S&S 2.2. Respond to the following question in your lab notebook:
Warm Up Copy the notebook info into your notebook Table of Contents March 19 th 7.L.2.2 Pedigree...
-
Upload
trevor-shepherd -
Category
Documents
-
view
230 -
download
2
Transcript of Warm Up Copy the notebook info into your notebook Table of Contents March 19 th 7.L.2.2 Pedigree...
Warm Up
Copy the notebook info into your notebook
Table of ContentsMarch 19th 7.L.2.2 Pedigree
NotesMarch 19th 7.L.2.2 PedigreeHow do Pedigrees help determine inheritance of
genetic traits and diseases?
Pedigrees
What is a pedigree?
-Pedigrees are family trees which show which individuals in the family get certain diseases or have certain traits.
Why are pedigrees important?
Scientists use pedigrees to track/trace the passing on of genes and traits over generations.
Pedigrees help determine how genetic diseases are passed through families
Pedigrees Show Marriage/ MatingA horizontal line connecting a circle and a square means the male and
female are “married”
Pedigrees shown Genotypes / Affectedness
shaded / colored = has trait
a colored in shape always has the recessive traitunless otherwise statedTwo lower cases in genotype
Clear shape = homozygous dominant genotype
Heterozygous if child is colored inGenotype written as E? (letter and ?)
Shaded = homozygous recessive
Half = heterozygous
Clear = Homozygous Dominant or Heterozygous (depends on child’s genotype)
Rules of Logic for Reading A Pedigree
1. If neither parent show the trait:• a. the trait cannot be dominant.• b. the trait could be recessive and either parent or both could be
heterozygous carriers.
2. If one parent shows the trait:• a. the trait could be dominant and the affected parent could be
heterozygous while the unaffected parent is not a carrier• b. the trait could be recessive and the affected parent is homozygous while
the unaffected parent could be a heterozygous carrier
3. If both parents show the trait:• a. the trait could be dominant and both parents could be heterozygous
carriers which• means that some of the children could be unaffected• b. the trait could be recessive meaning that both parents would have to be
homozygous and• all the children would have to be affected
Pedigree 1 shows a family of parrots. One of the offspring shows the trait for blue feathers. (R = red feathers, r = blue feathers)
1. Do you think blue feathers are dominant or recessive? recessive 2. What must the genotypes of the parents be?
Rr
3. What two genotypes could the other offspring have? RR or Rr
Reading a Pedigree
1. How many males are there?
2. How many females are there?
3. How many children did the first generation parents have?
4. How many sets of married couplesDoes the pedigree show?
5. How many carriers does the pedigree show?
6. How many affected individuals does the pedigree show?
1. How many males are there? 4
2. How many females are there? 5
3. How many children did the first generation parents have? 3
4. How many sets of married couplesDoes the pedigree show?3
5. How many carriers does the pedigree show? 0
5. How many affected individuals does the pedigree show? 1
Practice
1. Genetics Pedigree Worksheet
#1 > no dimples = dd (colored in = no dimples)
#2 > unibrow = ee (colored in = unibrow)
#3 > colored in = dd
Warm Up
• Put Pedigree HW worksheet on desk
• Answer front side of handout (the side that says Warm Up)
READ KEY AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PAPER
Review Exit TicketHow many generations?3
The chart shows a total of 5 female offspring. How many of these women are carriers of colorblindness? 2
Of the 3 male offspring, how many have colorblindness? 2
Notes
Table of Contents
March 20th Pedigree Day 2
Notes
March 20th Pedigree Day 2
How do you interpret a pedigree chart?
a. How many males are there? 8 b. How many males have hemophilia? 3
2. A circle represents a female. If it is darkened, she has hemophilia; if open she is normal.
a. How many female are there? 8 b. How many females have hemophilia? 2
3. A marriage is indicated by a horizontal line connecting a circle to a square. a. How many marriages are there? 3
4. A line perpendicular to a marriage line indicates the offspring. If the line ends with either a circle or a square, the couple had only one child. However, if the line is connected to another horizontal line, then several children were produced, each indicated by a short vertical line connected to the horizontal line. The first child born appears to the left and the last born to the right.
a. How many children did the first couple (couple in row I) have? 2 b. How many children did the third couple (couple in row III) have? 7
5. Level I represent the first generation, level II represents the second generation.
a. How many generations are there? 4 b. How many members are there in the fourth generation? 7
IIIIII
6. Write the generation on the pedigree numbers (roman numerals).
7. Which members of the family above are afflicted with Huntington’s Disease? I-1, II-2, II-3, II-7, III-3
8. There are no carriers for Huntington’s Disease- you either have it or you don’t.
With this in mind, is Huntington’s disease caused by a dominant or recessive trait? dominant
9. How many children did individuals I-1 and I-2 have? 6
10. How many girls did II-1 and II-2 have? 2 How many have Huntington’s Disease? 2
11. How is individual III-2 and II-4 related? niece-uncle
I-2 and III-5? grandma-grandson
12. Write the genotypes of each individual on the pedigree.
IIIIIIIV
13. Write the generation on the pedigree numbers (roman numerals). The pedigree to the above shows the passing on of Hitchhiker’s Thumb
in a family. Is this trait dominant or recessive? recessive
14. How do you know? Because parents III-4 and III-5 had to have kids IV-2 and IV-4
15. How are individuals III-1 and III-2 related? mating
16. Name 2 individuals that have hitchhiker’s thumb. IV-2 and IV-4
17. Name 2 individuals that were carriers of hitchhiker’s thumb. III-4 and III-5
18. Write the genotypes for each individual on the pedigree.
• 19
• a. Which characteristic is dominant? Black
• b. Which characteristic is recessive? White
• c. Determine the genotypes of all individuals. You will have three “A?”. Write your Genotypes beneath each individual.
