Warm up 37

If a country has an “Absolute Monarch”,what do you think that means?

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/ageofabsolutism16th19thcentury-100222120725-phpapp02/95/slide-1-728.jpg?cb=1266862092

Spanish PowerGrowth of Spanish Dominance• Charles V inherits two crowns

• 1516 King of Spain (Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella)

• 1519 King of Hapsburg Empire

• Charles V struggles as King• Fought against the spreading of

Protestants (especially in Hapsburg)• Fought against the spread of Muslim/

Suleiman and Ottoman Empire

• Charles V abdicates—gives up the thrones

• Tired and disillusioned in 1556 retires into a monastery

• Brother, Ferdinand, is given the rule of the Hapsburg Empire (Holy Roman Emperor)

• Son, Philip II, is given the rule of Spain http://tudorhistory.org/people/charles5/charlesv.jpg

http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wggerman/map/hapsburg.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain

Philip IIExpanding Spain’s Power• Absolute Monarch- ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people• Divine right- Authority to rule came directly from God

Spanish increases wealth• Gold and Silver imported from America• Melted into Spanish coins

Fighting the Protestants/Heretics• Philip II saw himself as the Guardian

of the Roman Catholic Church• Turned the Inquisition against

Protestants and other heretics• Fought many wars against non-Catholics

• Ottoman Empire 1571• Netherlands Region 1570s-80s

http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/Lucas-De-Heere/Portrait-Of-Philip-II-1527-1598-King-Of-Spain.html

1

Spanish Armada

Philip’s Chief Protestant enemy• Queen Elizabeth I, England

• Supported the Dutch against Spain• Had sea captains loot and seize Spanish

ships--privateers

• Spanish Armada- huge fleet• 1588, Philip sent 130 ships, 20,000 men and

2400 pieces of artillery to invade England

• Spanish armada met the English fleet in the English Channel.

• England’s ships were faster and outmaneuvered the Spanish Armada

• Spanish Armada was soundly defeated • Started the decline of the Spanish Power

http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/About-the-Royal-Navy/Organisation/Life-in-the-Royal-Navy/History/Battles/The-Spanish-Armada-1588

Empire in DeclineEmpire in Decline

• Defeat of the Spanish Armada• Philip’s successors were weak

(Philip III, IV and Charles II)• Economic decline

• Overseas wars drained treasury• Many non-Catholics left Spain

(artisans/merchants)• High inflation—too much gold/

silver came from N. America• Other countries became powerful

Spain’s Golden Age• 1550-1650• Philip II patron of arts and founded

academies of science and math• El Greco and Diego Velazquez, painter• Cervantes, writer, Don Quixote

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2aL35ZApuzc/T2C03R50OYI/AAAAAAAA65Y/Nx_rAhLem20/s400/Andres%2BLopez%2BKing%2BPhilip%2BIII%2Bof%2BSpain%252C%2Bafter%2B1617.jpg

http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item=786

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Rey_Carlos_II.jpghttp://www.nostalgiastore.co.uk/files/Don-Quixote-Vol-1.jpg

Warm up 38

What are the qualifications you think, one must have in order to be King?

FranceReligion Wars

• Huguenots-French Protestants vs Catholics, 1560-1590s

• St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, August 24, 1572

• Catholics invited the Huguenots to a wedding, which was a plot that led to 3000 Huguenots being killed

• Henry IV• 1589, Prince Henry IV, Huguenot

becomes King…Catholics not happy• To end the conflict, he converts to

Catholicism and… • 1598 Issued the Edict of Nantes to

grant Huguenots religious tolerance

http://www.thenagain.info/Webchron/westeurope/StBart.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/King_Henry_IV_of_France.jpg

French AuthorityChild Kings

• Henry IV is assassinated in 1610• His son takes over, Louis XIII, 9

years old• Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu

as Chief Minister to help guide him• Main focus was to limit the power

of two groups (or extend royal power)• Nobles• Huguenots

• 1643 Louis XIV, 5 years old, takes over as King

http://crossfireamersfoort.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/louis-xiii1.jpg

http://fc08.deviantart.net/fs70/f/2012/124/6/3/louis_xiii_and_richelieu_by_natalliel-d4yhwo6.jpg

