Walking Pens to Insure Individual Pig Care · Walking Pens to Insure Individual Pig Care ......
Transcript of Walking Pens to Insure Individual Pig Care · Walking Pens to Insure Individual Pig Care ......
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Walking Pens to Insure Individual Pig Care
R.B. Baker, DVM
Walking Pens to Insure Walking Pens to Insure Individual Pig CareIndividual Pig Care
R.B. Baker, DVMR.B. Baker, DVM Food Supply Veterinary ServicesVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine
Iowa State University
Food Supply Veterinary ServicesVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine
Iowa State University
Class of 2010
120 students
25 Predominately Food Animal Interest
36 Mixed Animal Interest
Swine Swine ProductionProduction Medicine TeamMedicine Team
Food Supply Veterinary ServicesFood Supply Veterinary Services
VDPAM CVMVDPAM CVM
BakerBaker McKeanMcKean KarrikerKarriker
RamirezRamirez
SchwartzSchwartz
HarrisHarris
HoltkampHoltkamp
Food Supply Veterinary ServicesVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine
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FSVS Swine Production Medicine
161 years Swine Veterinary Experience
2 Professors, 2 Assistant Professors, 1 Adjunct Assistant Professor, 1 Senior Clinician, 1
Clinician
7 DVM, 4 MS, 2 DACVPM, 1 PhD, 1 MPH, 1 JD
3.21 Service, 1.63 Research, 1.58 Teaching Full Time Equivalents
Food Supply Veterinary ServicesVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine
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How do we Ensure Individual Finishing Pig
Care?
How do we Ensure Individual Finishing Pig
Care??•What is important to the bottom line?
– Placement Health– Stocking Density– Disease Prevention– Immunity management– Disease Intervention – treatment – Barn Management – Feed composition – Genetics– Stockmanship/husbandry
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Our Growing Pig Opportunities
Our Growing Pig Our Growing Pig OpportunitiesOpportunities
1. Keep pigs alive
2. Keep pigs on feed
3. Eliminate energy wasters:- Heat & cold responses
- Immune stimulation
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Growing Pig OpportunitiesGrowing Pig Opportunities
- Keep pigs alive- Keep pigs on feed
- Eliminate energy wasters:- Heat – cold responses- Immune stimulation
Health Issues!
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--HEALTHHEALTH- _______________________
- genetics
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Mortality SpiralMortality Spiral
Poor health ~ throughput
Short term fixes to throughput
Further deterioration of health
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ComminglingComminglingCommingling
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Practical ImplicationsPractical ImplicationsPractical Implications- Margins are narrowing – feed/market - Most cost opportunities have already been taken in well run systems
- Reducing fixed costs is an opportunity that remains – throughput issues
- If throughput decreases, fixed costs per pig increase
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Health IssuesHealth IssuesHealth Issues•Stocking Healthy
– Not always easy– Pig quality – uniformity – placement– AIAO and Barn Preparation
•Keeping Healthy– Vaccine– Biosecurity– Strategic Antimicrobial intervention– Other Facility interventions
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What is a Healthy Pig?What is a Healthy Pig?What is a Healthy Pig?•Disease free? - usually not • Immunity to immediate challenges?•A pig that faces low disease exposure•One that hasn’t been commingled•One that avoids PRRSv exposure until mid-late finishing
•One that avoids PCVAD
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Effective use of Preventative Vaccines
Effective use of Effective use of Preventative Vaccines Preventative Vaccines
• Vaccines that are specific to expected exposure
– “The devil you know is usually better than the one you haven’t met”
• Vaccines that are cost effective • Vaccine timing is critical • Proper administration• Proper vaccine handling
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Cost Effective VaccinesCost Effective VaccinesCost Effective Vaccines•Vaccines can only be cost effective if they:– Effectively reduce mortality &
morbidity – Are managed properly– Specific for economically important
agents present in the pigs– Have timing opportunity– Are broadly/cross strain protective
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Vaccines That are often Cost Effective
Vaccines That are often Vaccines That are often Cost Effective Cost Effective
•Mycoplasma pneumonia•Ileitis •PCV2 - Circovirus•Erysipelas•Flu•Haemophilus pneumonia•PRRS
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Vaccines that often aren't Effective
Vaccines that often aren't Vaccines that often aren't Effective Effective
•PRRS•Flu•Haemophilus•Erysipelas•Most vaccines if improperly applied, aren’t needed, or lack cross protection to current challenge strains
– “If the challenge is great vaccines alone are never enough”
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Walking the Barns: How do we effectively
intervene?