Interpreting a Pedigree
Generations
- Each row represents a generation.- Each generation is marked using Roman
Numerals - (I, II, III, IV)
Interpreting a Pedigree
On a pedigree the trait is shown by the colored shapes
Generally if a shape is colored that person has the trait
Parent Genotype Based on Child
If one or more child has the trait
AND
Parent shapes are blank
Parent genotype = heterozygous
Determining if the trait is Dominant or Recessive
If one parent has disorder (colored) disorder is dominant
If neither parent has to have the disorder (blank) but children do, the disorder is recessive and parents are heterozygous.
Problem 2
1. Recessive
2. Because the parents do not have it
3. Married
4. IV 1, IV3
5. III 1, III 2
Problem 3
Create a pedigree for the following:
1. Joe Marries Sue- they are carriers for the jumping disease
2. They have 4 kids: Jack, Zack, Luke and Sara
3. Zack and Sara have the jumping disease (recessive)
4. Jack marries Amy, she has the disease
5. They have Lorie, who is also affected
6. Sara marries Dan who is a carrier. Sara is pregnant
B. Punnett Square
Sara = rr
Dan = Rr
There is a 50% chance
Their baby will have
The disease
R r
r Rr rr
r Rr rr
A. Make a pedigree for the family below. 1. Matt and Jennifer get married; Matt has hairy toes
(recessive)2. They have 2 kids, Adam and Faith3. Adam has hairy toes and Faith is a carrier4. Faith marries Alex. They have 1 son. He does not have
hairy toes.
B. What is Jennifer’s Genotype? How do you know?C. What is Alex’s Genotype? How do you know?
Exit
1. How many generations are in this pedigree?
2. Is the trait in this pedigree dominant or recessive?
3. What are the genotypes of III 5 and III 6?
4. How many males are in generation II?
5. How many females are there total?
Pedigree Basics• Males are squares, females are circles,
and unborn babies are triangles or octagons
• Shaded figures represent individuals with the trait, a carrier could be 1/2 shaded
• Generations are numbered with roman numerals (I, II, II, IV) from top to bottom
• People within generations are numbered (1,2,3) from left to right
a protein produced by white blood cells in the body in
response to the presence of an antigen, for example, a
bacterium or virus
ANTIBODY
a substance, usually a protein, on the surface of a cell or bacterium that
stimulates the production of an antibody
ANTIGEN
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Blood group AYou have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
Blood group B You have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma.
Blood Groups
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Blood GroupsBlood group ABYou have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.
Blood group 0
You have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Rh FactorsMany people have a Rh factor on the surface of their red blood cells. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-.
Possible Blood Groups
You can belong to either of following 8 blood groups:
A Rh+ A Rh-B Rh+ B Rh-AB Rh+ AB Rh-0 Rh+ 0 Rh-
Transfusions
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's
antigens.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
People with blood group 0 are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB
are called "universal receivers.
Read NYTimes Article "Despite Warnings, 3 Vow to Go Ahead on Human
Cloning"
a. What did three proponents of human cloning announce on August 7, 2001?
b. Where did they make this announcement? c. Why did some scientists at the symposium object
to the proponents' announcement? d. Why did Dr. Alan Colman object to the research
by these proponents being done in secret? e. According to the article, what was the consensus
among the panel and most of those who testified before it?
Read NYTimes Article "Despite Warnings, 3 Vow to Go Ahead on Human
Cloning" f. Who was "Dolly"?g. What animals have been successfully cloned? h. According to the article, what is involved in cloning a human? i. How did the three proponents say they would
address the possibility of genetic abnormalities? j. How did other experts at the symposium respond
to this statement? k. Why do the proponents need to conduct their
research secretly?
•http://www.biology.washington.edu/bsa/karyotypeS.html
•http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/zooweb/Phelps/karyotype.html
•http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio/activities/karyotyping/karyotyping.html
•http://www.pathology.washington.edu/galleries/Cytogallery/cytogallery.html
•http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2humancsomaldisorders.html
Klinefelter Syndrome• Have male genitalia and internal ducts, but
underdeveloped testes
• Do not produce sperm
• Slight enlargement of the breasts
• 47,XXY
• 1 out of every 500 male births
Turner Syndrome• Has female external genitalia
• Underdeveloped ovaries
• Short (under 5 feed)
• Webbed Neck
• Broad, Shield-like chest
• 45,X
• 1 out of every 3000 female births
Cri-du-Chat Syndrome• Partial monosomy (part of 1 chromosome is lost)• Loss of about 1/3 of the short arm of
chromosome 5• Anatomical malfomrations (gastrointestinal and
cardiac complications)• Mentally retarded• Abnormal development of the larynx which
makes the baby’s cry sound like a cat’s cry• 1 in 50,000 live births
Down Syndrome• BKA trisomy 21 (47, 21+); 3 copies of the 21st chromosome• Short• Small round heads• Protruding, furrowed tongues which cause mouth to remain partially
open• Retarded (IQ below 70)• Shortened life expectancy (<50)• Prone to reparatory disease and heart malformations• Have 15x higher chance of getting leukemia• Chance of having a baby with Down syndrome goes up as the
mother gets older