Louis XIVKing of France for 72 years

• Strengthens Royal Power• Revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685

• Many Huguenots fled France• Hurt France’s economy

• Patron of the arts

• Built the Palace of Versailles• Many elaborate ceremonies held here• Very costly

• Strengthens Economy• Appointed intendants- royal officials

to collect taxes• High Tariffs on imports

• Creates large/highly disciplined army• Many foreign wars will hurt France

http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/95/28295-004-56094D85.jpg

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vu0lHg6_t-c/UmiqSxwnaqI/AAAAAAAAAG0/Jyok-aat-_0/s1600/Versailles3.jpg

http://www.see-and-do-france.com/images/palace_of_versailles_gardens.jpg

Warmup 39What does it mean if a country is in a “Civil” War

Elizabeth IParliament vs Monarchy

• Both Henry VIII and Elizabeth I had a positive relationship with Parliament

• 1603 Elizabeth I dies without having a child

• Closest relative was James I, King of Scotland (Stuart)

• Did not have a good relationship with Parliament

• Clashed with dissenters – Protestants who disagreed with the Church of England

• These dissenters were called Puritans• Puritans left for America

• 1625 Charles I (son) took the throne and ruled like his father as an absolute monarch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England

http://www.voyagesphotosmanu.com/Complet/images/james_england.jpg

http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/351images/charles1.jpg

Charles I Civil War in England

• 1628 Charles signed the Rights of Petition• King had to discuss raising taxes with

Parliament before doing so

• 1629 Charles I dissolves Parliament and ignored the Rights of Petition

• Made enemies with Puritan by enforcing strict Anglican Church practices

• 1640 Parliament revolted back at Charles I

• 1642 Charles I had the army enter the Parliament and arrest radical members

• Most escaped and raised an army

• Civil War 1642-1651 Parliament vs Monarchy over power/authority

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Charles_I_of_England.jpg http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/world-history/taking-sides-parliament-and-the-king

Charles ICivil War in England• Cavaliers (Charles I) vs Roundheads (Parliament)

• Cavaliers were the rich/nobles• Roundheads were the lower classes/Puritans• Roundheads were led by Oliver Cromwell

• Oliver Cromwell and the Roundheads defeated the Cavaliers

• King Charles I was put on trial for excessive abuse of power

• Found guilty and condemned to death • January 1649 Charles I gave the order for

his own execution (head severed off)

• IMPORTANCE: Parliamentary power increased and absolute royal power would never exist in England

http://www.information-britain.co.uk/showpic2.php?placeid=555&width=250&dir=famdates

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell

King is dead…who’s next?

• Parliament abolished the monarchy, and Church of England and created a republic; Commonwealth of England, led by Oliver Cromwell

• Uprising against the Commonwealth• Catholics and Charles II from

Ireland and Scotland • Cromwell led forces into Ireland to

defeat the uprising• Charles II was exiled• Catholics are exiled to a small

section of Ireland

• Puritan way under Cromwell• Strict way of life; no drinking,

gambling or dancing. All theatres were closed.

Commonwealth of England

http://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/1916-1930

Return of the MonarchyRestoration of the Monarchy

• Oliver Cromwell dies in 1658• Many people tired of the Puritan way• 1660 Charles II returns from exile and

Parliament reinstates the crown• Reopens taverns and theatres• Accepts the Right of Petition• Re-establish Church of England

• Encourages religious tolerance• Even though an absolutist, had a

good relationship with Parliament

• 1685 James II takes over as King (brother)

• Tried to enforce Catholic policies and appoint Catholic officials

http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/351images/charles2.jpg

http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/351images/jamesiibr.jpg

William & MaryGlorious Revolution—Parliament becomes more powerful than the Monarchy

• Not liking James II, Parliament invites James daughter and husband to rule England by force.

• 1688 William and Mary lead an army to get rid of James II. James II flees to France

• 1689 English Bill of Rights• Passed by Parliament and accepted by

William and Mary

• England becomes a limited monarchy the Parliament officially more powerful than the Monarchyhttp://janeaustensworld.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/william_and_mary.jpg

Warmup 401. Why was the English Civil War fought?