Walking the Barns: How Walking the Barns: How do we effectively do we effectively
intervene?intervene?• Prevention is the best medicine
– “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”
• Thermo-neutral temperatures• Air quality• Stocking alignment • Barn Preparation
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Walking the Barns: How do we effectively
intervene?
Walking the Barns: How Walking the Barns: How do we effectively do we effectively
intervene?intervene?• Starting pigs – good, bad and usually ugly
– Early recognition and treatment of individual pigs • Right antimicrobial• Right delivery method • Usually avoids moving to hospital pen
– Proper feeder adjustment
– Water flow rate and adjustment
– Barn temperatures – W/F vs. Finisher vs. pig size
– Comfort zones•
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How to Pick out the Right PIG For Treatment
How to Pick out the Right PIG For Treatment
•Is the pig sick or just abnormal?•Is this a barn or disease effect?
– Right pig for treatment?– Right pig for moving out to Hospital
pens?•Should I intervene or wait?•What are the treatment Choices?
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Abnormal Postures –Picking the Right Pig Abnormal Postures –Picking the Right Pig
•Normal – Sternal or lateral recumbency
•Abnormal – Dog sitting
• Pneumonia, pleuritis, salt poisoning– Head extended
• Respiratory distress– Arched back
• Pain, lameness, polyserositis– Favor limb– Head tilt– Sternal pigs that show other signs
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Is the pig sick or just abnormal?
Is the pig sick or just Is the pig sick or just abnormal?abnormal?
•Sick pigs often have elevated rectal temperatures – The Thermometer is a still a good
tool •Early treatment in the correct pig avoids late mortality/culls– Newer long acting antimicrobials – Avoids hospital pen movement
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Normal Rectal Temperature Ranges:
Nursery Pig: 101 - 103o FFinishing Pig: 100 - 102o F
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General behaviorGeneral behaviorGeneral behavior•Normal: curious, avoid confrontation
– Will squeal when restrained or in pain•Hyperkinetic: “Goose Step”
– nutritional deficiencies, genetics, CNS disease
•Listless/lethargic/slow– Systemic illness– Drooping ears– Reluctant or fail to move when
menaced
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Physical ObservationsPhysical ObservationsPhysical Observations
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Body condition/thriftinessBody condition/thriftinessBody condition/thriftiness•Normal
– Growing pigs: “Bloom”: • muscle/fat cover skeleton, full belly
•Unthrifty– Skeleton exposed– Hair coat often longer and more
dense (dehydration and malnutrition/wasting)
•Off-feed– Empty belly: “slab sided”
• 36-48 hours after quit eating
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Skin/EyesSkin/EyesSkin/Eyes•Skin
– Hair coat: length and density– Rough/patchy: mange mites– Lice– Rub marks: poor access to feeders &
waterers•Eyes
– Red and puffy – E.coli or insects– Tearing
• plugged lacrimal ducts• Ammonia or other irritants • Bacterial or viral eye infection
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Ears/Nose/TailsEars/Nose/Tails•Ears: Hematomas, cannibalism, necrosis•Nose
– Deviation: lateral/dorsal from atrophic rhinitis
– Swellings: Bull nose, improper teeth clipping
– Discharges: Blood with AR, mucus/pus with inclusion body rhinitis
•Tail– Too short (prone to prolapse), too long
(promotes tail biting?)– Cannibalism
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GI systemGI system•Normal stool
– Young pigs: well formed, green color
– Older pigs: formed but softer, green to yellow
•Abnormal stool– Form: Loose = diarrhea, Hard =
constipation– Color: red = lower bowel hemorrhage,
black = upper bowel hemorrhage, white = malabsorption, orange-red = PPE, PCV2 ?
