vertebrae
• T1-T12 ~ located in the chest region• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• L1-L5 ~ located in the lower back• 5 lumbar vertebrae
Vertebral column
• Sacrum ~ curved bone of the lower back (posterior wall of the pelvis)
• Fused sacral vertebrae• 5 vertebrae at birth
• Coccyx ~ the tailbone• 4 vertebrae at birth
The Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)· The chest
region
· Forms a cage to protect major organs
· Composed of sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae.
Figure 5.19a
Thoracic Cage
• Sternum ~ breastbone
• Dagger-shaped bone located along the midline of the anterior chest
Thoracic Cage
• Ribs ~ 12 pairs of ribs attach posterior to the thoracic vertebrae
• True ribs ~ first 7 pair
• False ribs ~ last 5 pairs
That is it for the axial skeleton!
• 154 bones - 24 ribs - 1 sternum = 129 bones to go!!!
Answer LEQ
•What are the different sections of the spinal column?
Bones of the
Appendicular Skeleton
Warm-up
Write the following
words on a sticky note. One word per note. Split with
your partner.
Frontal
Femur
Tarsals
Cervical vert
Tibia
Costals
Xiphoid process
Thoracic vert
Calcaneus
Ilium
Sacrum
Zygomatic bone
Mandible
Maxilla
Humerus
Radius
Lumbar vert
Coccyx
Clavicle
Ulna
Carpals
Occipital
Temporal
Parietal
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Fibula
Scapula
Metacarpals
Vomer
LEQ
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
The Appendicular Skeleton
· Limbs (appendages)
· Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
· Pelvic girdle
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
· Composed of two bones
· Clavicle – collarbone
· Scapula – shoulder blade
· These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide 5.34a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.20a, b
Bones of the Upper Limb
· The arm is formed by a single bone
· Humerus
· Head of humerus allows for rotation
Bones of the Upper Limb
• The forearm has two bones
•Ulna
•Radius
Radius
Radius ~ locate on the lateral or thumb side when the palm of the hand is facing forward.
Ulna
Ulna~ the longer of the two forearm bones.
Located on the medial or little finger side of the forearm.
Bones of the Upper Limb
· The hand
· Carpals – wrist
· Metacarpals – palm
· Phalanges – fingers
Carpals
Bones of the Hand
Metacarpals
Carpals
Bones of the Hand
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
Bones of the Hand
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37
· Composed of two coxal bones (hip bones)· Composed of three pair of fused bones
· Ilium· Ischium· Pubis
· The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
· Protects several organs· Reproductive organs· Urinary bladder· Part of the large intestine
The Pelvis
Slide 5.38a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23a
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40a
· The thigh has one bone
·Femur – thigh bone
Bones of the Lower Limb
Patella ~ knee cap
Triangular bone located within a tendon that passes over the knee.
Bones of the Lower Limbs· The leg has two
bones
· Tibia ~ shin bone
· Larger
· Fibula
· Long and thin
Bones of the Lower Limbs· The foot
· Tarsals (7) – ankle
· Metatarsals (5) – sole/instep
· Phalanges (14) – toes
Figure 5.25
Bones of the Foot
Tarsals
Bones of the Foot
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Bones of the Foot
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Sticky Note Activity
Answer LEQ
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Warm-up
Write about a time when you have experienced or seen a fracture. Give us a detailed description of what you remember.
Warm-up
Take out your skeleton labeling sheet. We will finish going over the answers.
Mr. Bones worksheetList axial bonesList appendicular bones
Tell me one thing about each bone
Warm-up
Fill in the bingo sheet with bones from the body.
Complete worksheet on stool for warm-up.-Bring index cards to review.
Warm Up
Bone museum walk and Ebola readingGive yourself partner 1 and 2 between you and your shoulder partner
Start reading the article
LEQ
What are the types of joints and where are they located?
Synovial Joints
Hinge jointMovement is
like two boards joined together by a hinge
Movement in one direction
Elbow, knees, fingers
Types of Synovial
JointsBall and Socket
JointWhen ball-shaped
end of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of another
Bones can move in many directions
Shoulder, hip
Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint Allows only for rotation
around the length of a bone
Head (side to side “no” action)
Forearm joints (palms) supination/pronation
Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle JointWhen the surfaces
of both articulation bones are saddle-shaped
Concave/convexThumb Wide range of
motion
Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding JointInteraction of
flat surfaces of articulating bones
Limited but complex movement
Wrist, ankle
Types of Synovial Joints
Condyloid JointOval-shaped
surface of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another
Mandible, knuckles
Answer LEQ
What is the purpose of each type of joint?
Warm Up
Take a body outline worksheet from the stool. Write your name on it.
LEQ
What are the different types of bone fractures?
Bone Fractures (Breaks)
Bone fractures are classified by:The position of the bone ends after
fracture
The completeness of the break
Whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin
Types of Bone Fractures
Complete – bone is broken all the way through
Incomplete (greenstick) – bone is not broken all the way through
Types of Bone Fractures
Compound (open) – bone ends penetrate the skin
Simple (closed) – bone ends do not penetrate the skin
Common Types of Fractures
Spiral – ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury
Depressed – broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture
Common Types of Fractures
Comminuted – bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly
Compression – bone is crushed; common in porous bones
Common Types of Fractures
Table 6.2.1
Common Types of Fractures
Table 6.2.2
Common Types of Fractures
Table 6.2.3
LEQ
What are the different types of bone fractures?
Agenda
Take out your body review homework. Make sure your name is on it. I only need the human outline.
Review fractures homework
Pick muscle disease project
Pick health fair topic/partners
Review with bone bingo
Bone Bingo
Fill in each blank with a name from the following options.Name of a boneName of a jointType of a fracture
All blanks must be filled in!