WAN Wide Area Networks. Review: zCapacity Allocation: phone system zBandwidth Allocation: data...
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Transcript of WAN Wide Area Networks. Review: zCapacity Allocation: phone system zBandwidth Allocation: data...
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WAN
Wide Area Networks
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Review:
Capacity Allocation: phone systemBandwidth Allocation: data systems
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WAN Access
Network
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WAN
Intercommunication over public networks
Typically slower and more expensive than backbone or LAN
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Connections
Connection Oriented CircuitsHave a mechanism to confirm delivery and
assure that packets are processed in orderCircuitsPacket Assembly Devices
Non-Connection Oriented Circuits Deliver packets individually without
regard to message sequence
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Wan Resources
BandwidthAccessTechnology
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Bandwidth
Total transport capacity
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North American Digital Hierarchy
T0 56 + 8 Kbps 64 KbpsT1 1.544 Mbps 24xT0T2 6.312 Mbps 96xT0T3 44.736 Mbps 672xT0T4 274.176 Mbps
4032xT0
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Multiplexing and Wide Area Communication
VOICE STREAM
WANLINK
MUX
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Multiplexing and Wide Area Communication
DATA STREAM A
WANLINK
DATA STREAM B
MUX
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Node Functions
Message forwardingError detection and correctionTraffic management
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CSU/DSU:Digital Service Unit/Channel Service Unit
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Access
Methods of controlling the WAN traffic
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Traffic Management
Access ControlBufferingPacket Discard
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Circuits vs Packets
CircuitsSwitched
pathsetup and teardown
Permanent
Packetsdatagram
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Switches
Cut-through switchStore-and-forward switch
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Switches (Store & Forward)
Input BufferProces-
sor
Output Buffer
H
To D
Table ofAddresses
Input Buffer
Input BufferOutput Buffer
From A
H
H
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Routers
Input Buffer
Proces- sor
Output Buffer
From A From B
To C To D
Table ofAddresses
Input Buffer
Input BufferOutput Buffer
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Router Functions
Layer 1, 2, and 3 functions Packet passing
Error correction
Message routingIncluding circuit definition
Protocol translation Firewall functions
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Circuit Logic
Source Destination
Setup
Message & ACK’s
Teardown
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Datagram Logic
Packet n Packet 1Packet 2
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Technologies
Common WAN technologies.
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X.25
Older protocol for using packet switched data
Operates up to 56.6 KbpsSwitched virtual circuitPAD
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TCP/IP
Best EffortAddressingIPv4 vs IPv6Frame and Header
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TCP/IP
OSI Layer Internet ProtocolsUserLayers
FileTrans-fer(FTP)
SimpleMailTransfer(SMTP)
TELNET RoutingInformation(RIP)
SimpleNetworkManage-ment (SNMP)
Transport Transmission Control(TCP)
User Datagram (UDP)l
Network AddressResolution(ARP)
InternetProtocol(IP)
Internet Control Message(ICMP)
Data Link Ethernet, Token Ring, etc.
Physical Twisted Pair, Fiber, Coax, Wireless
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OSI and TCP/IP
7. Application
6. Presentation
5. Session
4. Transport
3. Network
2. Data link
1. Physical
OSI TCP/IP
Process & Application
Host to host (TCP)
Internet (IP)
Network access
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Datagram Routing
Best effortError ControlTraffic Management
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IP Header (Layer 3)Version =4
Header length In bytes
Type of service Characteristic of route
Total length Length of the packet
Source port identifier Port identifier for host process
Fragment offset Position (8 byte units) from message start
Time to live Allowed seconds
Protocol ID of Transport layer protocol (TCP = 6)
Header checksum
Source address 32 bits
Destination address 32 bits
Options + Padding
Data
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TCP Header
Source port (16 bits) Ports of communicating processes
Destination port (16 bits) “
Sequence Number (32 bits) Location of current fragment inmessage
Acknowledgement Number (32 bits) Number of frame to be acknowledgednext
Offset Number of 32 bit words in header
Reserved Not used
Flags
Window Number of frames sender can acceptwithout buffer overflow
Checksum (16 bits)
Urgent Pointer
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IP Addressing
32 bits (4 bytes) Network address + Host address
Classes A: 126 nets, 3 bytes of client addresses B: 2 bytes of client addresses (e.g. OU) C: 1 byte of client addresses (256)
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ISDN
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Frame Relay
Frames relayed without reconstruction
End to end error control using CRC error detection at layer 3 level
Variable packet sizeVirtual circuit (usually permanent)Multiple data rates
Committed Data Rate Peak data rate (discard eligible)
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ATM
Generic FlowControl
Virtual Circuit(not used)
4 bit
Virtual PathIdentifier
1 byte
Virtual ChannelIdentifier
2 bytes
Payload TypeIdentifier
3 bit
Cell LossPriority
1 = discardeligible
1 bit
Header ErrorCorrectionData 48 bytes
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ATM Traffic Classes
Type 1 Constant Bit RateType 2 Variable Bit RateType 3Type 4Type 5 IP Traffic
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ATM
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SNA
Connection OrientedCentrally Managed
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WAN Costs
Circuit ChargesCommitted BandwidthPeak BandwidthDiscard PriorityLatency
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WAN