– Other: odor (foul with TGE), mucus (S. hyo.)
•Other: prolapse, vomit (TGE, E.coli)Food Supply Veterinary Services
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Respiratory SystemRespiratory System•Normal: difficult to observe•Abnormal: Rate > 30-40 breaths per minute
– “Thumps” pronounced/abdominal/labored pattern suggests pneumonia – heart failure
– Rapid breathing - no labored pattern = hot pig
– Not always pneumonia: polyserositis•Cough: suggests air way disease/lesions
– Yes: M. hyo., influenza?– No: PRRSV, App
•Coughing blood = AppFood Supply Veterinary Services
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Musculoskeletal SystemMusculoskeletal System•Lameness: favor one limb, alter posture if multiple limbs involved
•Foot lesions: bruises, cracks, overgrown
•Splay leg: usually rear legs•Arthritis: most common in young pigs, navel ill
•OCD signs: Single rear leg lameness due to fracture of femoral cap and joint mice in stifle or knee joint
•Pain: grind teeth, squeal when movedFood Supply Veterinary Services
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Central Nervous SignsCentral Nervous Signs•Most diseases cause irritative response– Typically infections– Convulsions– Hyperextension– Rigidity– Head tilt– Circling– Extension of head in ratcheting
pattern with water deprivationFood Supply Veterinary Services
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Physical Evaluation Summary
Physical Evaluation Summary
•Pigs are not always easy to examine up close – Carefully observe from a distance– Many clinical signs not specific to
a certain disease•Be aware of environment including feed and water availability
•Need to develop a “feel” for group health
•Post-mortems and lab confirmation must be done to reach a specific diagnosis
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Identification and Treatment
Identification and Identification and TreatmentTreatment
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How to evaluate aHow to evaluate a
ROOM /BARNROOM /BARN
of pigsof pigs
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STOP ! LOOK ! LISTENSTOP ! LOOK ! LISTEN !!
EVALUATE :EVALUATE :
EnvironmentEnvironment
Pig ComfortPig Comfort
Feed DeliveryFeed Delivery
Water SupplyWater Supply
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Use a systematic approach !Use a systematic approach !
Do it the same way every time !Do it the same way every time !
EVALUATE : EVALUATE :
Pig ComfortPig Comfort
Pig HealthPig Health
Waterer position / flowWaterer position / flow
Feeder adjustmentFeeder adjustment
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Environment:
Are the pigs comfortable?
Are they cold (piling)?
Are they hot?
Are there drafts present?
Think about the environment from
the pig level, not yours!
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Water supply:
Are the nipples at the proper height
(top of the shoulders)?
Is the water flow appropriate?
1.5 - 2.5 pints / minute (nursery)
1 - 1.5 quarts / minute (finishing)
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Water Flow
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Measuring water flow rates:
Nursery:1.5 - 2.5 pints / minute (25-40 seconds to fill a pint container)
Finishing:1 - 1.5 quarts / minute (finishing)(20-30 seconds to fill a pint container)
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Nipple HeightNipple Height
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Feed supply:
Are the augers operating correctly?
Are the feeders adjusted properly?
Is the feed in the feeder trough free of mold and manure?
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Feeder AdjustmentFeeder Adjustment
Good
Excess FeedWet Feed
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Primary Farm Diagnostic ToolPrimary Farm Primary Farm
Diagnostic ToolDiagnostic Tool
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• Locke Karriker • Alex Ramirez
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae(APP)(APP)
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Atrophic RhinitisAtrophic Rhinitis
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Gastric UlcersGastric Ulcers