Warm up

1.Describe how a cake is made.

2.Describe how a sandwich is made.

3.Describe how ice cream is made.

4.What do cake, sandwiches, and ice cream have in common?

5.What are some differences between the ways these things are made?

Daily learning objective

• We will be able to explain the formation of the 3 types of rocks

Rocks

3.1 The Rock Cycle

Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as a part of our planet.

Types of Rocks

• The 3 kinds of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

The Rock Cycle - Interactions between Earth’s water, air, land, and living things can cause rocks to change from one type to another

The Rock Cycle

Summary video on rock cycle

https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/mit-k12/mit-k12-biology/v/rock-cycle

Igneous Rocks

• formed by the crystallization of molten magma or lava.

• Magma is molten material deep beneath the Earth’s surface

• Lava is molten material above the surface

Igneous Rocks

Formation of Igneous Rocks

3.2 Igneous Rocks

1. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface.

2. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed when lava hardens (above the Earth’s surface).

Classification of Igneous Rocks

3.2 Igneous Rocks

1. Texture

Igneous rocks can be classified based on their composition and texture.

• Coarse-grained texture is caused by slow cooling resulting in larger crystals.

• Fine-grained texture is caused by rapid cooling resulting in smaller, interconnected mineral grains.

Course-Grained Igneous Texture

Granite

Fine-Grained Igneous Texture

Rhyolite

Classification of Igneous Rocks

3.2 Igneous Rocks

1. Texture (continued)• Glassy texture is caused by very rapid cooling.

2. Composition•What minerals the rock is made of, based on

the proportions of light and dark minerals in the rock.

Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.

Porphyritic Igneous Texture

Basalt

Classification of Igneous Rocks

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

• Erosion involves the weathering and the removal of rock.

• Deposition occurs when an agent of erosion—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses energy and drops sediments.

SedimentaryRocks

Sedimentary Rock Formation

3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

• Compaction is a process that squeezes, or compacts, sediments.

• Cementation takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments.

3 Types of Sedimentary Rock

1. Clastic – composed of weathered bits of rocks and minerals

– Classified by particle size– Ex: Shale, Sandstone, Conglomerate, Grand

canyon & the wave in Arizona

Shale with Plant Fossils

Sandstone

Conglomerate

The Wave, Page, AZ

Grand Canyon, Arizona

3 Types of Sedimentary Rock

2. Chemical – When minerals dissolve out of water

– Ex: limestone (caves), coal, rock salt

Fossiliferous Limestone

Carlsbad Caverns, NM

Stalactites

Stalagmites

3 Types of Sedimentary Rock

3. Organic – Formed by fossils or organic matter within the rock layers

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphism means “to change form.”

Igneous and sedimentary rocks change at elevated temperatures and pressures deep within the Earth or during mountain building

MetamorphicRocks

Agents of Metamorphism

3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

Heat

Pressure

• Provides the energy needed to drive chemical reactions

• Causes a more compact rock with greater density

Origin of Pressure in Metamorphism

Agents of Metamorphism

3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

• Hot water-based solutions escaping from magma

• Dissolves original minerals and then deposits new ones

Hydrothermal Solutions

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

1. Foliated Metamorphic Rock

2. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock

Two main categories

• Has a banded or layered appearance

• Does not have a banded texture

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

Gneiss Typically Displays a Banded Appearance

Marble—A Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock

WHATTYPE OF

ROCK?

•This rock was formed by the compaction and cementation of sediment

•This rock was formed by melting and cooling of magma.

•This rock was formed by heat and pressure deep within the Earth.

•This type of rock is found near volcanos.

•This type of rock is found deep within the Earth.

•This type of rock is much like our ice cream, it starts as a liquid and then cools into a solid.

•This type of rock is much like our sandwich. It is made of many layers stacked on top of each other.

•This type of rock is like our cake. It is baked but not melted.

•This type of rock can be intrusive or extrusive.

•This type of rock can be clastic or chemical.

Exit Ticket – please write the questions AND answers in complete sentences.

1. What are the three types of rock called?

2. How are each of the three types of rock created?

3. What are the two different types of igneous rock?

4. What types of sedimentary rock did we discuss, and how are they different from one another?