Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Walter J. StevensOffice of Basic Energy Sciences

BESACJuly 22, 2002

Basic Energy Sciences

Summary of BES Activities

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

• BES Workshop on Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism (February 28 – March 1, 2002)

• BES Survey of National Laboratory research and Core Research Activities relevant to counter terrorism

• Office of Science/BES “occasional paper” on research to support counter terrorism

• Counter terrorism added to National Laboratory on-site review agendas

• Development of a vision for future Office of Science support of Homeland Security

• HENP workshop on the Role of the Nuclear Physics Research Community in Combating Terrorism (July 11-12, 2002)

• BER participation on ad hoc panel for sequencing of pathogenic organisms (with NIH, NSF, CDC, CIA, etc.)

Recent Office of Science Activities

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Potential BES Core Research Contributions to Homeland Security

BES Core Research Activities Detection Preparedness Prevention Protection Response and Recovery

Experimental Condensed Matter Physics

Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics

X-Ray and Neutron Scattering

X-Ray and Neutron Scattering Facilities

Materials Chemistry

Structure and Composition of Materials

Mechanical Behavior of Materials and Radiation Effects

Physical Behavior of Materials

Synthesis and Processing Science

Engineering Research

Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research

Atomic, Molecular, Optical (AMO) Science

Chemical Physics Research

Photochemistry and Radiation Research

Catalysis and Chemical Transformation

Separations and Analysis

Heavy Element Chemistry

Chemical Energy and Chemical Engineering

Geosciences Research

Energy Biosciences Research

Nanoscience Centers

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

A BES Workshop on Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism was held February 28 – March 1, 2002 in Gaithersburg, MD.

Objective

Identify critical science issues and opportunities in research areas supported by BES that will be important to our Nation's ability to detect, prevent, protect against, and respond to future terrorist threats.

Outcome

A report has been posted on the BES website that summarizes the presentations and discussions and includes recommendations for future basic research investment needs.http://www.science.doe.gov/production/bes/counterterrorism.html

BES Workshop

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Chemical Threats

Biological Threats

Radiological and Nuclear Threats

Including conventional explosives, toxic industrial chemicals, and toxic chemicals such as choking agents, blood agents, blister agents, nerve agents, and byproducts of their manufacture.

Including bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, fungi, and toxins. Gram for gram much more deadly than chemical agents. Can be bioengineered.

Including nuclear explosives, radioactive materials and byproducts of their manufacture.

Scientific issues underlying the detection, containment, sampling, analysis, decontamination, and destruction of:

BES Workshop Focus

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Presentation materials are online at:http://www.sc.doe.gov/production/bes/BESAC/PPT02-28-02.htm

KeynoteJay Davis, National Security FellowCenter for Global Security ResearchLawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Founding Director of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Participated in two UN inspections of Iraq in the summer of 1991. Selected as the only non-UN member of the team that briefed the UN Security Council in1991 concerning Iraqi evasion of the inspection process and violation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Twice awarded the Distinguished Public Service Medal, DoD’s highest civilian award. Fellow of the American Physical Society and was one of its Centennial Lecturers in its Hundredth Anniversary Year

Radiological/Nuclear ThreatsMichael R. AnastasioDeputy Director for Strategic OperationsLawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Principal point of contact for LLNL to the NNSA.. Chair of the LLNL Council on National Security and responsible for the LLNL National Security Office. Representative to the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board. Member of the Department of the Navy, Strategic Systems Fleet Ballistic Missile Steering Task Group. Recipient of the Weapons Recognition of Excellence award for technical leadership in nuclear design in 1990.

Chemical ThreatsMichael J. SailorDepartment of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, San Diego

Recipient of numerous academic research awards including Arnold and Mabel Beckman Young Investigator Award (1993 and the National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award (1993-1998). World-recognized expert on nanophase materials, sensor technologies, and defense against chemical and biological weapons. Co-inventor of detectors for explosives (TNT and dinitrotoluene detected at the ppb level) and nerve warfare agents in a project sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Biological ThreatsDavid R. Franz, DVM, Ph.DSouthern Research InstituteUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham

Served as both Deputy Commander and then Commander of the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) and as Deputy Commander of the Medical Research and Materiel Command. Served as Chief Inspector on three United Nations Special Commission biological warfare inspection missions to Iraq. Served as a member of the first two US/UK teams that visited Russia in support of the Trilateral Joint Statement on Biological Weapons. Member of the Defense Science Board for Homeland Defense (Intelligence Panel)

BES Workshop: Plenary Presentations

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Chair: Jill Trewhella (LANL) Lee Makowski (ANL) Basil Swanson (LANL) Steve Colson (PNNL) Terry Hazen (LBNL) Frank Roberto (INEEL) David Franz (Southern Res. Inst.)Gary Resnick (LANL)Stephen Jacobson (ORNL)Jay Valdez (Army SBCCOM)Paul Gourley (SNL)Maher Tadros (SNL)