2. What were the two sides of the war?

3. Who won the English Civil War?

4. What was the importance of the English Civil War?

Warm up 411. After Charles V abdicates his throne, who gets control of the Hapsburg Empire?

2. What are Russian leaders called? (Title)

Ferdinand/Hapsburgs30 Years War

• Ferdinand II (Catholic) starts to repress the Protestant movement

• Two Protestant nobles threw two royal officials out of a castle window… known as the Defenestration of Prague

• Depopulation- reduction in population due to war or disease

• Mercenaries- Soldiers for hire

• 1648 Peace Agreement• Peace of Westphalia

• Both sides exhausted• France-Winners, gained land• Hapsburgs-Loser, lost land

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg

http://homepage.smc.edu/buckley_alan/ps7/30_years_war2.jpg

Maria TheresaChallenges of Hapsburgs

• Lost land during 30 Years War• By 1700s Empire included many

different ethnic groups• Never developed a centralized

government

Maria Theresa takes throne• Charles VI dies without male heir• Maria Theresa, 23 years old, takes

over• Many other countries did not

recognize Maria’s right to throne

War of the Austrian Succession• Frederick II of Prussia seized Austria

land upon Charles VI death• Even though Prussia never left Austria

Maria was victorious in stopping the Prussians from taking all of Austria

http://historyonyx.blogspot.com/2012/01/war-of-austrian-succession.htmlhttp://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lez83iy0fz1qcn7d7.jpg

PrussiaPrussia’s Beginning

• After Treaty of Westphalia, the Hollenzollern Family combined their lands to create Prussia

• Catholic

• Frederick William I• Emphasized military

• Frederick II• Defeated Hapsburgs for part

of Austria• Became known as Frederick the

Great

http://www.britishbattles.com/frederick/hohenfriedeberg/frederick-ii-prussia-l.jpg

http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/d/d6/Friedrich_I_of_Prussia.jpg/200px-Friedrich_I_of_Prussia.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia

RussiaRussia Modernization

• Renaissance/Reformation never hits Russia

• Time of Troubles• Foreign invasions/Mongols• Ivan the Terrible dies 1584

• Peter the Great• Takes title of Tsar in 1682, 10 years

old• Travels Europe and realizes

Russia is behind • Westernization- Adoption of western

ideas, technology and culture• Peter met resistance• Tortured and executed people who

resisted

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/fileadmin/historyLearningSite/peter_close2.jpg

http://3219a2.medialib.glogster.com/media/20/20a3b83c83e7dcec8c8d73eb9241cd7c7d9568dfa84460a62ee46077c20c313d/peter-the-great-shaving-the-beard-of-an-old-believer.jpg

Wars/ Peter the Great Wars• Wanted a warm-water port- ice free

all year long• Sought access to Black Sea and

attacked the Ottoman Empire• Peter was unsuccessful, but later

on Catherine the Great would eventually gain access

• Great Northern War• War with Sweden for region

along Baltic Sea• Eventually overpowered the Swedes• Built St. Petersburg on the

land won during the war

Legacy• Died in 1725 with no heirs• Mixed legacy, used terror to get

Russia modernized, increased serfdom, expanded borders and created large army

Catherine the GreatWho is next?

• Peter died without heirs or naming next Tsar

• Internal struggle existed until..

• Catherine the Great took control• German princess who married

a Russian prince Peter III• Peter III , who was declared

mentally unstable was murdered by a group of Russian officers, loyal to Catherine

• Like Peter the Great• Supported Westernization• Absolute ruler by terror• Increased serfdom

http://www.nndb.com/people/581/000078347/

http://historysshadow.wordpress.com/tag/catherine-the-great/

Wars• Russo-Turkish War,

• Gained access to Black Sea (Gained Crimea)

• Partition of Poland• Prussia, Russia and Austria

decided to divide Poland and each take a piece

• This happened in 1792, 1793 and 1795 and Poland was erased from the map until after World War I

Catherine the Great/Wars

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire