Police in AmericaPolice in America

Chapter EightChapter Eight

Peacekeeping and Peacekeeping and Order MaintenanceOrder Maintenance

© 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.McGraw-Hill

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The Police RoleThe Police Role Order MaintenanceOrder Maintenance

Police intervention in incidents that do not involve actual Police intervention in incidents that do not involve actual criminal activity but often entail criminal activity but often entail ““interpersonal conflictinterpersonal conflict”” or or ““public nuisancepublic nuisance””

Stephen Mastrofski’s ModelsStephen Mastrofski’s Models Four different ways that non-crime calls for service can Four different ways that non-crime calls for service can

help improve police effectiveness in dealing with crime.help improve police effectiveness in dealing with crime.1.1. Criminal Prophylactic ModelCriminal Prophylactic Model 3. Social Work Model3. Social Work Model

2.2. Police Knowledge ModelPolice Knowledge Model 4. Community-Cooperation 4. Community-Cooperation ModelModel

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Calling the PoliceCalling the Police

Public Expectations:Public Expectations: Maintain a social boundaryMaintain a social boundary Relieve unpleasant situationsRelieve unpleasant situations CounterpunchingCounterpunching Obtain an emergency serviceObtain an emergency service

Police response:Police response: Informal handling with no official actionInformal handling with no official action

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Traffic EnforcementTraffic Enforcement

Most common type of order maintenanceMost common type of order maintenance Police departments and citizens influence traffic Police departments and citizens influence traffic

enforcement policyenforcement policy Source of friction between Police and CitizensSource of friction between Police and Citizens Traffic enforcement crackdownsTraffic enforcement crackdowns

Drunk drivingDrunk driving• Question over whether crackdowns reduce drunk drivingQuestion over whether crackdowns reduce drunk driving• Risk of arrest for drunk driving is lowRisk of arrest for drunk driving is low• Arrest is very time consumingArrest is very time consuming

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Policing Domestic DisputesPolicing Domestic Disputes

Defining Terms: Defining Terms: Domestic DisturbanceDomestic Disturbance: A : A

dispute requiring police dispute requiring police response that involves response that involves two or more people two or more people engaged in an intimate engaged in an intimate relationship (married or relationship (married or divorced couples, live-in divorced couples, live-in lovers, people on a first lovers, people on a first date, adults and children, date, adults and children, or adults and elderly or adults and elderly parents)parents)

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The Prevalence of Domestic The Prevalence of Domestic ViolenceViolence

Domestic Violence: A disturbance between two Domestic Violence: A disturbance between two or more people engaged in an intimate or more people engaged in an intimate relationship that has escalated to a degree relationship that has escalated to a degree involving actual or threatened violenceinvolving actual or threatened violence

Intimate partner violence decreased Intimate partner violence decreased substantially from 1993 to 2010. substantially from 1993 to 2010.

Calling the PoliceCalling the Police Many domestic violence victims do NOT call the Many domestic violence victims do NOT call the

policepolice Non-white, low-income people call more frequentlyNon-white, low-income people call more frequently Middle-class women turn toward private sectors for Middle-class women turn toward private sectors for

helphelp

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Police Response to Domestic Police Response to Domestic ViolenceViolence

Police response:Police response: ArrestArrest MediationMediation Separating the partiesSeparating the parties Referral to social Referral to social

service agenciesservice agencies No action at allNo action at all

Factors influencing Factors influencing arrest decision:arrest decision: Mandatory arrest Mandatory arrest

policiespolicies Preference of victim for Preference of victim for

arrestarrest Relationship between Relationship between

victim and suspectvictim and suspect Disrespect to policeDisrespect to police

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Domestic Violence ContinuedDomestic Violence Continued Factors Influencing Arrest Factors Influencing Arrest

Decision:Decision: Private, family matter to be Private, family matter to be

dealt withdealt with Many DV arrests are Many DV arrests are

dismisseddismissed Victims do not pursue an Victims do not pursue an

arrestarrest Arrests require workArrests require work Low value places on DV Low value places on DV

arrestsarrests

Revolution in Policy: Revolution in Policy: Mandatory ArrestMandatory Arrest Bruno v. Codd (1978) Scott v. Hart (1979) These cases mandating

arrest in cases of felonious assault

Impact of Arrest on Domestic Impact of Arrest on Domestic ViolenceViolence Minneapolis Domestic Violence

