Warm Up 1 Pretend that you are an explorer in the 1700’s. Pretend that you know nothing of the...
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Warm Up 1
Pretend that you are an explorer in the 1700’s. Pretend that you know nothing of the technology currently available to you (no cell phones, GPS, computers or internet). Pretend that you are asked to draw of map of the places you personally visit. Talk to your partner about how you will go about the task of map making. Sketch a brief drawing of a map of some place you have personally visited or you can do this for the town of Weatherford.
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This is what explorer’s maps looked like as they traveled.
Samples of atlas images of historical exploration and voyages
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P.S. Atlas is a figure from Greek mythology. He is the son of the Titan Iapetus and Clymene (or Asia), and brother of Prometheus. Atlas was punished by Zeus and made to bear the weight of the heavens
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Warm Up 2
With your partner, discuss the following topic:
What do you already know about the slave trade out of Africa to North America?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtRaG_bokds
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AGE OF EXPLORATION
Connecting Hemispheres
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CAUSES OF EUROPEAN EXPANSION FROM 1450 TO 1750
• Renaissance ideas
• Desire for trade routes, spices, and profits or a greater wealth.
• Desire to spread Christianity
• New technologies in ships and sailing.
• Increase country’s power
• Absolute monarchs use their wealth and power to support the Age of Exploration.
God, Gold and Glory Concept
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Technological Advances
Sextant
Caravel – Used by the Portuguese
Triangle Sails
Rudder
Compass
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following question.
Now that the Europeans have better exploring equipment, what is the result?
Improved ships and new navigational instruments made for longer journeys.
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Now that we can travel farther and faster we can
trade more effectively with new groups of people.
Mercantilism an economic system developing during the decay of feudalism to unify and increase the power and especially the monetary wealth of a nation by a strict governmental regulation of the entire national economy usually through policies designed to secure an accumulation of bullion, a favorable balance of trade, the development of agriculture and manufactures, and the establishment of foreign trading monopolies
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Growth of MercantilismNations increase power in 2 ways
1) get as much gold & silver as you can
2) sell more goods that you buyGoal is to become self-sufficient
Causes Changes in European Society
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following questions.
How does the growth of mercantilism cause changes in European society? What changes and how does it change?
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Ottoman Empire and the Turks(1453–1922)
Talk about the important geographical factors of the Ottoman Empire.
Why do you think the Ottomans were not able to control Western Europe?
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Rise of the Ottoman Empire
•Capture of Constantinople and renaming to Istanbul
• Capture of Mecca, Medina, and Cairo
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List the areas the Ottoman Empire controlled on trade routes.
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Cultural and political achievements under Suleiman I
Empire in place until end of World War I
He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the East, as "The Lawgiver."
Instituted legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith. He was a patron of culture and cared about artistic, literary and architectural development in the Ottoman Empire. He spoke five languages: Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Chagatai, Persian and Serbian.
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IMPACT OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE ON EASTERN EUROPE AND GLOBAL TRADE
Eastern Europe:
• Constantinople conquered in 1453 and renamed Istanbul
• Suleiman’s advances into Hungary and Austria in 1525 but expansion stopped with the Siege of Vienna in 1529
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• Caravanseri (roadside inns for rest) network: assured safety for traveling merchants and envoys
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following question: What would make having these caravanseri very important to merchants?
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Naval trade in spices, wheat, and lumber throughout the Mediterranean, Aegean, Black and Red Seas and the Persian Gulf
The Ottoman Empire controlled trade routes for hundreds of year in: Middle EastIndian OceanWestern Russia and Republics area
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China and the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)
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Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He had massive ships created in order to conduct trading expeditions. They visited southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa They brought back gold and animals just as zebras and camels. Overall, these expeditions brought wealth and knowledge of other civilizations to China.
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Influence of the Ming dynasty on world trade
• Goals – Impress world with the power and splendor of Ming China and expand China’s tribute system
• Envoys from different countries travel to China with tribute
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However, the Ming leaders feared foreign cultures would corrupt Chinese culture so they moved into a time of isolation. The fleet of ships was too expense to maintain and since there were no longer in use the Chinese burned some ships and let others just rot away.
Zheng He and Columbus: Flag Ships
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following questions.
What would the long-term global effects of the Chinese choosing not to explore anymore?
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DIFFUSION OF MAJOR IDEAS IN MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY
The Ming Dynasty adopted the following items and ideas as they traveled:
• Spurred by contact with Europe, i.e., telescope
• Trigonometry
• Hydraulic powered devices for irrigation and agriculture
• Snorkeling gear for pearl divers
• Astronomy from India
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Europeans Trade in the East
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following question.
Give examples of physical geographic factors on trade in the Indian Ocean.
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Portugal Leads the Way Prince Henry the Navigator was
interested in trading in Africa and began to do so around her western coastline. Navigation school
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Bartolomeu Dias
In 1488, ventures down Africa to reach the tip – men are too tired to continue though. However, his journey let other explores know Africa could be rounded to reach Asia.
Cape of Good Hope
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Vasco da Gama First to reach Calicut on the
southern coast of India. Amazed by the spices, rare silks, and precious gems that they had to offer. They filled their sips and returned in 1499 to Portugal where he received a hero’s welcome.
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Dutch and the East Indies
The Dutch Empire. Dark green areas were controlled by the Dutch West Indies Company; light green areas were controlled by the Dutch East India Company.
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Hendrik Brouwer was a Dutch explorer, admiral and colonial administrator both in Japan and the Dutch East Indies. He was the first to have sailed to the East Indies for the Dutch East India Company in 1606.
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Abel Tasman – was a Dutch seafarer, explorer and merchant, best known for his voyages of 1642 and 1644 in the services of the United East India Company. He was the first known European explorer to reach the island of Tasmania, New Zealand and to sight the Fiji islands.
Later named Tasmania after Abel Tasman
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East IndiesSometimes called the “Dutch East Indies”
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French in Indochina After competing with the Dutch, Portuguese, and British over the area the French gain a stronghold in Indochina in 1885.
French Explorers to the region:
Henri Mouhot
Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie
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Indochina: controlled by the French at the time called French Indochina
Called the Indochinese Peninsula today.
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All of these European countries wanted goods from Asia and they were all in completion for each other. http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=NHGT5ivAk4c
Spices the Europeans were interested in:
NutmegMaceCinnamonPepperCloves
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following questions.
List some of the major imports and exports of today.
List a few pros and cons for a government to require taxes on imported items.
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EUROPEANS COMPETING FOR NORTH AMERICA
http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u2/index.html Click on link, click on each name to see their individual movement.
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following questions.
Give a brief definition of these three words. Do they have anything in common? How are they different?
ColonizationImperialism Exploration
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Comparing and Contrasting Words
Exploration- the action of traveling in or through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it.
Imperialism- a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Colonization- sending settlers to (a place) and to establish political control over it.
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Spanish ExplorationChristopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; Spanish: Cristóbal
Colón) – Italian explorer. (1492) He goes to Portugal to gain resources for a voyage west however, they had already funded expeditions to India with the help of Vasco de Gama. So Columbus tried the Spanish. Under Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic monarchs, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World.
Name his ships.
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Toscanelli's notions of the geography of the Atlantic Ocean, which directly influenced Columbus's plans.
Actual Voyages
Good time to mention: It doesn’t matter what country you are from. If you explore with someone else’s money. What you discover will be claimed for the country you explored for. Example, Columbus is Italian but since the Spanish funded him then it is the Spanish’s claim.
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Treaty of Tordesillas 2 July 1494…to divide trading and colonizing rights for all newly discovered lands of the world between Portugal and Spain to the exclusion of other European nations.
So, how do you think other countries are going to handle this treaty?
When Columbus returns with news from his voyage the King and Queen quickly begin work on the Treaty of Tordesillas to protect their claims and interests in the New World.
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Ferdinand Magellan - was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in a still disputed location in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands.” Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. His expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth.
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Hernando de Soto (1539) -was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who, while leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, was the first European documented to have crossed the Mississippi River.
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Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (1542) -was a Portuguese explorer noted for his exploration of the west coast of North America on behalf of Spain. Cabrillo was the first European explorer to navigate the coast of present day California in the United States.
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following question.
How do the explorations funded by the Ming Dynasty and commanded by Zheng He compare with those of the Spanish explorers?
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Conquistadors (conquerors)Hernán Cortés (1504)- was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Montezuma II, Aztec ruler is killed.
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Francisco Pizarro (1509) -was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.
Atahualpa, Inca ruler force to covert to Christianity and be baptized as a Catholic. Was strangled to death.
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Francisco Vásquez de Coronado y Luján - was a Spanish conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other parts of what are now the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. Coronado had hoped to conquer the mythical Seven Cities of Gold.
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Theodor de Bry - etching of Native Americans giving the conquistador the gold he so desires - they are pouring molten gold down his throat.
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following question.
Explain the difference between an explorer and a conquistador.
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Henry Hudson (1609) - was an English sea explorer and navigator.
1. Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a prospective Northwest Passage to Cathay (today's China) via a route above the Arctic Circle.
2. Hudson explored the region around modern New York metropolitan area while looking for a western route to Asia under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. He explored the river which eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region.
Dutch Exploration
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Jacques Cartier (1534-1535)- was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France.
French Exploration
Quebec
Montreal
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Samuel de Champlain - "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He founded New France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608. He is important to Canadian history because he made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped establish the settlements.
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Robert de La Salle (1682)– also called René-Robert Cavelier - was a French explorer. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France.
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John Cabot - was an Italian navigator and explorer, called Giovanni Caboto whose 1497 discovery of parts of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England is commonly held to have been the first European encounter with the mainland of North America since the Norse Vikings visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. The official position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland.
English Exploration
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Sir Francis Drake, was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588. He also carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580.
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Sir Walter Raleigh (1609)- was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. He is also well known for popularizing tobacco in England. Instrumental in the English colonization of North America, Raleigh was granted a royal patent to explore Virginia, which paved the way for future English settlements. First settlement in Virginia will become Jamestown.