Chemical Threat Group

Biological Threat Group

Radiological/Nuclear Threat Group

Chair: Michael Sigman (ORNL) Michael Sailor (UC San Diego) Mike Ramsey (ORNL) Ben Smith (U. Florida) Ken Shea (UC Irvine) Jan Hrbek (BNL)Phil Rodacy (SNL)David Tevault (Army SBCCOM)

Chair: Norman Edelstein (LBNL) James Beitz (ANL) Carol Burns (LANL) Greg Choppin (FSU) Sue Clark (WSU) Mark Deitz (ANL) Robin Rogers (U. Alabama) Sam Traina (OSU)

BES Workshop: Breakout Groups & Representation

Walter Stevens, SC-14 BES Lead

Terry Michalske, SNLWorkshop Chair

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

David Baldwin, AMESMarion Thurnauer, ANLGreg Hall, BNLLeonard Newman, BNLDavid Miller, INEELHarriet Kung, LANLDon Parkin, LANLDavid Shuh, LBNLHenry Shaw, LLNLLou Terminello, LLNLDan Meisel, Notre Dame Rad LabDan Blake, NRELMichelle Buchanan, ORNLJames Roberto, ORNLSteve Colson, PNNLRobert Carling, SNL-CAGeorge Samara, SNL-NMDarryl Sasaki, SNL-NMPiero Pianetta, SSRL

Additional Laboratory Participants

BES Workshop: Additional Laboratory and Non-BES Attendees

Non-BES Attendees

Thirteen National Laboratories Represented and 8 Non-BES Organizations

Brendlyn Faison, BERDavid Thomassen, BERTeresa Fryberger, BERGerald Kiernan, NNSAMike Kreisler, NNSALarry Morgan, NNSAJanice Hicks, NSFJoe Dehmer, NSFLarry Kerr, OSTPBen Smith, U. of FLJimmy Mays, U. of TNSue Clark, Wash. State. U.

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Detection

Preparedness

Prevention

Protection

Response and Recovery

Scientific and technical challenges and opportunities consistent with the needs of the Office of Homeland Security

BES Workshop Report

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Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Radiological and Nuclear Threats

Heavy Element Chemistry

Fundamental research on the chemistry of the actinides and fission products (BES sole supporter of basic research)

Separations and Analysis

Research on basic science issues related to chemical detection and separations of particular ions from other chemical species

Radiation Chemistry

Investigates the fundamental chemical effects produced by the absorption of energy from ionizing radiation

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Detection• Reliable, simple to operate, inexpensive “yes or no” radiation

detectors• Field deployable, moderately high resolution detectors (operate at

ambient temperature) to determine nature of threat• Remote detection of radioactive material – Active and/or passive

detection• Better instrumentation and techniques for attribution of nuclear

materials

Preparedness • Maintain critical infrastructure and appropriately trained personnel• Readiness to contain contamination caused by terrorist act• Therapies and treatment for victims of radioactive decontamination

Radiological and Nuclear Threats

Opportunities and Needs

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Prevention• Better stabilization of nuclear materials against dispersion (e. g.,

storage forms for plutonium)• Explore alternate separations technologies so as to be aware of

chemical signatures of clandestine reprocessing

Protection/Response and Recovery• Methods for the identification of chemical and physical form of

radioactive contaminant• Increased understanding of radiation effects on materials • New decontamination agents

Radiological and Nuclear Threats

Opportunities and Needs

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Chemical Warfare Agents

Examples: Blister, Nerve, Choking and Blood agents

Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs)

Examples: Methyl isocyanate, Chlorine, Hydrogen Fluoride

Explosives

Examples: TNT, RDX, TATP.

Produced in large quantities and easily accessible

Acetylcholinesterase: Nerve agent target.

AP Photo

Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building.

Industrial plant in Bhopal, methylisocyanate accidental release

Chemical Threats

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Detection• Effects of confined spaces on fluid flow (low

surface/volume ratios, electric double layer, etc.) Nanofluidic devices

• New sensor concepts utilizing on molecular-based interactions ( molecular imprinted polymer receptors, etc.) Microelectro-mechanical system sensors

• Improved materials for sample collection and transport Selective sampling materials

• New gas phase processes for selectivity, ion trapping size limitations Advanced mass spectrometry

Organic polymers grafted-from a substrate have utility for detection and protection

Silicon Surface

Chemical Threats

Opportunities and Needs

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Prevention• Improved synthetic reactions, milder processing conditions