Experiment (1981-1982) Arrest produced lower rates of

repeat violence

Impact of Mandatory Arrest Impact of Mandatory Arrest Laws and PoliciesLaws and Policies May discourage calls from

people who only want immediate resolution

Both individuals in despute may be arrested

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Policing VicePolicing Vice

““Victimless crimesVictimless crimes”” with no complaining with no complaining partyparty

Police must investigate on their ownPolice must investigate on their own Involves behavior that many regard as Involves behavior that many regard as

legitimate and privatelegitimate and private Conflicting public attitudesConflicting public attitudes Enforcement is selective, arbitrary, and Enforcement is selective, arbitrary, and

inconsistentinconsistent

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ProstitutionProstitution Estimated 250,000 full time prostitutes in the Estimated 250,000 full time prostitutes in the

nationnation

Streetwalkers:Streetwalkers: Represent the lower end of the social and Represent the lower end of the social and economic scale of prostitution; solicits on the streets, thus is economic scale of prostitution; solicits on the streets, thus is highly visible to police and the general publichighly visible to police and the general public

Bar GirlsBar Girls: Prostitutes who work out of bars or other entertainment : Prostitutes who work out of bars or other entertainment establishmentsestablishments

SkeezersSkeezers: Women who trade sex for crack cocaine: Women who trade sex for crack cocaine Brothel ProstitutesBrothel Prostitutes: Work for legal brothels, illegal massage : Work for legal brothels, illegal massage

parlors and escort servicesparlors and escort services Call GirlsCall Girls: Represent the upper end of the economic scale of : Represent the upper end of the economic scale of

prostitution. They get their name because in most cases they prostitution. They get their name because in most cases they receive telephone calls from clients and arrange to meet them at receive telephone calls from clients and arrange to meet them at convenient locations.convenient locations.

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Policing the Homeless Policing the Homeless

Reactive police response addressing Reactive police response addressing complainant concerns rather than complainant concerns rather than addressing homelessness in generaladdressing homelessness in general

Other departments transfer homeless Other departments transfer homeless people to shelters, treatment programs, people to shelters, treatment programs, and financial assistance servicesand financial assistance services

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Policing the Mentally IllPolicing the Mentally Ill Estimated 7-10% of police contacts are with a mentally Estimated 7-10% of police contacts are with a mentally

ill personill person Police response to the mentally ill:Police response to the mentally ill:

1. Hospitalization1. Hospitalization 2. Arrest2. Arrest 3. Informal Disposition3. Informal Disposition

• ““Psychiatric first aidPsychiatric first aid””• ““Mercy bookingMercy booking””

Old Problems/New ProgramsOld Problems/New Programs Police-Based Specialized ResponsePolice-Based Specialized Response Police-Based Specialized Mental Health ResponsePolice-Based Specialized Mental Health Response Mental-Health-Based Specialized Mental Health ResponseMental-Health-Based Specialized Mental Health Response

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Policing People with AIDSPolicing People with AIDS

Police risk infection when dealing with Police risk infection when dealing with AIDS patientsAIDS patients

Result is officers become reluctant to give Result is officers become reluctant to give medical assistance so departments take medical assistance so departments take other measures:other measures: Wearing latex glovesWearing latex gloves Unofficially keep records of infected Unofficially keep records of infected

individualsindividuals Provide HIV/AIDS-related education and Provide HIV/AIDS-related education and

training for officerstraining for officers

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Policing JuvenilesPolicing Juveniles High level of contact with officersHigh level of contact with officers Young people express more negative attitudes Young people express more negative attitudes

toward policetoward police Represent significant aspect of crime problem in Represent significant aspect of crime problem in

U.S.U.S. Controversy over the police roleControversy over the police role Specialized Juvenile UnitsSpecialized Juvenile Units On-the-Street EncountersOn-the-Street Encounters

• Based on officer discretionBased on officer discretion The Issue of Race DiscriminationThe Issue of Race Discrimination

• More African American juveniles arrested than whiteMore African American juveniles arrested than white Crime Prevention ProgramsCrime Prevention Programs

• D.A.R.E and G.R.E.A.TD.A.R.E and G.R.E.A.T