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British Settlers Arrive Some 100 people, many of them seeking religious
freedom in the New World, set sail from England on the Mayflower in September 1620. That November, the ship landed on the shores of Cape Cod, in present-day Massachusetts. A scouting party was sent out, and in late December the group landed at Plymouth Harbor, where they would
form the first permanent settlement of
Europeans in
New England.
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following question.
What reasons were there that motivated Europeans to explore and colonize the Western Hemisphere in the 16th century?
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Fight For North America English get rid of the Dutch England Battles France
French and Indian War (Seven Years War) Result: Britain controls nearly the entire eastern ½ of North America
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Native American Reaction Relationships
Dutch & French –peaceful English – conflict (land & religious)
Natives fall to disease Ones that are left are displaced (moved to other lands.)
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THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
Where they went for the labor…
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following questions.
What was the cause of the Atlantic Slave trade?
Why did Europeans see African as better source of labor than the Native Americans?
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Evolution of Slavery Slavery in Africa – Slavery in Africa existed when the Muslim
Empire ruled. Non-Muslims were sold as slaves. Because the Native American were dying of diseases carried
by the Europeans the Europeans had to find workers for their new crops somewhere else so African became the disable target.
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African from ruling tribes and merchants played a willing role in the slave trade - they saw little difference between selling to a Muslim or a Westerner. Most Europeans waited in sea ports where Africans from the interior tribes were brought to them. They were usually exchanged for guns, gold, and other goods.
Many Africans cried out to their people to stop the trade, but it was too profitable. Any rulers that refused to cooperate were bypassed and new routes were developed.
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Over time the African map will look like this:
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The Middle Passage - was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World.
The Middle Passage - was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World.
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following question.
What would some of the challenges be for those traveling on the Middle Passage?
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Slavery in the AmericasHarsh LifeResistance and Rebellion
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Ad for a Sale
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Devices used to restrict Slaves
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Political CartoonBy the time the slave trade was ended they had imported 3.6 millions Africans
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Results of the Atlantic Slave Trade A depopulation of certain African areas due to
the slave trade A growth of plantation agriculture, especially in
the southern colonies A diffusion of ideas among Caribbean, African
and Latin American cultures
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IMPACT OF ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE ON WEST AFRICA AND THE AMERICAS
Africa (particularly West Africa) • Political – Trade in slaves promoted warfare between African states; European
weapons (guns) become an important component of political power; Europeans control very little territory in Africa
• Economic – Atlantic slave trade increased demand for African slaves by Europeans; volume of trade increased; trade patterns shifted to west coast; demand for European manufactured goods (guns)
• Cultural – Introduction of Christianity to west Africa; African artists created products for European markets
• Technological – Gunpowder guns
The Americas • Increase in the African populations, both directly from Africa and those who were
subsequently born in the Americas and Caribbean • The dispersal of Africans throughout the New World is directly related to slavery,
as they were forced to go wherever labor was demanded. • British colonies, in what is now the southern United States, depend on slave labor
for production of cash crops • Knowledge of agriculture including rice that spread into the Southern colonies • Aspects of African food, music and art leave a lasting influence on American
cultures
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following question.
Explain the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on West Africa and the Americas.
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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Global trade network during early modern era.
Global Exchange of new foods, livestock, and diseases between the Old and New
Worlds.
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The Middle Passage
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IMPACT OF COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE ON THE AMERICAS AND EUROPE
Impact on the Americas: • New livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. Horses led to the
defeat of many Native Americans • Foods from Africa including bananas, black-eyed peas, and yams • Grains such as rice, barley, wheat, and oats • Diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza that led to the deaths of
millions of Native Americans • Slaves from Africa
Impact on Europe: • New foods and plants including corn, tomatoes, chocolate, tobacco, quinine,
and potatoes
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following question.
Complete a Venn Diagram explaining the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas and Europe.
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following question.
How has America today been affect as a result of the Atlantic Slave Trade?
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COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
Commercial Revolution – New business and trade practices brought about in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries because of new wealth brought from colonies in the Americas.
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Factors of the commercial revolution.
• Rise of capitalism – Private ownership and investment of wealth for profit lead to the growth of the merchant class and an increase of the money supply.
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Joint-stock companies (Jamestown, Virginia) – Investors pooled their money together to establish American colonies and usually faced minimal monetary losses because of the large number involved in the investment.
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Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following questions.
What would be the opposite of Capitalism?
Compare similarities of the joint-stock company to today?
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• Mercantilism – Colonies provided gold and silver (bullionism) as well as a favorable balance of trade since they were both suppliers of raw materials and markets to their mother countries
• Establishment of new institutions such as banks, stock exchanges, insurance companies and futures markets
Explain the concept of
Inflation
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Causes of the Commercial Revolution
Emerging middle class Rise of capitalism Sailing innovations
Plantation House
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Summary Questions
What were the results of European exploration of the Americas?
1.
2.
3.
North American Colonization The Columbian Exchange Large trade networks developed