Reduce toxic industrial chemical stockpiles

Protection, Response & Recovery• New catalysts and adsorbents to mitigate and protect against

chemical threats Personal protection equipment (PPE)• New polymers with designed nanostructures Light weight barrier

materials for PPE• New separations and analysis schemes utilizing biomarkers for low

level chemical exposure Pre-symptomatic diagnosis

Chemical Threats

Opportunities and Needs

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Preparedness

• New materials synthesis and fabrication processes for low-weight power sources Improved batteries

• Improved membrane technology for ion and small molecule transport Miniaturized fuel cells

Opportunities and Needs

Chemical Threats

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Human Pathogens

Examples: Smallpox, Cholera, Shigellosis

Zoonoses (not highly contagious)Anthrax, Brucellosis, Coccidioidomycosis, EEE / VEE / WEE, Japanese B, Ebola/Marburg, Histoplasmosis, Melioidosis, Glanders, Plague, Psittacosis, Q Fever, Rabies, Tularemia

Animal PathogensAfrican Swine Fever, Foot and Mouth, Fowl Plague, Newcastle, Rinderpest

Biological Threats

Anthrax

Vibrio cholerae

Foot and Mouth Virus

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Detection and Identification• Simple, inexpensive triggers that alert the need for detailed

biohazard analysis.• Stand-off detection of biohazards using, e.g., laser techniques. • Improved techniques to rapidly and selectively sample biohazards

from complex biomaterial backgrounds.• Novel technologies for the extraction, purification, and concentration

of bio-agents.• Advanced identification methods (e.g. molecular recognition)

Biological Threats

Opportunities and Needs

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Prevention• The most difficult problem: small quantities, high toxicity, easily

disguised or hidden.

Protection, Response & Recovery• Rapid diagnosis of infection or detection of human exposure.• Diagnostic tools for use in point-of-care-facilities.• New lightweight personal protection equipment with built-in

decontamination capability.• New decontamination methods for people, buildings, surfaces, etc.• Rapid forensic analysis for attribution.

Biological Threats

Opportunities and Needs

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Goals • Identify molecular

machines of life• Characterize their

regulatory networks• Characterize the

functional repertoire of natural microbial communities

• Develop the computational capabilities to advance understanding of complex biological systems and predict their behavior

Genomes to Life:

Coordinated research within Office of Science programs in Biological and Environmental Research and Advanced Scientific Computing

Pathogen sequencing

Other Activities

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

Office of Science and Other Agency Coordination for Characterization of Biothreat Agents

Coordinated interagency effort to develop a list of potential biothreat agents, prioritize needed research, and determine security issues on data release.

Anthrax

Anthrax Toxin

Other Activities

Key participants:

Tony Fauci (NIH) Carolyn Black (CDC)

John LaMontagne (NIH) Mitchell Cohen (CDC)

Carole Heilman (NIH) Eric Eisenstadt (DARPA)

Ari Patrinos (DOE) John Phillips (CIA)

Bob Waldren (NNSA) Janet Dorrigan (CIA)

Rita Colwell (NSF) Caird Rexroad (USDA)

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

NNSA Chemical and Biological National Security ProgramTechnology development in the 3-5 year timeframe

Decontamination

Goal: To quickly restore civilian facilities (untreated contamination may remain for 10’s of years).

Modeling & Prediction

Goal: To develop predictive modeling tools for urban environments (inside & outside of facilities).

Biological Foundations

Goal: To provide essential biological information for detection, and medical countermeasures.

Detection

Goal: To provide early warning, identify people to treat, and identify contaminated areas with high sensitivity and low false alarms.

Other Activities

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

• Strong, multidisciplinary science with many components relevant to counter terrorism.

• Significant resources and infrastructure already in place.

• A history of successful contributions to national security.

• Bridge unclassified “outside the fence” research and sensitive “behind the fence” technology development.

Office of Science Support for Homeland Security

A National Laboratory Approach

The National Laboratories provide significant infrastructure, research expertise, and links to the university community.

Basic Research Needs to Counter Terrorism Walter J. Stevens, BESAC July 22, 2002

AMES Laboratory: Dr. David P. Baldwin

Argonne National Laboratory: Dr. Harvey Drucker

Brookhaven National Laboratory: Mr. Paul D. Moskowitz

Jefferson Laboratory: Dr. Fred Dylla

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Dr. William A. Barletta

Oak Ridge National Laboratory: Dr. Michael A. Kuliasha

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: Dr. Michael Kluse

Plasma Physics Laboratory: Mr. Lewis D. Meixler

Stanford Linear Accelerator: Mr. Jerry L. Jobe

Fermilab: Mr. Bruce L. Chrisman

Office of Science Support for Homeland Security

Points of Contact for Homeland Security at SC Labs